Fox and cat responses to fox baiting intensity, rainfall and prey abundance in the Upper Warren, Western Australia
William L. Geary
A B * , Adrian F. Wayne C , Ayesha I. T. Tulloch D , Euan G. Ritchie A , Marika A. Maxwell C and Tim S. Doherty D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus), Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
B Biodiversity Division, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
C Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Brain Street, Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia.
D School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Wildlife Research 50(3) 201-211 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR21184
Submitted: 17 December 2021 Accepted: 27 July 2022 Published: 24 October 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Invasive predators are major drivers of global biodiversity loss. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (Felis catus) have contributed to the decline and extinction of many native species in Australia. The deployment of poison baits to control fox populations is a widespread conservation tool, but the effects of baiting intensity, rainfall and prey abundance on baiting effectiveness remain poorly understood.
Aims: We aimed to understand what influences the association between fox baiting intensity, red fox activity and feral cat activity, to provide inferences about what might affect the effectiveness of fox baiting in reducing fox activity.
Methods: We used generalised linear models to assess how fox and cat activity changes in relation to fox baiting intensity, rainfall, native prey availability and distance to agricultural land over a 6-year period (2006–13) in the forest ecosystems of the Upper Warren region of south-western Australia.
Key results: We found that fox activity was negatively associated with rainfall in the previous 12 months and positively associated with prey abundance and fox baiting intensity. We also found an interaction between fox baiting and prey abundance, with fox activity increasing with prey activity in areas of low and moderate baiting intensity, but remaining constant in areas of high baiting intensity. Feral cat activity was positively associated with prey abundance and fox baiting intensity. We found no clear relationship between fox and cat activity.
Conclusions: The drivers of the association between fox baiting and fox activity are unclear because intense fox baiting was targeted at areas of known high fox abundance. However, our results indicate that intense fox baiting may be effective at decoupling the positive association between fox activity and prey abundance. Our results also suggest a positive association between fox baiting intensity and feral cat activity, thus supporting the case for integrated fox and cat management.
Implications: We caution interpretation of our results, but note that management of invasive predators could be improved by adjusting the intensity of management in response to changes in environmental conditions and local context (e.g. strategically conducting intense predator management where prey abundance is highest). Improved understanding of these associations requires a monitoring program with sufficient replication and statistical power to detect any treatment effects.
Keywords: critical weight range, feral cat, impact evaluation, invasive predator control, lethal control, pest management, predator–prey, red fox.
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