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RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 51(6)

Putting rakali in the spotlight: innovative methods for detecting an elusive semi-aquatic mammal

Emmalie Sanders https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-1854 A B * , Dale G. Nimmo A B , James M. Turner https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-7750 C , Skye Wassens A B and Damian R. Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-9723 B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.

B Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.

C Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, South Lanarkshire, G72 0LH UK.

* Correspondence to: esanders@csu.edu.au

Handling Editor: Alexandra Carthey

Wildlife Research 51, WR24002 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR24002
Submitted: 15 January 2024  Accepted: 14 May 2024  Published: 31 May 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY)

Abstract

Context

Freshwater ecosystems rank among the most threatened environments on Earth. Monitoring aquatic and semi-aquatic species is vital to informing conservation of freshwater ecosystems. However, many semi-aquatic mammals can be difficult to detect with conventional survey methods.

Aims

We aimed to identify the most effective survey method for detecting an Australian semi-aquatic mammal, the rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster).

Methods

We compared rakali detection rates among camera-trapping, live-trapping and visual surveys, and tested the influence of camera angle, trap proximity to water and time of survey, across the Yanco Creek system in southern New South Wales.

Key results

Nocturnal spotlight surveys were the most effective method for detecting rakali, with most observations occurring while individuals were foraging or swimming in the water. Camera traps facing a floating platform and cage traps mounted on floating platforms performed better than those deployed on land. Downward-facing camera traps detected rakali three times more often than did forward-facing cameras. Trapping rakali was unreliable, with the species detected at fewer than half of the sites where presence was confirmed via visual observation and camera traps. For species absence to be determined with 95% confidence, 2–4 weeks of nightly trapping is required, compared with six nights of visual surveys or 12 nights for a platform-facing camera. Morning visual surveys were largely ineffective because of predominantly nocturnal rakali activity and difficulty in detecting signs in creek environments.

Conclusions

The likelihood of detecting rakali can be maximised through the use of nightly spotlighting and deployment of baited camera traps focussed on platforms or natural resting areas within a water body.

Implications

Understanding the effectiveness of each method is essential for developing species-appropriate protocols for population monitoring. Our findings present suitable options to be further explored among the 100-plus small (<1 kg) semi-aquatic mammals worldwide that share similar behaviours and characteristics to the rakali, many of which are threatened or data deficient.

Keywords: Australia, camera trap, conservation, detection, Hydromys, monitoring, semi-aquatic, water, water rat.

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