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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 51(12)

Changes in guanaco distribution from Late Holocene to present times in Northwest Patagonia: connecting archaeological, ethnohistoric and current data

Bruno F. Moscardi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-9448 A B , Martín Vilariño C , Sergio L. D’Abramo B D , Luis Sosa Pfatschbacher E , Valeria Bernal B D , Diego D. Rindel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6818-9765 A B and S. Ivan Perez B D *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

B Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

C Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

D Museo Histórico y Arqueológico ‘Ricardo P. Rosa’, Senillosa, Neuquén, Argentina.

E Secretaria de Desarrollo Territorial y Ambiente, Neuquén, Argentina.

* Correspondence to: ivanperezmorea@gmail.com

Handling Editor: Peter Brown

Wildlife Research 51, WR23141 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR23141
Submitted: 5 November 2023  Accepted: 16 November 2024  Published: 6 December 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Context

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is one of the four species of South American camels, and is the largest native mammal inhabiting arid and semi-arid environments in South America. Although the guanaco was abundant and widely distributed in the past, currently its density and distribution range are substantially reduced, inhabiting mainly Southern Patagonia in small isolated groups. The decline in guanaco populations is most likely related to the Anthropocene defaunation process that is affecting large mammals in developing countries worldwide, but the extent and causes of these changes are not well understood.

Aims

To explore both the changes in the distribution of guanaco populations in Northwest Patagonia and the environmental and anthropic factors that shaped the distribution patterns, by employing a long-term perspective spanning from the end of the Late Holocene to present times (i.e. the last 2500 years).

Methods

We combine archaeological information, ethnohistorical records and current observations and apply Species Distribution Models using bioclimatic and anthropic factors as explanatory variables.

Key results

Guanaco spatial distribution in Northwest Patagonia changed significantly throughout time. This change consisted in the displacement of the species towards the east of the region and its disappearance from northwest Neuquén and southwest Mendoza in the last 30 years. In particular, the high-density urban settlements and roads, and secondly, competition with ovicaprine livestock (goats and sheep) for forage are the main factors explaining the change in guanaco distribution.

Conclusions

Guanaco and human populations co-existed in the same areas during the Late Holocene and historic times (16th to 19th centuries), but during the 20th century the modern anthropic impact generated a spatial dissociation between both species, pushing guanaco populations to drier and more unproductive areas that were previously peripheral in its distribution.

Implications

As with many other large mammal species in developing countries, Northwest Patagonia guanaco populations are undergoing significant changes in their range due to modern anthropic activities. Considering that these events are directly related to population declines and extirpations, together with the striking low density recorded for Northwest Patagonia guanaco populations, urgent management actions are needed to mitigate current human impacts.

Keywords: anthropocene, defaunation, habitat loss, human impact, Lama guanicoe, long-term perspective, South America, Species Distribution Models.

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