Climate forcing of regional fire years in the upper Great Lakes Region, USA
Colleen M. Sutheimer
A H * , Jed Meunier B , Igor Drobyshev C D , Michael C. Stambaugh E , Sara C. Hotchkiss F , Eric Rebitzke G and Volker C. Radeloff A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
B Forest Economics and Ecology Section, Division of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI 53716, USA.
C Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
D Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), 445 boul. de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada.
E Center for Tree-Ring Science, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI 65211, USA.
F Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
G Hiawatha and Ottawa National Forests, USDA Forest Service, 820 Rains Drive, Gladstone, MI 49837, USA.
H Present address: Applied Conservation Ecology Lab, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada.
* Correspondence to: sutheime@ualberta.ca
International Journal of Wildland Fire 32(5) 796-813 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22205
Submitted: 6 October 2022 Accepted: 11 February 2023 Published: 16 March 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Background: Drivers of fire regimes vary among spatial scales, and fire history reconstructions are often limited to stand scales, making it difficult to partition effects of regional climate forcing versus individual site histories.
Aims: To evaluate regional-scale historical fire regimes over 350 years, we analysed an extensive fire-scar network, spanning 240 km across the upper Great Lakes Region in North America.
Methods: We estimated fire frequency, identified regionally widespread fire years (based on the fraction of fire-scarred tree samples, fire extent index (FEI), and synchronicity of fire years), and evaluated fire seasonality and climate–fire relationships.
Key results: Historically, fire frequency and seasonality were variable within and among Great Lakes’ ecoregions. Climate forcing at regional scales resulted in synchronised fires, primarily during the late growing season, which were ubiquitous across the upper Great Lakes Region. Regionally significant fire years included 1689, 1752, 1754, 1791, and 1891.
Conclusions: We found significant climate forcing of region-wide fire regimes in the upper Great Lakes Region.
Implications: Historically, reoccurring fires in the upper Great Lakes Region were instrumental for shaping and maintaining forest resilience. The climate conditions that helped promote widespread fire years historically may be consistent with anticipated climate–fire interactions due to climate change.
Keywords: climate–fire interactions, dendroecology, ecoregions, fire history, Lake Superior, Michigan, natural disturbance regimes, Pinus resinosa Ait., Upper Peninsula.
References
Agee JK (1996) ‘Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC, USA)Albert DA (1995) Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin: a working map and classification. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St Paul, MN, USA. Available at https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/10242
Alley WM (1984) The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 23, 1100–1109.
| The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson SH (1982) Effects of the 1976 Seney National Wildlife Refuge wildfire on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Report 146. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/rp146
Angel JR, Swanson C, Boustead BM, Conlon K, Hall KR, Jorns JL, Kunkel KE, Lemos MC, Lofgren BM, Ontl T, Posey J, Stone K, Takle E, Todey D (2018) Chapter 21: Midwest. In ‘Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment. Vol. II’. (Eds DR Reidmiller, CW Avery, DR Easterling, KE Kunkel, KLM Lewis, TK Maycock, BC Stewart) pp. 872–940. (US Global Change Research Program)
| Crossref |
Arizpe AH, Falk DA, Woodhouse CA, Swetnam TW (2020) Widespread fire years in the US–Mexico Sky Islands are contingent on both winter and monsoon precipitation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, 1072–1087.
| Widespread fire years in the US–Mexico Sky Islands are contingent on both winter and monsoon precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arno SF, Sneck KM (1977) A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests in the Mountain West. General Technical Report INT-GTR-42. p. 042. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 28, Ogden, UT, USA. Available at https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29572
Baisan CH, Swetnam TW (1990) Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1559–1569.
| Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bergeron Y, Brisson J (1990) Fire regime in red pine stands at the northern limit of the species’ range. Ecology 71, 1352–1364.
| Fire regime in red pine stands at the northern limit of the species’ range.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bergeron Y, Gagnon D (1987) Age structure of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) at its northern limit in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, 129–137.
| Age structure of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) at its northern limit in Quebec.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bergeron Y, Gauthier S, Flannigan M, Kafka V (2004) Fire regimes at the transition between mixedwood and coniferous boreal forest in northwestern Quebec. Ecology 85, 1916–1932.
| Fire regimes at the transition between mixedwood and coniferous boreal forest in northwestern Quebec.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brandt JP (2009) The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environmental Reviews 17, 101–161.
| The extent of the North American boreal zone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brewer PW, Velásquez ME, Sutherland EK, Falk DA (2015) Fire History Analysis And Exploration System – Fhaes V2.0.0.
| Crossref |
Brotak EA, Reifsnyder WE (1977) An investigation of the synoptic situations associated with major wildland fires. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 16, 867–870.
| An investigation of the synoptic situations associated with major wildland fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brusentsev V, Vroman W (2016) ‘Wildfires in the United States.’ (Urban Institute: Washington, DC, USA)
Cardille JA, Ventura SJ (2001) Occurrence of wildfire in the northern Great Lakes Region: effects of land cover and land ownership assessed at multiple scales. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 145–154.
| Occurrence of wildfire in the northern Great Lakes Region: effects of land cover and land ownership assessed at multiple scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carlson AR, Sebasky ME, Peters MP, Radeloff VC (2021) The importance of small fires for wildfire hazard in urbanised landscapes of the northeastern US. International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, 307–321.
| The importance of small fires for wildfire hazard in urbanised landscapes of the northeastern US.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chavardès RD, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Andison DW (2018) Human influences superseded climate to disrupt the 20th Century fire regime in Jasper National Park, Canada. Dendrochronologia 48, 10–19.
| Human influences superseded climate to disrupt the 20th Century fire regime in Jasper National Park, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Churchill DJ, Larson AJ, Dahlgreen MC, Franklin JF, Hessburg PF, Lutz JA (2013) Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring. Forest Ecology and Management 291, 442–457.
| Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark JS, Iverson L, Woodall CW, Allen CD, Bell DM, Bragg DC, D’Amato AW, Davis FW, Hersh MH, Ibanez I, Jackson ST, Matthews S, Pederson N, Peters M, Schwartz MW, Waring KM, Zimmermann NE (2016) The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Global Change Biology 22, 2329–2352.
| The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cleland DT, Crow TR, Saunders SC, Dickmann DI, Maclean AL, Jordan JK, Watson RL, Sloan AM, Brosofske KD (2004) Characterizing historical and modern fire regimes in Michigan (USA): a landscape ecosystem approach. Landscape Ecology 19, 311–325.
| Characterizing historical and modern fire regimes in Michigan (USA): a landscape ecosystem approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook ER, Seager R, Heim RR, Vose RS, Herweijer C, Woodhouse C (2010) Megadroughts in North America: placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context: megadroughts in North America. Journal of Quaternary Science 25, 48–61.
| Megadroughts in North America: placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context: megadroughts in North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dewar JJ, Falk DA, Swetnam TW, Baisan CH, Allen CD, Parmenter RR, Margolis EQ, Taylor EJ (2021) Valleys of fire: historical fire regimes of forest-grassland ecotones across the montane landscape of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, USA. Landscape Ecology 36, 331–352.
| Valleys of fire: historical fire regimes of forest-grassland ecotones across the montane landscape of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drever CR, Drever MC, Messier C, Bergeron Y, Flannigan M (2008) Fire and the relative roles of weather, climate and landscape characteristics in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence forest of Canada. Journal of Vegetation Science 19, 57–66.
| Fire and the relative roles of weather, climate and landscape characteristics in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence forest of Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drever CR, Bergeron Y, Drever MC, Flannigan M, Logan T, Messier C (2009) Effects of climate on occurrence and size of large fires in a northern hardwood landscape: historical trends, forecasts, and implications for climate change in Témiscamingue, Québec. Applied Vegetation Science 12, 261–272.
| Effects of climate on occurrence and size of large fires in a northern hardwood landscape: historical trends, forecasts, and implications for climate change in Témiscamingue, Québec.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drobyshev I, Goebel PC, Hix DM, Corace RG, Semko-Duncan ME (2008a) Pre- and post-European settlement fire history of red pine dominated forest ecosystems of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2497–2514.
| Pre- and post-European settlement fire history of red pine dominated forest ecosystems of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drobyshev I, Goebel PC, Hix DM, Corace RG, Semko-Duncan ME (2008b) Interactions among forest composition, structure, fuel loadings and fire history: A case study of red pine-dominated forests of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 1723–1733.
| Interactions among forest composition, structure, fuel loadings and fire history: A case study of red pine-dominated forests of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drobyshev I, Goebel PC, Bergeron Y, Corace RG (2012) Detecting changes in climate forcing on the fire regime of a North American mixed-pine forest: a case study of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan. Dendrochronologia 30, 137–145.
| Detecting changes in climate forcing on the fire regime of a North American mixed-pine forest: a case study of Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Michigan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drobyshev I, Bergeron Y, Linderholm HW, Granström A, Niklasson M (2015) A 700-year record of large fire years in northern Scandinavia shows large variability and increased frequency during the 1800 s. Journal of Quaternary Science 30, 211–221.
| A 700-year record of large fire years in northern Scandinavia shows large variability and increased frequency during the 1800 s.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drobyshev I, Bergeron Y, de Vernal A, Moberg A, Ali AA, Niklasson M (2016) Atlantic SSTs control regime shifts in forest fire activity of northern Scandinavia. Scientific Reports 6, 22532
| Atlantic SSTs control regime shifts in forest fire activity of northern Scandinavia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duveneck MJ, Scheller RM (2015) Climate-suitable planting as a strategy for maintaining forest productivity and functional diversity. Ecological Applications 25, 1653–1668.
| Climate-suitable planting as a strategy for maintaining forest productivity and functional diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duveneck MJ, Scheller RM, White MA, Handler SD, Ravenscroft C (2014) Climate change effects on northern Great Lake (USA) forests: a case for preserving diversity. Ecosphere 5, 23
| Climate change effects on northern Great Lake (USA) forests: a case for preserving diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Arnold JR, Knutson T, LeGrande AN, Leung LR, Vose RS, Waliser DE, Wehner MF (2017) Precipitation change in the United States. In 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' (Eds DJ Wuebbles, DW Fahey, KA Hibbard, DJ Dokken, BC Stewart, TK Maycock) pp. 207–230 (U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC)
| Crossref |
Evers C, Holz A, Busby S, Nielsen-Pincus M (2022) Extreme winds alter influence of fuels and topography on megafire burn severity in seasonal temperate rainforests under record fuel aridity. Fire 5, 41
| Extreme winds alter influence of fuels and topography on megafire burn severity in seasonal temperate rainforests under record fuel aridity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falk DA, Miller C, McKenzie D, Black AE (2007) Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes. Ecosystems 10, 809–823.
| Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falk DA, Heyerdahl EK, Brown PM, Farris C, Fulé PZ, McKenzie D, Swetnam TW, Taylor AH, Van Horne ML (2011) Multi-scale controls of historical forest-fire regimes: new insights from fire-scar networks. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9, 446–454.
| Multi-scale controls of historical forest-fire regimes: new insights from fire-scar networks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farris CA, Baisan CH, Falk DA, Yool SR, Swetnam TW (2010) Spatial and temporal corroboration of a fire-scar-based fire history in a frequently burned ponderosa pine forest. Ecological Applications 20, 1598–1614.
| Spatial and temporal corroboration of a fire-scar-based fire history in a frequently burned ponderosa pine forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farris CA, Baisan CH, Falk DA, Van Horne ML, Fulé PZ, Swetnam TW (2013) A comparison of targeted and systematic fire-scar sampling for estimating historical fire frequency in south-western ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, 1021–1033.
| A comparison of targeted and systematic fire-scar sampling for estimating historical fire frequency in south-western ponderosa pine forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flannigan MD, Bergeron Y (1998) Possible role of disturbance in shaping the northern distribution of Pinus resinosa. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 477–482.
| Possible role of disturbance in shaping the northern distribution of Pinus resinosa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flannigan MD, Wotton BM (2001) Climate, weather, and area burned. In ‘Forest Fires: Behavior and Ecological Effects’. (Eds EA Johnson, K Miyanishi) pp. 351–373. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA)
Flannigan MD, Krawchuk MA, de Groot WJ, Wotton BM, Gowman LM (2009) Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 483–507.
| Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frelich LE (2002) ‘Forest Dynamics and Disturbance Regimes.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA)
Gajewski K (1987) Climatic impacts on the vegetation of eastern North America during the past 2000 years. Vegetatio 68, 179–190.
| Climatic impacts on the vegetation of eastern North America during the past 2000 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillson L, Whitlock C, Humphrey G (2019) Resilience and fire management in the Anthropocene. Ecology and Society 24, 14
| Resilience and fire management in the Anthropocene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Global Wind Atlas 3.0 (2021) Global Wind Atlas interactive map. Available at https://globalwindatlas.info/en/ [verified 3 October 2022]
Grissino Mayer HD, Swetnam TW (2000) Century scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest. The Holocene 10, 213–220.
| Century scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guyette RP, Spetich MA, Stambaugh MC (2006) Historic fire regime dynamics and forcing factors in the Boston Mountains, Arkansas, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 293–304.
| Historic fire regime dynamics and forcing factors in the Boston Mountains, Arkansas, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guyette R, Stambaugh M, Dey D, Marschall J, Saunders J, Lampereur J (2016) 350 years of fire–climate–human Interactions in a Great Lakes Sandy Outwash Plain. Forests 7, 189
| 350 years of fire–climate–human Interactions in a Great Lakes Sandy Outwash Plain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Handler S, Duveneck MJ, Iverson L, Peters E, Scheller RM, Wythers KR, Brandt L, Butler P, Janowiak M, Shannon PD, Swanston C, Eagle AC, Cohen JG, Corner R, Reich PB, Baker T, Chhin S, Clark E, Fehringer D, Fosgitt J, Gries J, Hall C, Hall KR, Heyd R, Hoving CL, Ibáñez I, Kuhr D, Matthews S, Muladore J, Nadelhoffer K, Neumann D, Peters M, Prasad A, Sands M, Swaty R, Wonch L, Daley J, Davenport M, Emery MR, Johnson G, Johnson L, Neitzel D, Rissman A, Rittenhouse C, Ziel R (2014) Michigan forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Northwoods Climate Change Response Framework project. NRS-GTR-129. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA, USA.
| Crossref |
Heinselman ML (1973) Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary Research 3, 329–382.
| Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hessburg PF, Miller CL, Parks SA, Povak NA, Taylor AH, Higuera PE, Prichard SJ, North MP, Collins BM, Hurteau MD, Larson AJ, Allen CD, Stephens SL, Rivera-Huerta H, Stevens-Rumann CS, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Gray RW, Kane VR, Churchill DJ, Hagmann RK, Spies TA, Cansler CA, Belote RT, Veblen TT, Battaglia MA, Hoffman C, Skinner CN, Safford HD, Salter RB (2019) Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of western North American forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, 239
| Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of western North American forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heyerdahl EK, Brubaker LB, Agee JK (2001) Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the interior west, USA. Ecology 82, 660–678.
| Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the interior west, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heyerdahl EK, Morgan P, Riser JP (2008) Multi-season climate synchronized historical fires in dry forests (1650–1900), Northern Rockies, USA. Ecology 89, 705–716.
| Multi-season climate synchronized historical fires in dry forests (1650–1900), Northern Rockies, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higuera PE, Abatzoglou JT, Littell JS, Morgan P (2015) The changing strength and nature of fire–climate relationships in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., 1902-2008. PLos One 10, e0127563
| The changing strength and nature of fire–climate relationships in the northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., 1902-2008.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jabbari A, Ackerman JD, Boegman L, Zhao Y (2021) Increases in Great Lake winds and extreme events facilitate interbasin coupling and reduce water quality in Lake Erie. Scientific Reports 11, 5733
| Increases in Great Lake winds and extreme events facilitate interbasin coupling and reduce water quality in Lake Erie.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson LB, Kipfmueller KF (2016) A fire history derived from Pinus resinosa Ait. for the islands of eastern Lac La Croix, Minnesota, USA. Ecological Applications 26, 1030–1046.
| A fire history derived from Pinus resinosa Ait. for the islands of eastern Lac La Croix, Minnesota, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kipfmueller KF, Schneider EA, Weyenberg SA, Johnson LB (2017) Historical drivers of a frequent fire regime in the red pine forests of Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 405, 31–43.
| Historical drivers of a frequent fire regime in the red pine forests of Voyageurs National Park, MN, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kipfmueller KF, Larson ER, Johnson LB, Schneider EA (2021) Human augmentation of historical red pine fire regimes in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Ecosphere 12, e03673
| Human augmentation of historical red pine fire regimes in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kling GW, Hayhoe K, Johnson LB, Magnuson JJ, Polasky S, Robinson SK, Shuter BJ, Wander MM, Wuebbles DJ, Zak DR, Lindroth RL, Moser SC, Wilson ML (2003) Confronting climate change in the Great Lakes Region: impacts on our communities and ecosystems. (Union of Concerned Scientists (Cambridge, MA) and Ecological Society of America: Washington, DC, USA)
Krawchuk MA, Moritz MA (2011) Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient. Ecology 92, 121–132.
| Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lafon CW, Quiring SM (2012) Relationships of fire and precipitation regimes in temperate forests of the eastern United States. Earth Interactions 16, 1–15.
| Relationships of fire and precipitation regimes in temperate forests of the eastern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Larsson L-A (2018) ‘Cybis Dendrochronology.’ (Cybis Elektronik & Data AB: Saltsjöbaden, Sweden) Available at http://www.cybis.se/forfun/dendro/
Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology 73, 1943–1967.
| The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Levine CR, Cogbill CV, Collins BM, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, North MP, Restaino CM, Safford HD, Stephens SL, Battles JJ (2017) Evaluating a new method for reconstructing forest conditions from General Land Office survey records. Ecological Applications 27, 1498–1513.
| Evaluating a new method for reconstructing forest conditions from General Land Office survey records.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Little JS, Peterson DL, Riley KL, Liu Y, Luce CH (2016) Fire and drought. In ‘Effects of drought on forests and rangelands in the United States: A comprehensive science synthesis’. (Eds JM Vose, JS Clark, CH Luce, T Patel-Weynard) General Technical Report WO-93b. pp. 135–154. USDA Forest Service, Washington Office: Washington, DC, USA
Lui Z, Wimberly MC (2015) Climatic and landscape influences on fire regimes from 1984 to 2010 in the western United States. PLoS One 10, e0140839
| Climatic and landscape influences on fire regimes from 1984 to 2010 in the western United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malevich SB, Guiterman CH, Margolis EQ (2018) burnr: Fire history analysis and graphics in R. Dendrochronologia 49, 9–15.
| burnr: Fire history analysis and graphics in R.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Margolis EQ, Guiterman CH, Chavardès RD, Coop JD, Copes-Gerbitz K, Dawe DA, Falk DA, Johnston JD, Larson E, Li H, Marschall JM, Naficy CE, Naito AT, Parisien M-A, Parks SA, Portier J, Poulos HM, Robertson KM, Speer JH, Stambaugh M, Swetnam TW, Tepley AJ, Thapa I, Allen CD, Bergeron Y, Daniels LD, Fulé PZ, Gervais D, Girardin MP, Harley GL, Harvey JE, Hoffman KM, Huffman JM, Hurteau MD, Johnson LB, Lafon CW, Lopez MK, Maxwell RS, Meunier J, North M, Rother MT, Schmidt MR, Sherriff RL, Stachowiak LA, Taylor A, Taylor EJ, Trouet V, Villarreal ML, Yocom LL, Arabas KB, Arizpe AH, Arseneault D, Tarancón AA, Baisan C, Bigio E, Biondi F, Cahalan GD, Caprio A, Cerano-Paredes J, Collins BM, Dey DC, Drobyshev I, Farris C, Fenwick MA, Flatley W, Floyd ML, Gedalof Z, Holz A, Howard LF, Huffman DW, Iniguez J, Kipfmueller KF, Kitchen SG, Lombardo K, McKenzie D, Merschel AG, Metlen KL, Minor J, O’Connor CD, Platt L, Platt WJ, Saladyga T, Stan AB, Stephens S, Sutheimer C, Touchan R, Weisberg PJ (2022) The North American tree-ring fire-scar network. Ecosphere 13, e4159
| The North American tree-ring fire-scar network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marlon JR, Bartlein PJ, Gavin DG, Long CJ, Anderson RS, Briles CE, Brown KJ, Colombaroli D, Hallett DJ, Power MJ, Scharf EA, Walsh MK (2012) Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, E535–E543.
| Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLauchlan KK, Higuera PE, Miesel J, Rogers BM, Schweitzer J, Shuman JK, Tepley AJ, Varner JM, Veblen TT, Adalsteinsson SA, Balch JK, Baker P, Batllori E, Bigio E, Brando P, Cattau M, Chipman ML, Coen J, Crandall R, Daniels L, Enright N, Gross WS, Harvey BJ, Hatten JA, Hermann S, Hewitt RE, Kobziar LN, Landesmann JB, Loranty MM, Maezumi SY, Mearns L, Moritz M, Myers JA, Pausas JG, Pellegrini AFA, Platt WJ, Roozeboom J, Safford H, Santos F, Scheller RM, Sherriff RL, Smith KG, Smith MD, Watts AC (2020) Fire as a fundamental ecological process: research advances and frontiers. Journal of Ecology 108, 2047–2069.
| Fire as a fundamental ecological process: research advances and frontiers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McMurry ER, Stambaugh MC, Guyette RP, Dey DC (2007) Fire scars reveal source of New England’s 1780 Dark Day. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 266–270.
| Fire scars reveal source of New England’s 1780 Dark Day.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meunier J (2022) Contradictions and continuities: a historical context to Euro-American settlement era fires of the Lake States, USA. Fire Ecology 18, 3
| Contradictions and continuities: a historical context to Euro-American settlement era fires of the Lake States, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meunier J, Shea ME (2020) Applying the usual rules to an unusual ecological situation: fire rotation in Great Lakes Pine Forests. Forest Ecology and Management 472, 118246
| Applying the usual rules to an unusual ecological situation: fire rotation in Great Lakes Pine Forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meunier J, Holoubek NS, Brown PM, Sebasky M (2019) Re-evaluating pattern and process to understand resilience in transitional mixed conifer forests. Ecology 100, e02839
| Re-evaluating pattern and process to understand resilience in transitional mixed conifer forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan P, Hardy CC, Swetnam TW, Rollins MG, Long DG (2001) Mapping fire regimes across time and space: understanding coarse and fine-scale fire patterns. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 329–342.
| Mapping fire regimes across time and space: understanding coarse and fine-scale fire patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison PH, Swanson FJ (1990) Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-254. p. 254. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 77, Portland, OR, USA.
| Crossref |
Muzika RM, Guyette RP, Stambaugh MC, Marschall JM (2015) Fire, drought, and humans in a heterogeneous Lake Superior landscape. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 34, 49–70.
| Fire, drought, and humans in a heterogeneous Lake Superior landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (2014) Fire behavior field reference guide, PMS 437. NWCG, Boise, ID, USA
North MP, Keeton WS (2008) Emulating natural disturbance regimes: an emerging approach for sustainable forest management. In ‘Patterns and Processes in Forest Landscapes’. (Eds R Lafortezza, G Sanesi, J Chen, TR Crow) pp. 341–372. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
| Crossref |
Nowacki GJ, Abrams MD (2008) The demise of fire and “mesophication” of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience 58, 123–138.
| The demise of fire and “mesophication” of forests in the eastern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Palmer WC (1965) Meteorological Drought. US Weather Bureau, Research Paper No. 45. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, USA
Parisien M-A, Parks SA, Krawchuk MA, Little JM, Flannigan MD, Gowman LM, Moritz MA (2014) An analysis of controls on fire activity in boreal Canada: comparing models built with different temporal resolutions. Ecological Applications 24, 1341–1356.
| An analysis of controls on fire activity in boreal Canada: comparing models built with different temporal resolutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paulson AK, Sanders S, Kirschbaum J, Waller DM (2016) Post‐settlement ecological changes in the forests of the Great Lakes National Parks. Ecosphere 7, e01490
| Post‐settlement ecological changes in the forests of the Great Lakes National Parks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peterson WL (1986) Late Wisconsinan glacial history of northeastern Wisconsin and western upper Michigan. (U.S. G.P.O.)
| Crossref |
Pryor SC (2013) ‘Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability, and Adaptation.’ (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, IN, USA)
Pyne SJ (2001) ‘Fire: A Brief History.’ (University of Washington Press: Seattle, WA, USA)
Reuter H, Jopp F, Blanco-Moreno JM, Damgaard C, Matsinos Y, DeAngelis DL (2010) Ecological hierarchies and self-organisation – pattern analysis, modelling and process integration across scales. Basic and Applied Ecology 11, 572–581.
| Ecological hierarchies and self-organisation – pattern analysis, modelling and process integration across scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rudolf PO (1990) Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). In ‘Silvics of North America. Vol. 1, Conifers’. (Eds RM Burns, BH Honkala) USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 654. pp. 442–455. (USDA Forest Service: Washington, DC, USA)
Şahan EA, Köse N, Güner HT, Trouet V, Tavşanoğlu Ç, Akkemik Ü, Dalfes HN (2022) Multi-century spatiotemporal patterns of fire history in black pine forests, Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management 518, 120296
| Multi-century spatiotemporal patterns of fire history in black pine forests, Turkey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schulte LA, Mladenoff DJ (2005) Severe wind and fire regimes in northern forests: historical variability at the regional scale. Ecology 86, 431–445.
| Severe wind and fire regimes in northern forests: historical variability at the regional scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sommerfeld A, Senf C, Buma B, D’Amato AW, Després T, Díaz-Hormazábal I, Fraver S, Frelich LE, Gutiérrez ÁG, Hart SJ, Harvey BJ, He HS, Hlásny T, Holz A, Kitzberger T, Kulakowski D, Lindenmayer D, Mori AS, Müller J, Paritsis J, Perry GLW, Stephens SL, Svoboda M, Turner MG, Veblen TT, Seidl R (2018) Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome. Nature Communications 9, 4355
| Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Speer JH (2010) ‘Fundamentals of Tree-ring Research.’ (University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA)
Stambaugh MC, Guyette RP (2013) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Stambaugh – Burnt Mountain – PIRE – ITRDB MI019.
| Crossref |
Stambaugh MC, Guyette RP, Marschall JM, Muzika R (2013) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Stambaugh – Rush Lake – PIRE – ITRDB MI022.
| Crossref |
Stephens SL, Agee JK, Fulé PZ, North MP, Romme WH, Swetnam TW, Turner MG (2013) Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342, 41–42.
| Managing forests and fire in changing climates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Todd JB, Bosch EM, Wotton BM, Amiro BD, Flannigan MD, Hirsch KG, Logan KA, Martell DL, Skinner WR (2002) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 8149
| Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sutheimer CM, Meunier J, Hotchkiss SC, Rebitzke E, Radeloff VC (2021) Historical fire regimes of North American hemiboreal peatlands. Forest Ecology and Management 498, 119561
| Historical fire regimes of North American hemiboreal peatlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swetnam TW (1993) Fire history and climate change in giant Sequoia groves. Science 262, 885–889.
| Fire history and climate change in giant Sequoia groves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swetnam TW, Baisan CH (1996). Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. In ‘Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the 2nd La Mesa Fire Symposium’. (Ed. CD Allen) General Technical Report RM-GTR-286. pp. 11–32. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Swetnam TW, Baisan CH (2003) Tree-Ring Reconstructions of Fire and Climate History in the Sierra Nevada and Southwestern United States. In ‘Fire and Climatic Change in Temperate Ecosystems of the Western Americas’. (Eds TT Veblen, WL Baker, G Montenegro, TW Swetnam) Ecological Studies. pp. 158–195. (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA)
| Crossref |
Swetnam TW, Betancourt JL (1990) Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science 249, 1017–1020.
| Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swetnam TW, Allen CD, Betancourt JL (1999) Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future. Ecological Applications 9, 1189–1206.
| Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swetnam TW, Farella J, Roos CI, Liebmann MJ, Falk DA, Allen CD (2016) Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, 20150168
| Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor AH, Skinner CN (1998) Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111, 285–301.
| Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor AH, Trouet V, Skinner CN, Stephens S (2016) Socioecological transitions trigger fire regime shifts and modulate fire–climate interactions in the Sierra Nevada, USA, 1600–2015 CE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 13684–13689.
| Socioecological transitions trigger fire regime shifts and modulate fire–climate interactions in the Sierra Nevada, USA, 1600–2015 CE.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner MG, Gardner RH, Dale VH, O’Neill RV (1989) Predicting the spread of disturbance across heterogeneous landscapes. Oikos 55, 121–129.
| Predicting the spread of disturbance across heterogeneous landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner MG, Collins SL, Lugo AL, Magnuson JJ, Rupp TS, Swanson FJ (2003) Disturbance dynamics and ecological response: the contribution of long-term ecological research. BioScience 53, 46–56.
| Disturbance dynamics and ecological response: the contribution of long-term ecological research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
United States Forest Service (2012) Pagami Creek Wildfire Fire Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5346343.pdf
Urban DL, O’Neill RV, Shugart HH (1987) Landscape ecology. BioScience 37, 119–127.
| Landscape ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Wagtendonk JW, Cayan DR (2008) Temporal and spatial distribution of lightning strikes in California in relation to large-scale weather patterns. Fire Ecology 4, 34–56.
| Temporal and spatial distribution of lightning strikes in California in relation to large-scale weather patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vose JM, Miniat CF, Luce CH, Asbjornsen H, Caldwell PV, Campbell JL, Grant GE, Isaak DJ, Loheide SP, Sun G (2016) Ecohydrological implications of drought for forests in the United States. Forest Ecology and Management 380, 335–345.
| Ecohydrological implications of drought for forests in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warner S, Jeffries S, Lovis W, Arbogast A, Telewski F (2021) Tree ring-reconstructed late summer moisture conditions, 1546 to present, northern Lake Michigan, USA. Climate Research 83, 43–56.
| Tree ring-reconstructed late summer moisture conditions, 1546 to present, northern Lake Michigan, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wells ML, McKinsey DE (1995) Lightning strikes and natural fire regimes in San Diego County, California. In ‘The Biswell Symposium: fire issues and solutions in urban interface and wildland ecosystems’. (Eds DR Weise, RE Martin) General Technical Report PSW-GTR-158. pp 193–194. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, CA, USA
Wehner MF, Arnold JR, Knutson T, Kunkel KE, LeGrande AN (2017) Droughts, floods, and wildfires. In 'Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I' (Eds DJ Wuebbles, DW Fahey, KA Hibbard, DJ Dokken, BC Stewart, TK Maycock) pp. 231–256. (U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC)
| Crossref |
Wendland W, Swain Henselman AM (2002) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Wendland – Trout Lake – PIRE – ITRDB WI002.
| Crossref |
Westerling AL, Cayan DR, Brown TJ, Hall BL, Riddle LG (2004) Climate, Santa Ana winds and autumn wildfires in southern California. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 85, 289–296.
| Climate, Santa Ana winds and autumn wildfires in southern California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White CA, Perrakis DDB, Kafka VG, Ennis T (2011) Burning at the edge: integrating biophysical and eco-cultural fire processes in Canada’s parks and protected areas. Fire Ecology 7, 74–106.
| Burning at the edge: integrating biophysical and eco-cultural fire processes in Canada’s parks and protected areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitlock C, Higuera PE, McWethy DB, Briles CE (2010) Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept. The Open Ecology Journal 3, 6–23.
| Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yocom Kent LL, Fulé PZ, Brown PM, Cerano‐Paredes J, Cornejo‐Oviedo E, Cortés Montaño C, Drury SA, Falk DA, Meunier J, Poulos HM, Skinner CN, Stephens SL, Villanueva‐Díaz J (2017) Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico. Ecosphere 8, e01709
| Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang Q, Pregitzer KS, Reed DD (2000) Historical changes in the forests of the Luce District of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The American Midland Naturalist 143, 94–110.
| Historical changes in the forests of the Luce District of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
