Dietary chromium picolinate of varying particle size improves carcass characteristics and insulin sensitivity in finishing pigs fed low- and high-fat diets
A. T. Hung A , B. J. Leury A , M. A. Sabin B , T. F. Lien C and F. R. Dunshea A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
C Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan.
D Corresponding author. Email: fdunshea@unimelb.edu.au
Animal Production Science 55(4) 454-460 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12255
Submitted: 25 July 2012 Accepted: 22 January 2014 Published: 8 May 2014
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the different-sized particles of chromium (Cr) picolinate (CrPic) and dietary fat on growth performance, carcass traits and insulin sensitivity of finishing pigs. Ninety-six Large White × Landrace gilts were stratified on bodyweight, housed in pens of three pigs and then, on a pen basis, randomly allocated to eight treatment groups in a 2 × 4 factorial design for 6 weeks. The respective factors were dietary fat (2.2% or 5.7%) and dietary CrPic (0 mg/kg, 400 mg/kgnormal-size CrPic, 400 mg/kg 1-μm CrPic (μCrPic), or 400 mg/kg 100-nm CrPic (nCrPic)). Over the first 21 days, average daily gain (ADG) was increased by dietary CrPic (0.94 vs 1.01 kg/day, P = 0.021), although there was no difference (P = 0.17) between the CrPic particle sizes. High dietary fat also increased ADG over this period (0.96 vs 1.03 kg/day, P = 0.013). However, the responses to both dietary CrPic and fat diminished over time and so there was no effect of CrPic (P = 0.35) or fat (P = 0.93) on ADG over the full 42 days. Dietary CrPic increased carcass weight and muscle depth and decreased P2 backfat. Furthermore, dietary Cr decreased plasma insulin (7.66 vs 5.09 mU/L, P = 0.018) and the homeostatic model assessment (1.25 vs 0.82, P = 0.009), indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, dietary Cr can increase ADG and improve carcass traits and insulin sensitivity in lean pigs. There were few differences among particle sizes, possibly because the response to dietary CrPic may already be maximised at 400 mg/kg.
References
Amoikon EK, Fernandez JM, Southern LL, Thompson DL, Ward TL, Olcott BM (1995) Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1123–1130.Besong S, Jackson JA, Trammell DS, Akay V (2001) Influence of supplemental chromium on concentrations of liver triglyceride, blood metabolites and rumen VFA profile in steers fed a moderately high fat diet. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1679–1685.
| Influence of supplemental chromium on concentrations of liver triglyceride, blood metabolites and rumen VFA profile in steers fed a moderately high fat diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFamu7g%3D&md5=ad31bea9f0284c1be8d58a182fc6ab17CAS | 11467818PubMed |
Boleman SL, Boleman SJ, Bidner TD, Southern LL, Ward TL, Pontif JE, Pike MM (1995) Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, body composition, and tissue accretion in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2033–2042.
Bunting LD, Fernandez JM, Thompson DL, Southern LL (1994) Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Science 72, 1591–1599.
Cupo MA, Donaldson WE (1987) Chromium and vanadium effects on glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in the chick. Poultry Science 66, 120–126.
| Chromium and vanadium effects on glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in the chick.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFeht7o%3D&md5=c19ca44fdee89091d4ef8e82214ba815CAS | 3575229PubMed |
Delie F (1998) Evaluation of nano- and microparticle uptake by the gastrointestinal tract. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 34, 221–233.
| Evaluation of nano- and microparticle uptake by the gastrointestinal tract.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsFWlt7w%3D&md5=e06d3a122529b63c6e0d02db8612556eCAS | 10837679PubMed |
Desai MP, Labhasetwar V, Amidon GL, Levy RJ (1996) Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharmaceutical Research 13, 1838–1845.
| Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXltVSquw%3D%3D&md5=6c5e4589c38cfc9608acb9bd9c131fb7CAS | 8987081PubMed |
Desai MP, Labhasetwar V, Walter E, Levy RJ, Amidon GL (1997) The mechanism of uptake of biodegradable microparticles in Caco-2 cells is size dependent. Pharmaceutical Research 14, 1568–1573.
| The mechanism of uptake of biodegradable microparticles in Caco-2 cells is size dependent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXotVGnu7c%3D&md5=950b8397bbae3a04afdffc7bb98d0165CAS | 9434276PubMed |
Dowling HJ, Offenbacher EG, Pi-Sunyer FX (1989) Absorption of inorganic, trivalent chromium from the vascularly perfused rat small intestine. The Journal of Nutrition 119, 1138–1145.
Ducros V (1992) Chromium metabolism. A literature review. Biological Trace Element Research 32, 65–77.
| Chromium metabolism. A literature review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitFegtL4%3D&md5=2aa020c4bd4f0ad1546c8eaa21538976CAS | 1375088PubMed |
Dunshea FR, Cox ML (2008) Effect of dietary protein on body composition and insulin resistance using a pig model of the child and adolescent. Nutrition and Dietetics 65, S60–S65.
| Effect of dietary protein on body composition and insulin resistance using a pig model of the child and adolescent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunshea FR, D’ Souza DN (2003) Review: fat deposition and metabolism in the pig. In ‘Manipulating pig production IX’. (Ed. JE Paterson) pp. 127–150. (Australasian Pig Science Association: Werribee, Vic.)
Evans GW, Bowman TD (1992) Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 46, 243–250.
| Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVOiur4%3D&md5=9c9e3d2258881792831f5c35b29f2a7fCAS | 1402875PubMed |
Evock-Clover CM, Polansky MM, Anderson RA, Steele NC (1993) Dietary chromium supplementation with or without somatotropin treatment alters serum hormones and metabolites in growing pigs without affecting growth performance. The Journal of Nutrition 123, 1504–1512.
Hansen PA, Han DH, Marshall BA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Mueckler M, Holloszy JO (1998) A high fat diet impairs stimulation of glucose transport in muscle. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 26 157–26 163.
| A high fat diet impairs stimulation of glucose transport in muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXms1egurY%3D&md5=a18c782f692a0a96182766914ccc2774CAS |
Hung TY, Collins CL, Leury BJ, Sabin MA, Dunshea FR (2011) Effect of dietary nano-sized chromium picolinate on growth and carcase traits in finisher gilts during summer. ‘Manipulating pig production XII’. (Ed. RJ van Barneveld) p. 61. (Australasian Pig Science Association: Werribee, Vic.)
Hussain N, Jaitley V, Florence AT (2001) Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 50, 107–142.
| Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsF2js7Y%3D&md5=921040baf22b83c9edbdda397b5d7ba9CAS | 11489336PubMed |
Jackson AR, Powell S, Johnston SL, Matthews JO, Bidner TD, Valdez FR, Southern LL (2009) The effect of chromium as chromium propionate on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and the fatty acid profile of fat from pigs fed no supplemented dietary fat, choice white grease, or tallow. Journal of Animal Science 87, 4032–4041.
| The effect of chromium as chromium propionate on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and the fatty acid profile of fat from pigs fed no supplemented dietary fat, choice white grease, or tallow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVOhs7fO&md5=244ca7b4fb4c5b0cf295f8e3fb1f5d11CAS | 19717765PubMed |
Johnston LJ, Hawton JD (2008) ‘Quality control of on-farm swine feed manufacturing.’ Available at http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/DI5639.html [Verified 2 February 2012]
Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follmann DA, Sullivan G, Quon MJ (2000) Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85, 2402–2410.
| Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlt1Wntrg%3D&md5=0a1983c2baacfbe9b2829f845965b182CAS | 10902785PubMed |
Kim DS, Kim TW, Kang JS (2004) Chromium picolinate supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 17, 243–247.
| Chromium picolinate supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltValsLw%3D&md5=f1cda5c292db652490ccbeac357fab4dCAS | 15139386PubMed |
Li YC, Stoecker BJ (1986) Chromium and yogurt effects on hepatic lipid and plasma glucose and insulin of obese and lean mice. Biological Trace Element Research 9, 233–242.
| Chromium and yogurt effects on hepatic lipid and plasma glucose and insulin of obese and lean mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XltFCjs7s%3D&md5=1a496505a11a55c1a76609ab17968f23CAS |
Lien TF, Wu CP, Wang BJ, Shiao MS, Lu JJ (2001) Effect of supplemental levels of chromium picolinate on the growth performance, serum traits, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism of growing-finishing pigs. Animal Science 72, 289–296.
Lien TF, Yeh HS, Lu FY, Fu CM (2009) Nanoparticles of chromium picolinate enhance chromium digestibility and absorption. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, 1164–1167.
| Nanoparticles of chromium picolinate enhance chromium digestibility and absorption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVWltrs%3D&md5=73a34985f0abdb04d98d41f5567d253aCAS |
Lindemann MD (1999) Chromium and swine nutrition. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 12, 149–161.
| Chromium and swine nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtVCqsrw%3D&md5=1c7e52e96228247bf1a3a560e2adb98eCAS |
Lindemann MD, Wood CM, Harper AF, Kornegay ET, Anderson RA (1995) Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain : feed and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. Journal of Animal Science 73, 457–465.
Matthews JO, Southern LL, Fernandez JM, Pontif JE, Bidner TD, Odgaard RL (2001) Effect of chromium picolinate and chromium propionate on glucose and insulin kinetics of growing barrows and on growth and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows. Journal of Animal Science 79, 2172–2178.
Matthews JO, Higbie AD, Southern LL, Coombs DF, Bidner TD, Odgaard RL (2003) Effect of chromium propionate and metabolizable energy on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 191–196.
Mertz W (1993) Chromium in human nutrition: a review. The Journal of Nutrition 123, 626–633.
Mirsky N (1993) Glucose tolerance factor reduces blood glucose and free fatty acids levels in diabetic rats. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 49, 123–128.
| Glucose tolerance factor reduces blood glucose and free fatty acids levels in diabetic rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3gtlyntw%3D%3D&md5=317cca47602e635fa987e7f7daa8a90eCAS | 8455018PubMed |
Mooney KW, Cromwell GL (1995) Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics, and accretion rates of carcass tissues in growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3351–3357.
Mooney KW, Cromwell GL (1997) Efficacy of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride as potential carcass modifiers in swine. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2661–2671.
NRC (1997) ‘The role of chromium in animal nutrition.’ (National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
NRC (1998) ‘Nutrient requirements of swine.’ 10th edn. (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
O’Quinn PR, Smith JW, Nelssen JL, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Owen KQ (1998) Effects of source and level of added chromium on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 56 [Abstr]
Page TG, Southern LL, Ward TL, Thompson DL (1993) Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71, 656–662.
Rosebrough RW, Steele NC (1981) Effect of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults. Poultry Science 60, 407–417.
| Effect of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhtF2rtL8%3D&md5=77a7c9541d9672f0463cd22b462b3bf5CAS | 7267534PubMed |
Sabin MA, Yau SW, Russo VC, Clarke IJ, Dunshea FR, Chau J, Cox M, Werther GA (2011) Dietary monounsaturated fat in early life regulates IGFBP2 – implications for fat mass accretion and insulin sensitivity. Obesity 19, 2374–2381.
| Dietary monounsaturated fat in early life regulates IGFBP2 – implications for fat mass accretion and insulin sensitivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFWrt7nO&md5=1a48717a21b007bd1bc053fd88cb5414CAS | 21436793PubMed |
Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V (2003) Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discovery Today 8, 1112–1120.
| Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvVWkurw%3D&md5=3c944965be2eb7c89dc1f83c9e2d42b9CAS | 14678737PubMed |
Sales J, Jancik F (2011) Effects of dietary chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finisher swine: a meta-analysis. Journal of Animal Science 89, 4054–4067.
| Effects of dietary chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finisher swine: a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1SqtbrF&md5=1f82098073db5299e17099fb2ca8ce0cCAS | 21788425PubMed |
Shelton JL, Payne RL, Johnston SL, Bidner TD, Southern LL, Odgaard RL, Page TG (2003) Effect of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2515–2524.
Storlien LH, James DE, Burleigh KM, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW (1986) Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 251, E576–E583.
Tomas FM, Walton PE, Dunshea FR, Ballard FJ (1997) IGF-I variants which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins show more potent and prolonged hypoglycaemic action than native IGF-I in pigs and marmoset monkeys. The Journal of Endocrinology 155, 377–386.
| IGF-I variants which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins show more potent and prolonged hypoglycaemic action than native IGF-I in pigs and marmoset monkeys.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntFyqsL4%3D&md5=085e032cefcbe2c876b455873c1c0b8aCAS | 9415072PubMed |
Underwood EJ (1977) Chromium. In ‘Trace elements in human and animal nutrition’. 4th edn. (Ed. EJ Underwood) pp. 258–270. (Academic Press: New York)
Wang MQ, Xu ZR, Li WF, Jiang ZG (2009) Effect of chromium nanocomposite supplementation on growth hormone pulsatile secretion and mRNA expression in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93, 520–525.
| Effect of chromium nanocomposite supplementation on growth hormone pulsatile secretion and mRNA expression in finishing pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtValsrzE&md5=d82f42cf5233aca705c21cb1b9b4c439CAS | 19141107PubMed |
Wray-Cahen D, Nguyen HV, Burrin DG, Beckett PR, Fiorotto ML, Reeds PJ, Wester TJ, Davis TA (1998) Response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis to insulin in suckling pigs decreases with development. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 275, E602–E609.
Xi G, Xu ZR, Wu SH, Chen SJ (2001) Effect of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum metabolites and metabolism of lipid in pigs. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, 258–262.
Zha LY, Xu ZR, Wang MQ, Gu LY (2008) Chromium nanoparticle exhibits higher absorption efficiency than chromium picolinate and chromium chloride in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92, 131–140.
| Chromium nanoparticle exhibits higher absorption efficiency than chromium picolinate and chromium chloride in Caco-2 cell monolayers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtFGqt7c%3D&md5=43732a78bd28ff7ff3b797c681af1b74CAS | 18336409PubMed |
