Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
International Journal of Wildland Fire International Journal of Wildland Fire Society
Journal of the International Association of Wildland Fire
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

A satellite-based burned area dataset for the northern boreal region from 1982 to 2020

José-Andrés Moreno-Ruiz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-8603 A , José-Rafael García-Lázaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3218-509X A , Manuel Arbelo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6853-4442 B * and Pedro A. Hernández-Leal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-5485 B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Departamento de Informática, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain. Email: jaruiz@ual.es; jrgarcia@ual.es

B Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. Email: marbelo@ull.es; pedro.hernandez@ull.es

* Correspondence to: marbelo@ull.es

International Journal of Wildland Fire 32(6) 854-871 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22102
Submitted: 22 June 2022  Accepted: 15 April 2023   Published: 4 May 2023

© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Background: Fires in the boreal forest occur with natural frequencies and patterns. Burned area (BA) is an essential variable in assessing the impact of climate change in boreal regions.

Aims: Spatial wildfire occurrence data since the 1950s are available for North America. However, there are no reliable data for Eurasia, mainly for Siberia, during the 1980s and 1990s.

Methods: A Bayesian-network algorithm was applied to the Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) Version 5 to generate a BA DataSet (BA-LTDR-DS) for the Boreal region from 1982 to 2020, validated using official reference data and compared with the MODIS MCD64A1 product.

Key results: A high correlation (>93%) with all the reference BA datasets was found. BA-LTDR-DS data grouped by decades estimated a linear increase in BA of 4.47 million ha/decade. This trend provides evidence of how global warming affects fire activity in these boreal forests.

Conclusions: BA-LTDR-DS constitutes a unique data source for the pre-MODIS era, and becomes a reliable source when other products with higher spatial/spectral resolution are not available.

Implications: The BA-LTDR-DS dataset constitutes the longest time series developed for the boreal region at this spatial resolution. BA-LTDR-DS could be used as input in global climate models, helping improve wildfire prediction capabilities and understand the interactions between fire, climate and vegetation dynamics.

Keywords: AVHRR, Bayesian network algorithm, boreal forest, burned area mapping, Eurasia, LTDR, MODIS, North America, remote sensing, Siberia, time series analysis.


References

Al-Saadi J, Soja A, Pierce RB, Szykman J, Wiedinmyer C, Emmons LK, Kondragunta S, Zhang X, Kittaka C, Schaak T, Bowman K (2008) Intercomparison of near-real-time biomass burning emissions estimates constrained by satellite fire data. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 2, 021504
Intercomparison of near-real-time biomass burning emissions estimates constrained by satellite fire data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Amiro BD, Todd JB, Wotton BM, Logan KA, Flannigan MD, Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Martell DL, Hirsch KG (2001) Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959-1999. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 512–525.
Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959-1999.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Andela N, Morton DC, Giglio L, Paugam R, Chen Y, Hantson S, van der Werf GR, Randerson JT (2019) The global fire atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction. Earth System Science Data 11, 529–552.
The global fire atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Andreae MO (1991) Biomass burning: Its history, use and distribution and its impact on environmental quality and global climate. In ‘Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic and Biospheric Implications’. (Ed. JS Levine) pp. 3–21. (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA)

Arnone E, Francipane A, Scarbaci A, Puglisi C, Noto LV (2016) Effect of raster resolution and polygon-conversion algorithm on landslide susceptibility mapping. Environmental Modelling & Software 84, 467–481.
Effect of raster resolution and polygon-conversion algorithm on landslide susceptibility mapping.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balshi MS, Mcguire AD, Duffy P, Flannigan M, Kicklighter DW, Melillo J (2009a) Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century. Global Change Biology 15, 1491–1510.
Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Balshi MS, McGuire AD, Duffy P, Flannigan M, Walsh J, Melillo J (2009b) Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach. Global Change Biology 15, 578–600.
Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barbosa PM, Pereira JMC, Grégoire J-M (1998) Compositing criteria for burned area assessment using multitemporal low resolution satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 65, 38–49.
Compositing criteria for burned area assessment using multitemporal low resolution satellite data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beaulne J, Garneau M, Magnan G, Boucher É (2021) Peat deposits store more carbon than trees in forested peatlands of the boreal biome. Scientific Reports 11, 2657
Peat deposits store more carbon than trees in forested peatlands of the boreal biome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320, 1444–1449.
Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bonan GB, Pollard D, Thompson SL (1992) Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature 359, 716–718.
Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boschetti L, Roy DP, Justice CO (2009) ‘International Global Burned Area Satellite Product Validation Protocol Part I – production and standardization of validation reference data (to be followed by Part II – accuracy reporting).’ Committee on Earth Observation Satellites: Silver Spring, MD, USA, Available at http://lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov/PDF/BurnedAreaValidationProtocol.pdf [verified 8 February 2023]

Boschetti L, Roy DP, Giglio L, Huang H, Zubkova M, Humber ML (2019) Global validation of the Collection 6 MODIS burned area product. Remote Sensing of Environment 235, 111490
Global validation of the Collection 6 MODIS burned area product.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bradshaw CJA, Warkentin IG (2015) Global estimates of boreal forest carbon stocks and flux. Global and Planetary Change 128, 24–30.
Global estimates of boreal forest carbon stocks and flux.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brandt JP (2009) The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environmental Reviews 17, 101–161.
The extent of the North American boreal zone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burton PJ, Parisien MA, Hicke JA, Hall RJ, Freeburn JT (2008) Large fires as agents of ecological diversity in the North American boreal forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 754–767.
Large fires as agents of ecological diversity in the North American boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Campagnolo ML, Sun Q, Liu Y, Schaaf C, Wang Z, Román MO (2016) Estimating the effective spatial resolution of the operational BRDF, albedo, and nadir reflectance products from MODIS and VIIRS. Remote Sensing of Environment 175, 52–64.
Estimating the effective spatial resolution of the operational BRDF, albedo, and nadir reflectance products from MODIS and VIIRS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chang D, Song Y (2009) Comparison of L3JRC and MODIS global burned area products from 2000 to 2007. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114, D16106
Comparison of L3JRC and MODIS global burned area products from 2000 to 2007.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapin FS, Mcguire AD, Randerson J, Pielke R, Baldocchi D, Hobbie SE, Roulet N, Eugster W, Kasischke E, Rastetter EB, Zimov SA, Running SW (2000) Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system. Global Change Biology 6, 211–223.
Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chen D, Loboda TV, Krylov A, Potapov P (2016a) Mapping stand age dynamics of the Siberian larch forests from recent Landsat observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 187, 320–331.
Mapping stand age dynamics of the Siberian larch forests from recent Landsat observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chen W, Moriya K, Sakai T, Koyama L, Cao CX (2016b) Mapping a burned forest area from Landsat TM data by multiple methods. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 7, 384–402.
Mapping a burned forest area from Landsat TM data by multiple methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chu T, Guo X (2015) Compositing MODIS time series for reconstructing burned areas in the taiga–steppe transition zone of northern Mongolia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, 419–432.
Compositing MODIS time series for reconstructing burned areas in the taiga–steppe transition zone of northern Mongolia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chuvieco E, Ventura G, Martín MP (2005) AVHRR multitemporal compositing techniques for burned land mapping. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 1013–1018.
AVHRR multitemporal compositing techniques for burned land mapping.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chuvieco E, Englefield P, Trishchenko AP, Luo Y (2008) Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from NOAA-AVHRR composite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 2381–2396.
Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from NOAA-AVHRR composite data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chuvieco E, Lizundia-Loiola J, Pettinari ML, Ramo R, Padilla M, Tansey K, Mouillot F, Laurent P, Storm T, Heil A, Plummer S (2018) Generation and analysis of a new global burned area product based on MODIS 250 m reflectance bands and thermal anomalies. Earth System Science Data 10, 2015–2031.
Generation and analysis of a new global burned area product based on MODIS 250 m reflectance bands and thermal anomalies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ciais P, Canadell JG, Luyssaert S, Chevallier F, Shvidenko A, Poussi Z, Jonas M, Peylin P, King AW, Schulze ED, Piao S, Rödenbeck C, Peters W, Bréon FM (2010) Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based accounting? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, 225–230.
Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based accounting?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Coffield SR, Graff CA, Chen Y, Smyth P, Foufoula-Georgiou E, Randerson JT (2019) Machine learning to predict final fire size at the time of ignition. International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, 861–873.
Machine learning to predict final fire size at the time of ignition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cooke WF, Koffi B, Grégoire J-M (1996) Seasonality of vegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, 21051–21065.
Seasonality of vegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

de Groot WJ, Cantin AS, Flannigan MD, Soja AJ, Gowman LM, Newbery A (2013) A comparison of Canadian and Russian boreal forest fire regimes. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 23–34.
A comparison of Canadian and Russian boreal forest fire regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Duncan BN (2003) Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4040
Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dwyer E, Pinnock S, Gregoire JM, Pereira JMC (2000) Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fire as determined from satellite observations. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21, 1289–1302.
Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fire as determined from satellite observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Eberle J, Urban M, Homolka A, Hüttich C, Schmullius C (2016) Multi-Source Data Integration and Analysis for Land Monitoring in Siberia. In ‘Novel Methods for Monitoring and Managing Land and Water Resources in Siberia’. (Eds L Mueller, AK Sheudshen, F Eulenstein) pp. 471–487. (Springer International Publishing: Cham)

Eckdahl JA, Kristensen JA, Metcalfe DB (2022) Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire. Biogeosciences 19, 2487–2506.
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Espinola M, Piedra-Fernandez JA, Ayala R, Iribarne L, Wang JZ (2015) Contextual and hierarchical classification of satellite images based on cellular automata. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53, 795–809.
Contextual and hierarchical classification of satellite images based on cellular automata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Flannigan MD, Logan KA, Amiro BD, Skinner WR, Stocks BJ (2005) Future area burned in Canada. Climatic Change 72, 1–16.
Future area burned in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Flannigan MD, Krawchuk MA, de Groot WJ, Wotton BM, Gowman LM (2009) Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 483–507.
Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Franquesa M, Rodriguez-Montellano AM, Chuvieco E, Aguado I (2022a) Reference data accuracy impacts burned area product validation: the role of the expert analyst. Remote Sensing 14, 4354
Reference data accuracy impacts burned area product validation: the role of the expert analyst.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Franquesa M, Stehman SV, Chuvieco E (2022b) Assessment and characterization of sources of error impacting the accuracy of global burned area products. Remote Sensing of Environment 280, 113214
Assessment and characterization of sources of error impacting the accuracy of global burned area products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fuchs H, Magdon P, Kleinn C, Flessa H (2009) Estimating aboveground carbon in a catchment of the Siberian forest tundra: Combining satellite imagery and field inventory. Remote Sensing of Environment 113, 518–531.
Estimating aboveground carbon in a catchment of the Siberian forest tundra: Combining satellite imagery and field inventory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

García-Lázaro JR, Moreno-Ruiz JA, Riaño D, Arbelo M (2018) Estimation of burned area in the northeastern Siberian boreal forest from a Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) 1982–2015 time series. Remote Sensing 10, 940
Estimation of burned area in the northeastern Siberian boreal forest from a Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) 1982–2015 time series.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Georgiadi AG, Milyukova IP, Kashutina EA (2010) Environmental change in Siberia. Environmental Change in Siberia: Earth Observation, Field Studies and Modelling 40, 157–169.
Environmental change in Siberia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Giglio L, Roy DP (2022) Assessment of satellite orbit-drift artifacts in the long-term AVHRR FireCCILT11 global burned area data set. Science of Remote Sensing 5, 100044
Assessment of satellite orbit-drift artifacts in the long-term AVHRR FireCCILT11 global burned area data set.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Giglio L, Randerson JT, van der Werf GR, Kasibhatla PS, Collatz GJ, Morton DC, DeFries RS (2009) Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products. Biogeosciences Discussions 6, 11577–11622.
Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Giglio L, Randerson JT, van der Werf GR (2013) Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 118, 317–328.
Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Giglio L, Boschetti L, Roy DP, Humber ML, Justice CO (2018) The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product. Remote Sensing of Environment 217, 72–85.
The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Goldammer JG, Furyaev V (1996) ‘Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia.’ (Springer Science+Business Media, B.V, Kluwer Academic Publishers)

Gorham E (1991) Northern peatlands: Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications 1, 182–195.
Northern peatlands: Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Guindos-Rojas F, Arbelo M, García-Lázaro JR, Moreno-Ruiz JA, Hernández-Leal PA (2018) Evaluation of a Bayesian algorithm to detect burned areas in the Canary Islands’ Dry Woodlands and forests ecoregion using MODIS data. Remote Sensing 10, 789
Evaluation of a Bayesian algorithm to detect burned areas in the Canary Islands’ Dry Woodlands and forests ecoregion using MODIS data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Haas O, Prentice IC, Harrison SP (2022) Global environmental controls on wildfire burnt area, size, and intensity. Environmental Research Letters 17, 065004
Global environmental controls on wildfire burnt area, size, and intensity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hall RJ, Skakun RS, Metsaranta JM, Landry R, Fraser RH, Raymond D, Gartrell M, Decker V, Little J (2020) Generating annual estimates of forest fire disturbance in Canada: the National Burned Area Composite. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, 878–891.
Generating annual estimates of forest fire disturbance in Canada: the National Burned Area Composite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hanes CC, Wang X, Jain P, Parisien M-A, Little JM, Flannigan MD (2019) Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, 256–269.
Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10, 423–436.
The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Julien Y, Sobrino JA (2021) NOAA-AVHRR orbital drift correction: Validating methods using msg-seviri data as a benchmark dataset. Remote Sensing 13, 925
NOAA-AVHRR orbital drift correction: Validating methods using msg-seviri data as a benchmark dataset.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kasischke ES, French NHF (1995) Locating and estimating the areal extent of wildfires in alaskan boreal forests using multiple-season AVHRR NDVI composite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 51, 263–275.
Locating and estimating the areal extent of wildfires in alaskan boreal forests using multiple-season AVHRR NDVI composite data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kasischke ES, Christensen Jr NL, Stocks BJ (1995) Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications 5, 437–451.
Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kasischke ES, Hyer EJ, Novelli PC, Bruhwiler LP, French NHF, Sukhinin AI, Hewson JH, Stocks BJ (2005) Influences of boreal fire emissions on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19, GB1012
Influences of boreal fire emissions on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kasischke ES, Loboda T, Giglio L, French NHF, Hoy EE, de Jong B, Riano D (2011) Quantifying burned area for North American forests: Implications for direct reduction of carbon stocks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 116, G04003
Quantifying burned area for North American forests: Implications for direct reduction of carbon stocks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kelly R, Chipman ML, Higuera PE, Stefanova I, Brubaker LB, Hu FS (2013) Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 13055–13060.
Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Krylov A, McCarty JL, Potapov P, Loboda T, Tyukavina A, Turubanova S, Hansen MC (2014) Remote sensing estimates of stand-replacement fires in Russia, 2002–2011. Environmental Research Letters 9, 105007
Remote sensing estimates of stand-replacement fires in Russia, 2002–2011.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kukavskaya EA, Soja AJ, Petkov AP, Ponomarev EI, Ivanova GA, Conard SG (2013) Fire emissions estimates in Siberia: evaluation of uncertainties in area burned, land cover, and fuel consumption. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, 493–506.
Fire emissions estimates in Siberia: evaluation of uncertainties in area burned, land cover, and fuel consumption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kurz WA, Stinson G, Rampley GJ, Dymond CC, Neilson ET (2008) Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada’s forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 1551–1555.
Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada’s forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loboda TV, Zhang Z, O’Neal KJ, Sun G, Csiszar IA, Shugart HH, Sherman NJ (2012) Reconstructing disturbance history using satellite-based assessment of the distribution of land cover in the Russian Far East. Remote Sensing of Environment 118, 241–248.
Reconstructing disturbance history using satellite-based assessment of the distribution of land cover in the Russian Far East.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loboda TV, French NHF, Hight-Harf C, Jenkins L, Miller ME (2013) Mapping fire extent and burn severity in Alaskan tussock tundra: An analysis of the spectral response of tundra vegetation to wildland fire. Remote Sensing of Environment 134, 194–209.
Mapping fire extent and burn severity in Alaskan tussock tundra: An analysis of the spectral response of tundra vegetation to wildland fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Melchiorre A, Boschetti L (2018) Global analysis of burned area persistence time with MODIS Data. Remote Sensing 10, 750
Global analysis of burned area persistence time with MODIS Data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mojaradi B, Lucas C, Varshosaz M (2004) Using learning cellular automata for post classification satellite imagery. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives 35, 991–995.

Moreno Ruiz JA, Riaño D, Arbelo M, French NHF, Ustin SL, Whiting ML (2012) Burned area mapping time series in Canada (1984–1999) from NOAA-AVHRR LTDR: A comparison with other remote sensing products and fire perimeters. Remote Sensing of Environment 117, 407–414.
Burned area mapping time series in Canada (1984–1999) from NOAA-AVHRR LTDR: A comparison with other remote sensing products and fire perimeters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moreno-Ruiz JA, García-Lázaro JR, del Águila Cano I, Hernández-Leal P (2014a) Burned area mapping in the North American boreal forest using terra-MODIS LTDR (2001–2011): A comparison with the MCD45A1, MCD64A1 and BA GEOLAND-2 products. Remote Sensing 6, 815–840.
Burned area mapping in the North American boreal forest using terra-MODIS LTDR (2001–2011): A comparison with the MCD45A1, MCD64A1 and BA GEOLAND-2 products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moreno-Ruiz JA, Garcia-Lazaro JR, Riano D, Kefauver SC (2014b) The synergy of the 0.05° (~5km) AVHRR long-term data record (LTDR) and landsat TM archive to map large fires in the North American boreal region from 1984 to 1998. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 7, 1157–1166.
The synergy of the 0.05° (~5km) AVHRR long-term data record (LTDR) and landsat TM archive to map large fires in the North American boreal region from 1984 to 1998.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moreno-Ruiz JA, García-Lázaro JR, Arbelo M, Riaño D (2019) A comparison of burned area time series in the Alaskan boreal forests from different remote sensing products. Forests 10, 363
A comparison of burned area time series in the Alaskan boreal forests from different remote sensing products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moreno-Ruiz JA, García-Lázaro JR, Arbelo M, Cantón-Garbín M (2020) MODIS sensor capability to burned area mapping—assessment of performance and improvements provided by the latest standard products in boreal regions. Sensors 20, 5423
MODIS sensor capability to burned area mapping—assessment of performance and improvements provided by the latest standard products in boreal regions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Morisette JT, Baret F, Privette JL, Myneni RB, Nickeson JE, Garrigues S, Shabanov NV, Weiss M, Fernandes RA, Leblanc SG, Kalacska M, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Chubey M, Rivard B, Stenberg P, Rautiainen M, Voipio P, Manninen T, Pilant AN, Lewis TE, Iiames JS, Colombo R, Meroni M, Busetto L, Cohen WB, Turner DP, Warner ED, Petersen GW, Seufert G, Cook R (2006) Validation of Global Moderate-Resolution LAI Products: A Framework Proposed Within the CEOS Land Product Validation Subgroup. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44, 1804–1817.
Validation of Global Moderate-Resolution LAI Products: A Framework Proposed Within the CEOS Land Product Validation Subgroup.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mouillot F, Schultz MG, Yue C, Cadule P, Tansey K, Ciais P, Chuvieco E (2014) Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing – A review: Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 26, 64–79.
Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing – A review: Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nelson K, Thompson D, Hopkinson C, Petrone R, Chasmer L (2021) Peatland-fire interactions: A review of wildland fire feedbacks and interactions in Canadian boreal peatlands. Science of The Total Environment 769, 145212
Peatland-fire interactions: A review of wildland fire feedbacks and interactions in Canadian boreal peatlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Núñez-Casillas L, García Lázaro JR, Moreno-Ruiz JA, Arbelo M (2013) A comparative analysis of burned area datasets in Canadian boreal forest in 2000. The Scientific World Journal 2013, 289056
A comparative analysis of burned area datasets in Canadian boreal forest in 2000.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Otón G, Ramo R, Lizundia-Loiola J, Chuvieco E (2019) Global detection of long-term (1982–2017) burned area with AVHRR-LTDR data. Remote Sensing 11, 2079
Global detection of long-term (1982–2017) burned area with AVHRR-LTDR data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Otón G, Lizundia-Loiola J, Pettinari ML, Chuvieco E (2021) Development of a consistent global long-term burned area product (1982–2018) based on AVHRR-LTDR data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 103, 102473
Development of a consistent global long-term burned area product (1982–2018) based on AVHRR-LTDR data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Padilla M, Stehman SV, Ramo R, Corti D, Hantson S, Oliva P, Alonso-Canas I, Bradley AV, Tansey K, Mota B, Pereira JM, Chuvieco E (2015) Comparing the accuracies of remote sensing global burned area products using stratified random sampling and estimation. Remote Sensing of Environment 160, 114–121.
Comparing the accuracies of remote sensing global burned area products using stratified random sampling and estimation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Pacala SW, McGuire AD, Piao S, Rautiainen A, Sitch S, Hayes D (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993.
A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Parisien MA, Peters VS, Wang Y, Little JM, Bosch EM, Stocks BJ (2006) Spatial patterns of forest fires in Canada 1980–1999. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 361–374.
Spatial patterns of forest fires in Canada 1980–1999.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pedelty J, Devadiga S, Masuoka E, Brown M, Pinzon J, Tucker C, Vermote E, Prince S, Nagol J, Justice C, Roy D, Ju J, Schaaf C, Liu J, Privette J, Pinheiro A (2007) Generating a long-term land data record from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments. In ‘International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)’. pp. 1021–1025. (IEEE)
| Crossref |

Pinty B, Verstraete MM (1992) GEMI: a non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites. Vegetatio 101, 15–20.
GEMI: a non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ponomarev EI, Kharuk VI, Ranson KJ (2016) Wildfires dynamics in Siberian larch forests. Forests 7, 125
Wildfires dynamics in Siberian larch forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Portier J, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y (2019) Spatial distribution of mean fire size and occurrence in eastern Canada: influence of climate, physical environment and lightning strike density. International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, 927–940.
Spatial distribution of mean fire size and occurrence in eastern Canada: influence of climate, physical environment and lightning strike density.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rogers BM, Soja AJ, Goulden ML, Randerson JT (2015) Influence of tree species on continental differences in boreal fires and climate feedbacks. Nature Geoscience 8, 228–234.
Influence of tree species on continental differences in boreal fires and climate feedbacks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shuman JK, Shugart HH, O’Halloran TL (2011) Sensitivity of Siberian larch forests to climate change. Global Change Biology 17, 2370–2384.
Sensitivity of Siberian larch forests to climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sitnov SA, Mokhov II (2018) A Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of Active Fires in the Boreal Forests of Eurasia and North America Based on Satellite Data. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 54, 966–978.
A Comparative Analysis of the Characteristics of Active Fires in the Boreal Forests of Eurasia and North America Based on Satellite Data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skakun R, Whitman E, Little JM, Parisien MA (2021) Area burned adjustments to historical wildland fires in Canada. Environmental Research Letters 16, 064014
Area burned adjustments to historical wildland fires in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skakun R, Castilla G, Metsaranta J, Whitman E, Rodrigue S, Little J, Groenewegen K, Coyle M (2022) Extending the National Burned Area Composite Time Series of Wildfires in Canada. Remote Sensing 14, 3050
Extending the National Burned Area Composite Time Series of Wildfires in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Soja AJ, Cofer WR, Shugart HH, Sukhinin AI, Stackhouse PW, McRae DJ, Conard SG (2004) Estimating fire emissions and disparities in boreal Siberia (1998–2002). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109, D14S06
Estimating fire emissions and disparities in boreal Siberia (1998–2002).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Soja AJ, Al-Saadi J, Giglio L, Randall D, Kittaka C, Pouliot G, Kordzi JJ, Raffuse S, Pace TG, Pierce TE, Moore T, Roy B, Pierce RB, Szykman JJ (2009) Assessing satellite-based fire data for use in the National Emissions Inventory. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 3, 031504
Assessing satellite-based fire data for use in the National Emissions Inventory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stehman SV (1997) Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy. Remote Sensing of Environment 62, 77–89.
Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stocks BJ, Mason JA, Todd JB, Bosch EM, Wotton BM, Amiro BD, Flannigan MD, Hirsch KG, Logan KA, Martell DL, Skinner WR (2003) Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 8149
Large forest fires in Canada, 1959–1997.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stowe LL, Davis PA, McClain EP (1999) Scientific Basis and Initial Evaluation of the CLAVR-1 Global Clear/Cloud Classification Algorithm for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16, 656–681.
Scientific Basis and Initial Evaluation of the CLAVR-1 Global Clear/Cloud Classification Algorithm for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sukhinin AI, French NHF, Kasischke ES, Hewson JH, Soja AJ, Csiszar IA, Hyer EJ, Loboda T, Conrad SG, Romasko VI, Pavlichenko EA, Miskiv SI, Slinkina OA (2004) AVHRR-based mapping of fires in Russia: New products for fire management and carbon cycle studies. Remote Sensing of Environment 93, 546–564.
AVHRR-based mapping of fires in Russia: New products for fire management and carbon cycle studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tchebakova NM, Parfenova E, Soja AJ (2009) The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate. Environmental Research Letters 4, 045013
The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turetsky MR, Kane ES, Harden JW, Ottmar RD, Manies KL, Hoy E, Kasischke ES (2011) Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands. Nature Geoscience 4, 27–31.
Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vanderhoof MK, Fairaux N, Beal YJG, Hawbaker TJ (2017) Validation of the USGS Landsat burned area essential climate variable (BAECV) across the conterminous United States. Remote Sensing of Environment 198, 393–406.
Validation of the USGS Landsat burned area essential climate variable (BAECV) across the conterminous United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vivchar A (2011) Wildfires in Russia in 2000–2008: Estimates of burnt areas using the satellite MODIS MCD45 data. Remote Sensing Letters 2, 81–90.
Wildfires in Russia in 2000–2008: Estimates of burnt areas using the satellite MODIS MCD45 data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Walsh JE (2014) Intensified warming of the Arctic: Causes and impacts on middle latitudes. Global and Planetary Change 117, 52–63.
Intensified warming of the Arctic: Causes and impacts on middle latitudes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wieder RK, Vitt DH, Benscoter BW (2006) Peatlands and the boreal forest. In ‘Boreal peatland ecosystems’. (Eds RK Wieder, DH Vitt) pp. 1–8. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg)

Wirth C (2005) Fire regime and tree diversity in boreal forests: implications for the carbon cycle Forest Diversity and Function. In ‘Forest Diversity and Function, Ecological Studies. Vol. 176’. (Eds M Scherer-Lorenzen, C Körner, ED Schulze) pp. 309–44. (Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg)

Wooster MJ, Zhang YH (2004) Boreal forest fires burn less intensely in Russia than in North America. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L20505
Boreal forest fires burn less intensely in Russia than in North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |