Short- and long-term hydrologic controls on smouldering fire in wetland soils
Morgan L. Schulte A , Daniel L. McLaughlin B H , Frederic C. Wurster C , J. Morgan Varner D , Ryan D. Stewart E , W. Mike Aust B , C. Nathan Jones F and Bridget Gile GA North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, 2800 Faucette Driver, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
B Virginia Tech, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
C Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 3100 Desert Road, Suffolk, VA 23434, USA.
D Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 400 N. 34th Street, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
E Virginia Tech, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Smyth Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
F National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, 1 Park Place, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA.
G Villanova University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
H Corresponding author. Email: mclaugd@vt.edu
International Journal of Wildland Fire 28(3) 177-186 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18086
Submitted: 11 June 2018 Accepted: 17 December 2018 Published: 21 February 2019
Journal compilation © IAWF 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Smouldering fire vulnerability in organic-rich, wetland soils is regulated by hydrologic regimes over short (by antecedent wetness) and long (through influences on soil properties) timescales. An integrative understanding of these controls is needed to inform fire predictions and hydrologic management to reduce fire vulnerability. The Great Dismal Swamp, a drained peatland (Virginia and North Carolina, USA), recently experienced large wildfires, motivating hydrologic restoration efforts. To inform those efforts, we combined continuous water levels, soil properties, moisture holding capacity and smouldering probability at four sites along a hydrologic gradient. For each site, we estimated gravimetric soil moisture content associated with a 50% smouldering probability (soil moisture smoulder threshold) and the water tension required to create this moisture threshold (tension smoulder threshold). Soil properties influenced both thresholds. Soils with lower bulk density smouldered at higher moisture content but also had higher moisture holding capacity, indicating that higher tensions (e.g. deeper water tables) are required to reach smouldering thresholds. By combining thresholds with water level data, we assessed smouldering vulnerability over time, providing a framework to guide fire prediction and hydrologic restoration. This work is among the first to integrate soil moisture thresholds, moisture holding capacities and water level dynamics to explore spatiotemporal variation in smouldering fire vulnerability.
Additional keywords: Great Dismal Swamp, ignition thresholds, moisture holding capacity, organic soil, soil properties.
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