Effects of fire on cation content in water: a laboratory simulation study
J. Cancelo-González A C , M. E. Rial-Rivas B and F. Díaz-Fierros A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
B CESAM – Environment and Planning Department, Campus Universitario de Santiago, University of Aveiro, PT-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
C Corresponding author. Email: javier.cancelo@usc.es
International Journal of Wildland Fire 22(5) 667-680 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12178
Submitted: 23 October 2012 Accepted: 6 November 2012 Published: 29 January 2013
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the effect of thermal shocks (as occur during fire) and simulated rainfall events on cation leaching dynamics in an organic rich Leptic Umbrisol soil. The soil samples were collected in the field using specially designed lysimeter boxes that allow sampling and application of thermal shock treatments and simulated rainfall while keeping the soil structure unaltered. The soil temperature during the thermal shocks and degree-hours of accumulated heat were determined, and cation (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) leaching was measured in surface runoff (0-cm depth) and subsurface flow (12-cm depth) samples collected from the lysimeter boxes. Important differences were found in cation leaching in relation to thermal shock: monovalent cation leaching from the soil above 200°C (68 degree-hours) and divalent cations leaching above 220°C (195 degree-hours) was higher than that seen in other treatments. In general, the amount of cations leached increased with the severity of the thermal shock; however, under moderate conditions, there was a decrease in cation leaching, mainly of monovalent ions. The exchangeable cation losses by leaching in the intense heat treatments were ~80%.
Additional keywords: fire intensity, nutrient fluxes, rainfall simulation, water quality.
References
Abu-Hamdeh NH, Reeder RC (2000) Soil thermal conductivity: effects of density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 1285–1290.| Soil thermal conductivity: effects of density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmsF2iurw%3D&md5=d1da8143956fcd6b6aa3e557be85d8cfCAS |
Almendros G, González-Vila FJ, Martin F (1990) Fire-induced transformation of soil organic matter from oak forest: an experimental approach to the effects of fire on humic substances. Soil Science 149, 158–168.
| Fire-induced transformation of soil organic matter from oak forest: an experimental approach to the effects of fire on humic substances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkt1amurY%3D&md5=8f3d4feff090c8b65b1198878346bbdfCAS |
Badía D, Martí C (2003) Plant ash and heat intensity effects on chemical and physical properties of two contrasting soils. Arid Land Research and Management 17, 23–41.
| Plant ash and heat intensity effects on chemical and physical properties of two contrasting soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belillas CM, Rodà F (1985) Efectos del fuego sobre el quimismo de los arroyos en cuencas de landa. Organismes i Sistemes 1, 101–111.
Brais S, David P, Ouimet R (2000) Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands. Forest Ecology and Management 137, 231–243.
| Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Britton DL (1991) Fire and chemistry of a South African mountain stream. Hydrobiologia 218, 177–192.
| Fire and chemistry of a South African mountain stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmtl2jtro%3D&md5=817c7537d71f72a37080e55e7a27e3d8CAS |
Cerdà A, Marcos E, Llovet J, Benito E, Pérez-Cabello F, Úbeda X, Jordán A, Zavala LM, Ruiz-Sinoga JD (2010) La lluvia simulada como herramienta para la investigación del efecto de los incendios forestales sobre los suelos. In ‘Actualización en métodos y técnicas para el estudio de los suelos afectados por incendios forestales’. (Eds A Cerdà, A Jordán) pp. 45–83. (Cátedra de Divulgación de la Ciencia: Valencia, Spain)
Chandler C, Cheney P, Thomas P, Trabaud L, Willianms D (1983) ‘Fire in Forestry. Vol. I. Forest Fire Behavior and Effects.’ (Wiley: New York)
Coskun C (2010) A novel approach to degree-hour calculation: indoor and outdoor reference temperature based degree-hour calculation. Energy 35, 2455–2460.
| A novel approach to degree-hour calculation: indoor and outdoor reference temperature based degree-hour calculation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Ronde C (1990) Impact of prescribed fire on soil properties – comparison with wildfire effects. In ‘Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics: Mediterranean and Northern Perspectives’. (Eds JG Goldammer, MJ Jenkins) pp. 127–136. (SPB Academic Publishing BV: The Hague, the Netherlands)
De Vries DA (1963). Thermal properties of soil. In ‘Physics of Plant Environment’. (Ed. WR Wijk) pp. 210–235. (North-Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam)
DeBano LF, Neary DG, Ffolliott PF (1998) ‘Fire’s Effects on Ecosystems.’ (Wiley: New York)
Díaz-Fierros F, Benito E, Vega JA, Castelao A, Soto B, Pérez R, Taboada T (1990) Solute loss and soil erosion in burnt soil from Galicia (NW Spain). In ‘Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics: Mediterranean and Northern Perspectives’. (Eds JG Goldammer, MJ Jenkins) pp. 103–116. (SPB Academic Publishing BV: The Hague, the Netherlands)
Díaz-Fierros F, Núñez A, López E (1993) ‘As concas fluviais de Galicia: características e riscos de contaminación difusa.’ (Universidade, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico: Santiago de Compostela, Spain)
Dissmeyer GE (2000) Drinking water from forests and Grasslands: a synthesis of the scientific literature. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station General Technical Report GTR-SRS-39. (Asheville, NC)
Ersahin S, Resit Brohi A (2006) Spatial variation of soil water content in topsoil and subsoil of a Typic Ustifluvent. Agricultural Water Management 83, 79–86.
| Spatial variation of soil water content in topsoil and subsoil of a Typic Ustifluvent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Everest FH, Harr D (1980) Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in western North America. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report PNW-109, (Portland, OR)
Ferreira AJD, Coelho COA, Boulet AK, Lopes FP (2005) Temporal patterns of solute loss following wildfires in Central Portugal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, 401–412.
| Temporal patterns of solute loss following wildfires in Central Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Crtb3P&md5=6fc11759a2196bf3eb38e165a070dd23CAS |
Gillman GP, Bruce RC, Davey BG, Kimble JM, Searle PL, Skjemstad JO (1983) A comparison of methods used for determination of cation exchange capacity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 14, 1005–1014.
| A comparison of methods used for determination of cation exchange capacity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXit1SjsQ%3D%3D&md5=3d78c9304a7e9c738a542d4bad7ed1caCAS |
Giovannini G, Lucchesi L, Giachetti M (1990) Beneficial and detrimental effects of heating on soil quality. In ‘Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics: Mediterranean and Northern Perspectives’. (Eds JG Goldammer, MJ Jenkins) pp. 95–102. (SPB Academic Publishing BV: The Hague, the Netherlands)
Gresswell RE (1999) Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128, 193–221.
| Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffin T, Honeycutt CW (2000) Using growing degree days to predict nitrogen availability from livestock manures. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 1876–1882.
| Using growing degree days to predict nitrogen availability from livestock manures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntlGls7g%3D&md5=34ba567547dd2fd7132832a327babf98CAS |
Guitián F, Carballas T (1976) ‘Técnicas de análisis de suelos’, Volumen 70. Monografías de ciencia moderna. (Pico Sacro: Santiago de Compostela)
Honeycutt C, Zibilske LM, Clapham WM (1988) Heat units for describing carbon mineralization and predicting net nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, 1346–1350.
| Heat units for describing carbon mineralization and predicting net nitrogen mineralization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IUSS Working Group WRB (2007) World reference base for soil resources 2006: first update 2007. A framework for international classification, correlation and communication. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) Working Group, World Soil Resources Reports, number 103. (Rome)
James SE, Pärtel M, Wilson SD, Peltzer DA (2003) Temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture in grassland and forest. Journal of Ecology 91, 234–239.
| Temporal heterogeneity of soil moisture in grassland and forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kachanoski RG, Gregorich EG, Van Weswnbeeck IJ (1988) Estimating spatial variations of soil water content using noncontacting electromagnetic inductive methods. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, 715–722.
| Estimating spatial variations of soil water content using noncontacting electromagnetic inductive methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khanna PK, Raison RJ, Falkiner RA (1994) Chemical properties of ash derived from Eucalyptus litter and its effects on forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management 66, 107–125.
| Chemical properties of ash derived from Eucalyptus litter and its effects on forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kutiel P, Shaviv A (1992) Effects of soil type, plant composition and leaching on soil nutrients following a simulated forest fire. Forest Ecology and Management 53, 329–343.
| Effects of soil type, plant composition and leaching on soil nutrients following a simulated forest fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malmer A (2004) Streamwater quality as affected by wild fires in natural and manmade vegetation in Malaysian Borneo. Hydrological Processes 18, 853–864.
| Streamwater quality as affected by wild fires in natural and manmade vegetation in Malaysian Borneo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin C, Chevalier Y, Gimenez H (2000) Conséquences de l’incendie de forêt sur le fonctionnement hydrochimique. In ‘Conséquences d’un incendie de forêt daus le bassins versant du Rimbaut’. (Ed. C Martin, J Lavabre) pp. 73–93. (Librairie Armand Colin: Maurès, Var, France)
Mataix-Solera J, Doerr SH (2004) Hydrophobicity and aggregate stability in calcareous topsoils from fire-affected pine forests in southeastern Spain. Geoderma 118, 77–88.
| Hydrophobicity and aggregate stability in calcareous topsoils from fire-affected pine forests in southeastern Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvVWjtbc%3D&md5=5d750152cc3bed28af8122fb3f243fa8CAS |
Neary DG, Currier JB (1982) Impact of wildfire and watershed restoration on water quality in south Carolina`s Blue Ridge Mountains. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 6, 81–90.
Neary DG, Landsberg JD, Tiedemann A, Ffolliott PF (2005). Chapter 6: Water quality. In ‘Fire Effects on Soil and Water’. (Eds DG Neary, KC Ryan, LF DeBano) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42, Volume 4, pp. 119–134. (Fort Collins, CO)
Nishita H, Haug RM (1972) Some physical and chemical characteristics of heated soils. Soil Science 113, 422–430.
| Some physical and chemical characteristics of heated soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XltVCis7w%3D&md5=b8ddc98eb8908353fab66ff5e4d29b2bCAS |
Nyberg L (1996) Spatial variability of soil water content in the covered catchment at Gardsjön, Sweden. Hydrological Processes 10, 89–103.
| Spatial variability of soil water content in the covered catchment at Gardsjön, Sweden.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pereira P, Úbeda X, Martin D, Mataix-Solera J, Guerrero C (2011) Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a Cork Oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Environmental Research 111, 237–247.
| Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a Cork Oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlKqsLk%3D&md5=9c8d0638aea47aecb0902f80bca39804CAS |
Pruess K (1983) Day-degree methods for pest management. Environmental Entomology 12, 613–619.
Rabadà D, Gallart F (1993) Monitoring soil water content variability in the Cal Parisa basin (Alt Llobregat) with TDR. Experimental design and first results. Acta Geológica Hispanica 28, 85–93.
Ranalli AR (2004) A summary of the scientific literature on the effects of fire on the concentration of nutrients in surface water. US Geological Survey, Open-file Report 2004–1296. (Denver, CO) Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1296/pdf/OFR2004-1296.pdf [Verified 6 December 2012]
Rhoades CC, Entwistle D, Butler D (2011) The influence of wildfire extent and severity on streamwater chemistry, sediment and temperature follo. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, 430–442.
| The influence of wildfire extent and severity on streamwater chemistry, sediment and temperature follo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlsFGlsLs%3D&md5=f1e69b2f030c293787cb9ecd7e22cf32CAS |
Robichaud PR (2000) Fire effects on infiltration rates after prescribed fire in Northern Rocky Mountain forests, USA. Journal of Hydrology 231–232, 220–229.
| Fire effects on infiltration rates after prescribed fire in Northern Rocky Mountain forests, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ruffo M, Bollero GA (2003) Modeling rye and hairy vetch residue decomposition as a function of degree-days and descomposition-days. Agronomy Journal 95, 900–907.
| Modeling rye and hairy vetch residue decomposition as a function of degree-days and descomposition-days.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell EW (1988) ‘Russell’s Soil Conditions and Plant Growth.’ (Logman Scientific and Technical: Harlow, UK)
Soto B, Díaz-Fierros F (1993) Interactions between plants ash leachates and soil. International Journal of Wildland Fire 3, 207–216.
| Interactions between plants ash leachates and soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soto B, Basanta R, Díaz-Fierros F (1997) Effects of burning on nutrient balance in an area of gorse (Ulex europaeus L). The Science of the Total Environment 204, 271–281.
| Effects of burning on nutrient balance in an area of gorse (Ulex europaeus L).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soto B, Benito E, Díaz-Fierros F (1991) Heat-induced degradation processes in forest soils. International Journal of Wildland Fire 1, 147–152.
| Heat-induced degradation processes in forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sumner ME, Miller WP (1996) Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 – Chemical Methods’. (Eds DL Sparks, AL Page, PA Helmke, RH Loeppert, PN Soltanpour, MA Tabatabai, CT Johnston, ME Summer) pp. 1201–1229. (American Society of Agronomy, Inc.: Madison, WI)
Tiedemann AR, Conrad CE, Dieterich JH, Hornbeck JW, Megahan WF, Viereck LA, Wade DD (1979). Effects of fire on water: a state-of-knowledge review. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-10. (Washington, DC)
Tomkins IB, Kellas JD, Tolhurst KG, Oswin DA (1991) Effects of fire intensity on soil chemistry in a eucaypt forest. Australian Journal of Soil Research 29, 25–47.
| Effects of fire intensity on soil chemistry in a eucaypt forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhs1ejsbw%3D&md5=23489db8428b3984d217c6a6ada080b8CAS |
Úbeda X, Pereira P, Outeiro L, Martin A (2009) Effects of fire temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ash from two plots of Cork Oak (Quercus suber). Land Degradation and Development 20, 589–608.
| Effects of fire temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ash from two plots of Cork Oak (Quercus suber).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams MR, Melack JM (1997) Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed-conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 39, 225–253.
| Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed-conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsV2isLk%3D&md5=908a54639691c52db4add8c74a4409f1CAS |
Zalom F, Goodell PB, Wilson LT, Barnett WW, Bentley WJ (1983) Degree-days: the calculation and use of heat units in pest management. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Leaflet 21373. (Davis, CA)
