Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna
Ashleigh R. Harper
A E , Cristina Santin A B , Stefan H. Doerr A , Cynthia A. Froyd B , Dania Albini B , Xose Luis Otero C , Lucia Viñas D and Begoña Pérez-Fernández D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
B Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
C Department of Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
D Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
E Corresponding author. Email: ashleigh.r.harper@hotmail.co.uk
International Journal of Wildland Fire 28(10) 726-737 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18200
Submitted: 15 November 2018 Accepted: 20 June 2019 Published: 6 August 2019
Journal Compilation © IAWF 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
It is well established in the world’s fire-prone regions that wildfires can considerably change the hydrological dynamics of freshwater catchments. Limited research, however, has focused on the potential impacts of wildfire ash toxicity on aquatic biota. Here, we assess the chemical composition and toxicity of ash generated from wildfires in six contrasting vegetation types distributed globally (UK grassland, Spanish pine forest, Spanish heathland, USA chaparral, Australian eucalypt forest and Canadian spruce forest). Acute (48 h) immobilisation tests were conducted on the extensively studied aquatic macroinvertebrate Daphnia magna, a sensitive indicator of aquatic contaminants. We found significant differences between the chemical composition and toxicity of these ash types. The UK and Spanish ash had no detectable toxicity to Daphnia magna, whereas the Australian eucalypt, USA chaparral and Canadian spruce ash all caused significant toxicity (immobilisation). The principal characteristics of the latter ash types were their high pH, and NO3−, Cl− and conductivity levels. Elevated water-soluble and total concentrations of metals (e.g. Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and As) and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were not linked to toxicity.
Additional keywords: bioassays, ecotoxicology, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), wildfire impacts.
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