Fire effects on gross inorganic N transformation in riparian soils in coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA: wildfires v. prescribed fires
Akihiro Koyama A C D , Kirsten Stephan B and Kathleen L. Kavanagh A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Forest Ecology and Biogeosciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, USA.
B Life and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA.
C Present address: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA.
D Corresponding author. Email: akihiro.koyama@colostate.edu
International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(1) 69-78 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10132
Submitted: 23 November 2010 Accepted: 10 May 2011 Published: 24 October 2011
Abstract
We investigated differences between wildfires and prescribed fires in their effects on nitrogen (N) dynamics in mineral soils collected from riparian coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA. Specifically, we investigated how the two types of fires affected inorganic N concentrations, microbial biomass N and gross transformation rates of inorganic N in mineral soils relative to their corresponding unburnt controls. There was no significant difference in soil NH4+ concentrations between burnt and control soils in either type of fires. However, wildfires significantly reduced gross ammonification and microbial NH4+ uptake rates relative to their controls (P = 0.05 and 0.08). No such effect was found in soils burnt by the prescribed fires relative to their controls. Burnt soils had significantly higher NO3– concentrations than control soils when all the data were pooled (P = 0.08). The elevated NO3– concentrations in the soils burnt by either type of fire were not caused by increased gross nitrification, but likely by significantly reduced microbial NO3– uptake (P ≤ 0.02). We concluded that controlled prescribed fires conducted in early spring had less of an effect on soil N dynamics than wildfires in the region.
Additional keywords: gross N transformation, 15N pool dilution methods, nitrate leaching, riparian forests.
References
Aber JD, Melillo JM (1982) Nitrogen immobilization in decaying hardwood leaf litter as a function of initial nitrogen and lignin content. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 2263–2269.| Nitrogen immobilization in decaying hardwood leaf litter as a function of initial nitrogen and lignin content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXjtlOntw%3D%3D&md5=44173ed46f3fa552e8a4b326c4f84221CAS |
Ahlgren IF (1974) The effects of fire on soil organisms. In ‘Fire and ecosystems’. (Eds TT Kozlowski, CE Ahlgren) pp. 47–72. (Academic Press: New York)
Arkle RS, Pilliod DS (2010) Prescribed fires as ecological surrogates for wildfires: A stream and riparian perspective. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 893–903.
| Prescribed fires as ecological surrogates for wildfires: A stream and riparian perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arno SF, Allison-Bunnell S (2002) ‘Flames in our forest: disaster or renewal?’ (Inland Press: Washington DC)
Arno SF, Simmerman DG, Keane RE (1985) Forest succession on four habitat types in western Montana. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-177. (Ogden, UT)
Balser T, Firestone M (2005) Linking microbial community composition and soil processes in a California annual grassland and mixed conifer forest. Biogeochemistry 73, 395–415.
| Linking microbial community composition and soil processes in a California annual grassland and mixed conifer forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksVWku7c%3D&md5=2457a102a47465444025b344f198ac19CAS |
Belillas C, Feller M (1998) Relationships between fire severity and atmospheric and leaching nutrient losses in British Columbia’s coastal western hemlock zone forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, 87–101.
| Relationships between fire severity and atmospheric and leaching nutrient losses in British Columbia’s coastal western hemlock zone forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bisson PA, Rieman BE, Luce C, Hessburg PF, Lee DC, Kershner JL, Reeves GH, Greswell RE (2003) Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 213–229.
| Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bladon KD, Silins U, Wagner MJ, Stone M, Emelko MB, Mendoza CA, Devito KJ, Boon S (2008) Wildfire impacts on nitrogen concentration and production from headwater streams in southern Alberta’s Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2359–2371.
| Wildfire impacts on nitrogen concentration and production from headwater streams in southern Alberta’s Rocky Mountains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1Wrs7nJ&md5=3a4f4326ef98b8d2a3a7d18581f27059CAS |
Boerner REJ (1982) Fire and nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems. Bioscience 32, 187–192.
| Fire and nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Booth MS, Stark JM, Hart SC (2006) Soil mixing effects on inorganic nitrogen production and consumption in forest and shrubland soils. Plant and Soil 289, 5–15.
| Soil mixing effects on inorganic nitrogen production and consumption in forest and shrubland soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Wnsr3L&md5=0cbab58d8fa2e0b489fcb45ac1df61d0CAS |
Bradley RL, Titus BD, Hogg K, Preston C, Prescott CE, Kimmins JP (2000) Assessing the controls on soil mineral-N cycling rates in managed coastal western hemlock ecosystems of British Columbia. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 10, 213–219.
| Assessing the controls on soil mineral-N cycling rates in managed coastal western hemlock ecosystems of British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brewer CK, Winne JC, Redmond RL, Opitz DW, Mangrich MV (2005) Classifying and mapping wildfire severity: a comparison of methods. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 71, 1311–1320.
Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to determine microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 17, 837–842.
| Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to determine microbial biomass nitrogen in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XhvFSgug%3D%3D&md5=59cc8b1ff0aaf09f2e78a2779c22b58bCAS |
Cabrera ML, Beare MH (1993) Alkaline persulfate oxidation for determining total nitrogen in microbial biomass extracts. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, 1007–1012.
| Alkaline persulfate oxidation for determining total nitrogen in microbial biomass extracts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXns1ensQ%3D%3D&md5=951137aa592d26353a00538234673a3dCAS |
Caldwell TG, Johnson DW, Miller WW, Qualls RG (2002) Forest floor carbon and nitrogen losses due to prescription fire. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 262–267.
| Forest floor carbon and nitrogen losses due to prescription fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslOqtbc%3D&md5=5753e2de9d442ebb436e739b807edc6aCAS |
Christensen NL, Muller CH (1975) Effects of fire on factors controlling plant growth in Adenostoma chaparral. Ecological Monographs 45, 29–55.
| Effects of fire on factors controlling plant growth in Adenostoma chaparral.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choromanska U, DeLuca TH (2002) Microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in forest mineral soils following heating: evaluation of post fire effects. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34, 263–271.
| Microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in forest mineral soils following heating: evaluation of post fire effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xhtlyn&md5=2695fc7bb8486e846026266e781afb4aCAS |
Cookson WR, Muller C, O’Brien A, Murphy DV, Grierson PF (2006) Nitrogen dynamics in an Australian semiarid grassland soil. Ecology 87, 2047–2057.
| Nitrogen dynamics in an Australian semiarid grassland soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28rhtl2hug%3D%3D&md5=dd670c02b92a84c6b9ccde2e794f0eccCAS |
Covington WW, Sacket SS (1992) Soil mineral nitrogen changes following prescribed burning in ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management 54, 175–191.
| Soil mineral nitrogen changes following prescribed burning in ponderosa pine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunn PH, Barro SC, Poth M (1985) Soil moisture affects survival of microorganisms in heated chaparral soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 17, 143–148.
| Soil moisture affects survival of microorganisms in heated chaparral soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dwire KA, Kauffman JB (2003) Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 61–74.
| Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Everett R, Schellhaas R, Ohlson P, Spurbeck D, Keenum D (2003) Continuity in fire disturbance between riparian and adjacent side slope Douglas fir forests. Forest Ecology and Management 175, 31–47.
| Continuity in fire disturbance between riparian and adjacent side slope Douglas fir forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fowells HA, Stephenson RE (1934) Effects of burning on forest soils. Soil Science 38, 175–182.
| Effects of burning on forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA2MXms1Om&md5=7cf22dcda708947e7870aba958315290CAS |
Gallant AL, Hansen AJ, Councilman JS, Monte DK, Betz DW (2003) Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856–1996. Ecological Applications 13, 385–403.
| Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856–1996.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glass DW, Johnson DW, Blank RR, Miller WW (2008) Factors affecting mineral nitrogen transformations by soil heating: a laboratory simulated fire study. Soil Science 173, 387–400.
| Factors affecting mineral nitrogen transformations by soil heating: a laboratory simulated fire study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXns1ejtbk%3D&md5=fb09fa393d63f755f133c48f966691f8CAS |
Göttlicher SG, Steinmann K, Betson NR, Högberg P (2006) The dependence of soil microbial activity on recent photosynthate from trees. Plant and Soil 287, 85–94.
| The dependence of soil microbial activity on recent photosynthate from trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grady KC, Hart SC (2006) Influences of thinning, prescribed burning and wildfire on soil processes and properties in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a retrospective study. Forest Ecology and Management 234, 123–135.
| Influences of thinning, prescribed burning and wildfire on soil processes and properties in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a retrospective study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grier CC (1975) Wildfire effects on nutrient distribution and leaching in a coniferous ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5, 599–607.
| Wildfire effects on nutrient distribution and leaching in a coniferous ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xhslyrurw%3D&md5=a17a67ee4ec1b212e1fefdf62c1a6a9fCAS |
Haines TK, Martinez J, Cleaves DA (1998) Influences on prescribed burning activity in the United States national forest system. International Forest Fire News 19, 43–46.
Hamman ST, Burke IC, Stromberger ME (2007) Relationships between microbial community structure and soil environmental conditions in a recently burned system. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 1703–1711.
| Relationships between microbial community structure and soil environmental conditions in a recently burned system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkslOisrg%3D&md5=8cd823837d4c8a7c108a3cdb29201e52CAS |
Hamman ST, Burke IC, Knapp EE (2008) Soil nutrients and microbial activity after early and late season prescribed burns in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 367–374.
| Soil nutrients and microbial activity after early and late season prescribed burns in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrington MG (1996) Prescribed fire applications: restoring ecological structure and process in ponderosa pine forests. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Research Paper INT-GTR-341. (Ogden, UT)
Hart SC, Stark JM, Davidson EA, Firestone MK (1994) Nitrogen mineralisation, immobilisation and nitrification. In ‘Methods of soil analysis. Part 2, Microbiological and biochemical properties’. (Eds RW Weaver, S Angle, P Bottomley, D Bezdicek, S Smith, A Tabatabai, A Wollum) pp. 985–101. (Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Hart SC, DeLuca TH, Newman GS, MacKenzie MD, Boyle SI (2005) Post fire vegetative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 166–184.
| Post fire vegetative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hauer FR, Spencer CN (1998) Phosphorous and nitrogen dynamics in streams associated with wildfire: a study of immediate and long term effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, 183–198.
| Phosphorous and nitrogen dynamics in streams associated with wildfire: a study of immediate and long term effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hessburg PF, Agee JK (2003) An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 23–59.
| An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Högberg P, Nordgren A, Buchmann N, Taylor AFS, Ekblad A, Högberg MN, Nyberg G, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Read DJ (2001) Large scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drive soil respiration. Nature 411, 789–792.
| Large scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drive soil respiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hungerford RD, Harrington MG, Frandsen WH, Ryan KC, Niehoff GJ (1991) Influence of fire on factors that affect site productivity. In ‘Management and productivity of western montane forest soils’. (Eds AC Harvey, LF Nuenschwander) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-280, pp.32–50. (Ogden, UT)
Ihaka R, Gentleman R (1996) R: a language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 5, 299–314.
| R: a language for data analysis and graphics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones KB, Neale AC, Nash MS, Van Remortel RD, Wickham JD, Riitters KH, O’Neill RV (2001) Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape metrics: a multiple watershed study from the United States mid-Atlantic region. Landscape Ecology 16, 301–312.
| Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape metrics: a multiple watershed study from the United States mid-Atlantic region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaye JP, Hart SC (1998) Ecological restoration alters nitrogen transformations in a ponderosa pine–bunchgrass ecosystem. Ecological Applications 8, 1052–1060.
Keeley JE (2009) Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 116–126.
| Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Key C, Benson NC (2006) Landscape assessment: sampling and analysis methods. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-164-CD. (Fort Collins, CO)
Kirkham D, Bartholomew WV (1954) Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil utilising tracer data. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 18, 33–34.
| Equations for following nutrient transformations in soil utilising tracer data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG2cXjslSmsA%3D%3D&md5=b07e63bb8e05717300df802dd78527bbCAS |
Koyama A, Kavanagh KL, Stephan K (2010) Wildfire effects on soil gross nitrogen transformation rates in coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA. Ecosystems 13, 1112–1126.
| Wildfire effects on soil gross nitrogen transformation rates in coniferous forests of central Idaho, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1GktbbP&md5=7342a5ac2cd66b6a898925ed45ce36ceCAS |
Kutiel P, Navah Z (1987) The effect of fire on nutrients in a pine forest soil. Plant and Soil 104, 269–274.
| The effect of fire on nutrients in a pine forest soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXptlGrtQ%3D%3D&md5=3d230aeffb5ec2c707f55230e5c8e33bCAS |
Lowrance R, Todd R, Fail J, Hendrickson O, Leonard R, Asmussen L (1984) Riparian forests as nutrient filters in agricultural watersheds. Bioscience 34, 374–377.
| Riparian forests as nutrient filters in agricultural watersheds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magill AH, Aber JD (2000) Variation in soil net mineralisation rates with dissolved organic carbon additions. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 597–601.
| Variation in soil net mineralisation rates with dissolved organic carbon additions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtlKjsrs%3D&md5=c2d13bad16873fab8edc8451a0bac9d9CAS |
Marcarelli AM, Wurtsbaugh WA (2007) Effects of upstream lakes and nutrient limitation on periphytic biomass and nitrogen fixation in oligotrophic, subalpine streams. Freshwater Biology 52, 2211–2225.
| Effects of upstream lakes and nutrient limitation on periphytic biomass and nitrogen fixation in oligotrophic, subalpine streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtl2gtrzO&md5=62e14bee5541d88ccef683bddeae9a74CAS |
Meyer JL, Wallace JB (2001) Lost linkages and lotic ecology: rediscovering small streams. In ‘Ecology: achievement and challenge’. (Eds MC Press, NJ Huntly, S Levin) pp. 295–317. (Blackwell Scientific: Oxford, UK)
Minshall GW, Robinson CT, Lawrence DE (1997) Postfire responses of lotic ecosystems in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, 2509–2525.
| Postfire responses of lotic ecosystems in Yellowstone National Park, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore JM, Mika PG, Vander Ploeg JL (1991) Nitrogen fertilizer response of Rocky Mountain Douglas fir by geographic area across the Inland Northwest. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, 94–99.
Peterjohn WT, Correll DL (1984) Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology 65, 1466–1475.
| Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: observations on the role of a riparian forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhtF2nsA%3D%3D&md5=6b3741af09c1ed4242f5536acc6dc3d2CAS |
Pettit NE, Naiman RJ (2007) Fire in the riparian zone: characteristics and ecological consequences. Ecosystems 10, 673–687.
| Fire in the riparian zone: characteristics and ecological consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFejs7nF&md5=b234c2499acdca073f13eecc8cf16b0fCAS |
Phillips RP, Fahey TJ (2005) Patterns of rhizosphere carbon flux in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birth (Betula allegheniensis) saplings. Global Change Biology 11, 983–995.
| Patterns of rhizosphere carbon flux in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birth (Betula allegheniensis) saplings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raison RJ, Khana PK, Woods PV (1985) Mechanisms of element transfer to the atmosphere during vegetation fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, 132–140.
| Mechanisms of element transfer to the atmosphere during vegetation fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXktFSlsL8%3D&md5=98453ddb18470351d73ba3c5e480e0fbCAS |
Reeves GH, Benda LE, Burnett KM, Bisson PA, Sedell JR (1995) A disturbance based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. In ‘Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem. Proceedings of the 17th symposium of the American Fisheries Society’. (Ed J Nielsen) pp. 334–349. (American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, MD)
Riggan PJ, Lockwood RN, Jacks PM, Colver CG, Weirich F, DeBano LF, Brass JA (1994) Effects of fire severity on nitrate mobilisation in watersheds subject to chronic atmospheric deposition. Environmental Science & Technology 28, 369–375.
| Effects of fire severity on nitrate mobilisation in watersheds subject to chronic atmospheric deposition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtFKitLw%3D&md5=b6b039b7aaef84ef551e37c1a3ac59bcCAS |
Romme WH (1982) Fire and landscape diversity in subalpine forests of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs 52, 199–221.
| Fire and landscape diversity in subalpine forests of Yellowstone National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanderson BL, Coe HJ, Tran CD, Macneale KH, Harstand DL, Goodwin AB (2009) Nutrient limitation of periphyton in Idaho streams: results from nutrient diffusing substrate experiments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 28, 832–845.
| Nutrient limitation of periphyton in Idaho streams: results from nutrient diffusing substrate experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schimel JP, Bennett J (2004) Nitrogen mineralisation: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology 85, 591–602.
| Nitrogen mineralisation: challenges of a changing paradigm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schimmel J, Granström A (1996) Fire severity and vegetation response in the boreal Swedish forest. Ecology 77, 1436–1450.
| Fire severity and vegetation response in the boreal Swedish forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sidle RC, Tsuboyama Y, Noguchi S, Hosoda I, Fujieda M, Shimizu T (2000) Stream flow generation in steep headwaters: a linked hydro–geomorphic paradigm. Hydrological Processes 14, 369–385.
| Stream flow generation in steep headwaters: a linked hydro–geomorphic paradigm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simmons RC, Gold AJ, Groffman PM (1992) Nitrate dynamics in riparian forests: groundwater studies. Journal of Environmental Quality 21, 659–665.
| Nitrate dynamics in riparian forests: groundwater studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhtFeqtQ%3D%3D&md5=3d48efc069de973ccd5cafac097b7539CAS |
Smith DW (1970) Concentrations of soil nutrients before and after fire. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 50, 17–29.
| Concentrations of soil nutrients before and after fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXhtlWntb4%3D&md5=3f2ca8ac5bb7108c6e4fac462c91bd6aCAS |
Smithwick EAH, Turner MG, Metzger KL, Balser TC (2005) Variation in NH4+ mineralisation and microbial communities with stand age in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA). Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37, 1546–1559.
| Variation in NH4+ mineralisation and microbial communities with stand age in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltFSksbo%3D&md5=5c65d59cf6f9d422c21bdc7cc33653b5CAS |
Stark JM, Hart SC (1996) Diffusion technique for preparing salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests and persulfate digests for nitrogen15 analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 1846–1855.
| Diffusion technique for preparing salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests and persulfate digests for nitrogen15 analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsVCktQ%3D%3D&md5=4c0d1e2c244081678171439ac0582fc0CAS |
Stark JM, Hart SC (1997) High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests. Nature 385, 61–64.
| High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXisl2qsg%3D%3D&md5=f29c8b395a282bec20cc25308a642957CAS |
Stephan K, Kavanagh KL, Koyama A (2011) Effects of spring prescribed burning and wildfires on watershed nitrogen dynamics of central Idaho headwater areas. Forest Ecology and Management
| Effects of spring prescribed burning and wildfires on watershed nitrogen dynamics of central Idaho headwater areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | in press
Turner MG, Hargrove WW, Gardner RH, Romme WH (1994) Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 731–742.
| Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wan S, Hui D, Luo Y (2001) Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta analysis. Ecological Applications 11, 1349–1365.
| Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White EM, Thompson WW, Gartner FR (1973) Heat effects on nutrient release from soils under ponderosa pine. Journal of Range Management 26, 22–24.
| Heat effects on nutrient release from soils under ponderosa pine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXhtV2rtrw%3D&md5=486a7a15a367115926c0644cfae688e7CAS |
Williams MR, Melack JM (1997) Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 39, 225–253.
| Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsV2isLk%3D&md5=f285af0ea841aaa5a4fcf21d511bbe75CAS |
Wright HA, Bailey AW (1982) ‘Fire ecology, United States and Southern Canada.’ (Wiley: Toronto, ON)
