Assessment of post-fire changes in land surface temperature and surface albedo, and their relation with fire–burn severity using multitemporal MODIS imagery
Sander Veraverbeke A B F , Willem W. Verstraeten C D , Stefaan Lhermitte C E , Ruben Van De Kerchove A and Rudi Goossens A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
B Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
C Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, PO Box 201, NL-3730 AE, De Bilt, the Netherlands.
D Fluid Dynamics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, NL-5600, the Netherlands.
E Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile.
F Corresponding author. Email: sander.s.veraverbeke@jpl.nasa.gov
International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(3) 243-256 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10075
Submitted: 14 July 2010 Accepted: 6 August 2011 Published: 3 January 2012
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of the large 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires on changes in broadband surface albedo (α), daytime land surface temperature (LSTd) and night-time LST (LSTn) using a 2-year post-fire time series of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. In addition, it assesses the potential of remotely sensed α and LST as indicators for fire–burn severity. Immediately after the fire event, mean α dropped up to 0.039 (standard deviation = 0.012) (P < 0.001), mean LSTd increased up to 8.4 (3.0) K (P < 0.001), and mean LSTn decreased up to –1.2 (1.5) K (P < 0.001) for high-severity plots (P < 0.001). After this initial alteration, fire-induced changes become clearly smaller and seasonality starts governing the α and LST time series. Compared with the fire-induced changes in α and LST, the post-fire NDVI drop was more persistent in time. This temporal constraint restricts the utility of remotely sensed α and LST as indicators for fire–burn severity. For the times when changes in α and LST were significant, the magnitude of changes was related to fire–burn severity, revealing the importance of vegetation as a regulator of land surface energy fluxes.
Additional keywords: climate, NDVI, remote sensing, satellite.
References
Amiri R, Weng Q, Alimohammadi A, Kazem Alavipanah S (2009) Spatial–temporal dynamics of land surface temperature in relation to fractional cover and land use/cover in the Tabriz urban area, Iran. Remote Sensing of Environment 113, 2606–2617.| Spatial–temporal dynamics of land surface temperature in relation to fractional cover and land use/cover in the Tabriz urban area, Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amiro B, MacPherson J, Desjardins R (1999) BOREAS flight measurements of forest-fire effects on carbon dioxide and energy fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 96, 199–208.
| BOREAS flight measurements of forest-fire effects on carbon dioxide and energy fluxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amiro B, Barr A, Black T, Iwashita H, Kljun N, McCaughey J, Morgenstern K, Muruyama S, Nesic Z, Orchansky A, Saigusa N (2006) Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 136, 237–251.
| Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amiro B, Orchansky A, Barr A, Black T, Chambers S, Chapin F, Goulden M, Litvak M, Liu H, McCaughey J, McMillan A, Randerson J (2006) The effect of post-fire stand age on the boreal forest energy balance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140, 41–50.
| The effect of post-fire stand age on the boreal forest energy balance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbosa P, Gregoire J, Pereira J (1999) An algorithm for extracting burned areas from time series of AVHRR GAC data applied at a continental scale. Remote Sensing of Environment 69, 253–263.
| An algorithm for extracting burned areas from time series of AVHRR GAC data applied at a continental scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beringer J, Hutley L, Tapper N, Coutts A, Kerley A, O’Grady A (2003) Fire impacts on surface heat, moisture and carbon fluxes from a tropical savanna in northern Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, 333–340.
| Fire impacts on surface heat, moisture and carbon fluxes from a tropical savanna in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Betts A, Ball J (1997) Albedo over the boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 28 901–28 609.
| Albedo over the boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boer M, MacFarlane C, Norris J, Sadler R, Wallace J, Grierson P (2008) Mapping burned areas and burn severity patterns in SW Australian eucalypt forest using remotely sensed changes in leaf area index. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 4358–4369.
| Mapping burned areas and burn severity patterns in SW Australian eucalypt forest using remotely sensed changes in leaf area index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowen I (1926) The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Physical Review 27, 779–787.
| The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaB28XisFSitQ%3D%3D&md5=33c10f7d935dc0c0ae5822aec491ffeeCAS |
Bremer D, Ham J (1999) Effect of spring burning on the surface energy balance in a tallgrass prairie. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 97, 43–54.
| Effect of spring burning on the surface energy balance in a tallgrass prairie.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cahoon D, Stocks B, Levine J, Cofer W, Pierson J (1994) Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and south-eastern Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 18 627–18 638.
| Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and south-eastern Siberia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Capitanio R, Carcaillet C (2008) Post-fire Mediterranean vegetation dynamics and diversity: a discussion of succession models. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 431–439.
| Post-fire Mediterranean vegetation dynamics and diversity: a discussion of succession models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chafer C, Noonan M, Macnaught E (2004) The post-fire measurement of fire severity and intensity in the Christmas 2001 Sydney wildfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, 227–240.
| The post-fire measurement of fire severity and intensity in the Christmas 2001 Sydney wildfires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chuvieco E, Englefield P, Trishchenko A, Luo Y (2008) Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from NOAA–AVHRR composite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 2381–2396.
| Generation of long time series of burn area maps of the boreal forest from NOAA–AVHRR composite data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz-Delgado R, Pons X (2001) Spatial patterns of forest fires in Catalonia (NE of Spain) along the period 1975–1995: analysis of vegetation recovery after fire. Forest Ecology and Management 147, 67–74.
| Spatial patterns of forest fires in Catalonia (NE of Spain) along the period 1975–1995: analysis of vegetation recovery after fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz-Delgado R, Lloret F, Pons X (2003) Influence of fire severity on plant regeneration by means of remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24, 1751–1763.
| Influence of fire severity on plant regeneration by means of remote sensing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dwyer E, Perreira J, Grégoire J, DaCamara C (2000) Characterization of the spatiotemporal patterns of global fire activity using satellite imagery for the period April 1992 to March 1993. Journal of Biogeography 27, 57–69.
| Characterization of the spatiotemporal patterns of global fire activity using satellite imagery for the period April 1992 to March 1993.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Epting J, Verbyla D (2005) Landscape-level interactions of prefire vegetation, burn severity, and post-fire vegetation over a 16-year period in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 1367–1377.
| Landscape-level interactions of prefire vegetation, burn severity, and post-fire vegetation over a 16-year period in interior Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Epting J, Verbyla D, Sorbel B (2005) Evaluation of remotely sensed indices for assessing burn severity in interior Alaska using Landsat TM and ETM+. Remote Sensing of Environment 96, 328–339.
| Evaluation of remotely sensed indices for assessing burn severity in interior Alaska using Landsat TM and ETM+.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Escuin S, Navarro R, Fernandez P (2008) Fire severity assessment by using NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) derived from LANDSAT TM/ETM images. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29, 1053–1073.
| Fire severity assessment by using NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) derived from LANDSAT TM/ETM images.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
European Commission (2005) ‘Soil Atlas of Europe.’ (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg)
Eva H, Lambin E (1998) Burnt area mapping in Central Africa using ATSR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19, 3473–3497.
| Burnt area mapping in Central Africa using ATSR data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
French N, Kasischke E, Hall R, Murphy K, Verbyla D, Hoy E, Allen J (2008) Using Landsat data to assess fire and burn severity in the North American boreal forest region: an overview and summary of results. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 443–462.
| Using Landsat data to assess fire and burn severity in the North American boreal forest region: an overview and summary of results.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hammill K, Bradstock R (2006) Remote sensing of fire severity in the Blue Mountains: influence of vegetation type and inferring fire intensity. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 213–226.
| Remote sensing of fire severity in the Blue Mountains: influence of vegetation type and inferring fire intensity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hanes T (1971) Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs 41, 27–52.
| Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hernández Clemente R, Navarro Cerrillo R, Gitas I (2009) Monitoring post-fire regeneration in Mediterranean ecosystems by employing multitemporal satellite imagery. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 648–658.
| Monitoring post-fire regeneration in Mediterranean ecosystems by employing multitemporal satellite imagery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higgins M, Higgins R (1996) ‘A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean.’ (Cornell University Press: Ithica, NY)
Holben B (1986) Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 7, 1417–1434.
| Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huete A, Didan K, Miura T, Rodriguez E, Gao X, Ferreira L (2002) Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment 83, 195–213.
| Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (1983) ‘Geological Map of Greece 1 : 500 000.’ (Ordnance Survey: Southampton, UK)
Isaev A, Korovin G, Bartalev S, Ershov D, Janetos A, Kasischke E, Shugart H, French N, Orlick B, Murphy T (2002) Using remote sensing to assess Russian forest fire carbon emissions. Climatic Change 55, 235–249.
| Using remote sensing to assess Russian forest fire carbon emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVKqt7c%3D&md5=793306fa495339ed4c1434c33b446eadCAS |
Jin Y, Roy D (2005) Fire-induced albedo-change and its radiative forcing at the surface in northern Australia. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L13401
| Fire-induced albedo-change and its radiative forcing at the surface in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jonsson P, Eklundh L (2004) TIMESAT – a program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data. Computers & Geosciences 30, 833–845.
| TIMESAT – a program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ju J, Roy D (2008) The availability of cloud-free Landsat ETM+ data over the conterminous United States and globally. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 1196–1211.
| The availability of cloud-free Landsat ETM+ data over the conterminous United States and globally.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Justice C, Townshend J, Vermote E, Masuoka E, Wolfe R, Saleous N, Roy D, Morisette J (2002) An overview of MODIS land data processing and products status. Remote Sensing of Environment 83, 3–15.
| An overview of MODIS land data processing and products status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keeley J (2009) Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 116–126.
| Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Key C (2006) Ecological and sampling constraints on defining landscape fire severity. Fire Ecology 2, 34–59.
| Ecological and sampling constraints on defining landscape fire severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Key C, Benson N (2005) Landscape assessment: ground measure of severity; the Composite Burn Index, and remote sensing of severity, the Normalized Burn Index. In ‘FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System’. (Eds D Lutes, R Keane, J Caratti, C Key, N Benson, S Sutherland, L Grangi) USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountains Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-164-CD LA, pp. 1–51. (Fort Collins, CO)
Lambin E, Goyvaerts K, Petit C (2003) Remotely sensed indicators of burning efficiency of savannah and forest fires. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24, 3105–3118.
| Remotely sensed indicators of burning efficiency of savannah and forest fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lentile L, Smith F, Shepperd W (2005) Patch structure, fire-scar formation, and tree regeneration in a large mixed-severity fire in the South Dakota Black Hills, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, 2875–2885.
| Patch structure, fire-scar formation, and tree regeneration in a large mixed-severity fire in the South Dakota Black Hills, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lentile L, Holden Z, Smith A, Falkowski M, Hudak A, Morgan P, Lewis S, Gessler P, Benson N (2006) Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 319–345.
| Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lhermitte S, Verbesselt J, Verstraeten WW, Coppin P (2010) A pixel-based regeneration index using time series similarity and spatial context. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 76, 673–682.
Lhermitte S, Verbesselt J, Verstraeten WW, Veraverbeke S, Coppin P (2011) Assessing intra-annual vegetation regrowth using the pixel-based regeneration index. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66, 17–27.
| Assessing intra-annual vegetation regrowth using the pixel-based regeneration index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lopez García M, Caselles V (1991) Mapping burns and natural reforestation using Thematic Mapper data. Geocarto International 6, 31–37.
| Mapping burns and natural reforestation using Thematic Mapper data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lyons E, Jin Y, Randerson J (2008) Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, G02012
| Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Manoharan V, Welch R, Lawton R (2009) Impact of deforestation on regional surface temperature and moisture in the Maya lowlands of Guatemala. Geophysical Research Letters 36, L21701
| Impact of deforestation on regional surface temperature and moisture in the Maya lowlands of Guatemala.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Manzo-Delgado L, Sanchez-Colon S, Alvarez R (2009) Assessment of seasonal forest fire risk using NOAA-AVHRR: a case study in central Mexico. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30, 4991–5013.
| Assessment of seasonal forest fire risk using NOAA-AVHRR: a case study in central Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller J, Thode A (2007) Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Remote Sensing of Environment 109, 66–80.
| Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Montes-Helu M, Kolb T, Dore S, Sullivan B, Hart S, Koch G, Hungate B (2009) Persistent effects of fire-induced vegetation change on energy partioning in ponderosa pine forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149, 491–500.
| Persistent effects of fire-induced vegetation change on energy partioning in ponderosa pine forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moretti M, Conedera M, Duelli P, Edwards P (2002) The effect of wildfire on ground-active spiders in deciduous forests on the Swiss southern slope of the Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 321–336.
| The effect of wildfire on ground-active spiders in deciduous forests on the Swiss southern slope of the Alps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pausas J (2004) Changes in fire and climate in the eastern Iberian peninsula (Mediterranean Basin). Climatic Change 63, 337–350.
| Changes in fire and climate in the eastern Iberian peninsula (Mediterranean Basin).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pereira J, Sa A, Sousa A, Silva J, Santos T, Carreiras J (1999). Spectral characterization and discrimination of burnt areas. In ‘Remote Sensing of Large Wildfires in the European Mediterranean Basin’. (Ed. E Chuvieco) pp. 123–138. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)
Randerson J, Liu H, Flanner M, Chamber S, Jin Y, Hess P, Pfister G, Mack M, Treseder K, Welp L, Chapin F, Harden J, Goulden M, Lyons E, Neff J, Schuur E, Zender C (2006) The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science 314, 1130–1132.
| The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1SmtrjK&md5=524e7c7abf34f9ee0f626b6edcc612afCAS |
Riaño D, Moreno-Ruiz J, Isidoros D, Ustin S (2007) Global spatial patterns and temporal trends of burned area between 1981 and 2000 using NOAA-NASA Pathfinder. Global Change Biology 13, 40–50.
| Global spatial patterns and temporal trends of burned area between 1981 and 2000 using NOAA-NASA Pathfinder.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Savitzky A, Golay M (1964) Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Analytical Chemistry 36, 1627–1639.
| Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXksVCjur8%3D&md5=6bc98fabdf292c0b72095794bc60d9f7CAS |
Schaaf C, Gao F, Strahler A, Lucht W, Li X, Tsang T, Strugnell N, Zhang X, Jin Y, Muller J, Lewis P, Barnsley M, Hobson P, Disney M, Robert G, Dunderdale M, Doll C, d’Entremont R, Hu B, Liang S, Privette J, Roy D (2002) First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment 83, 135–148.
| First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stroppiana D, Pinnock S, Pereira J, Gregoire J (2002) Radiometric analysis of SPOT-VEGETATION images for burnt area detection in northern Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment 82, 21–37.
| Radiometric analysis of SPOT-VEGETATION images for burnt area detection in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trabaud L (1981) Man and fire: impacts on Mediterranean vegetation. In ‘Mediterranean-type Shrublands’. (Eds F di Castri, D Goodall, R Specht) pp. 523–537. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)
Tsuyuzaki S, Kushida K, Kodama Y (2009) Recovery of surface albedo and plant cover after wildfire in a Picea mariana forest in interior Alaska. Climatic Change 93, 517–525.
| Recovery of surface albedo and plant cover after wildfire in a Picea mariana forest in interior Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Leeuwen W (2008) Monitoring the effects of forest restoration treatments on post-fire vegetation recovery with MODIS multitemporal data. Sensors 8, 2017–2042.
| Monitoring the effects of forest restoration treatments on post-fire vegetation recovery with MODIS multitemporal data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Leeuwen W, Casady M, Neary D, Bautista S, Alloza J, Carmel Y, Wittenberg L, Malkinson D, Orr B (2010) Monitoring post-wildfire vegetation response with remotely sensed time-series data in Spain, USA and Israel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 75–93.
| Monitoring post-wildfire vegetation response with remotely sensed time-series data in Spain, USA and Israel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veraverbeke S, Lhermitte S, Verstraeten WW, Goossens R (2010) The temporal dimension of differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) fire/burn severity studies: the case of the large 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece. Remote Sensing of Environment 114, 2548–2563.
| The temporal dimension of differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) fire/burn severity studies: the case of the large 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veraverbeke S, Verstraeten WW, Lhermitte S, Goossens R (2010) Evaluating Landsat Thematic Mapper spectral indices for estimating burn severity of the 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 558–569.
| Evaluating Landsat Thematic Mapper spectral indices for estimating burn severity of the 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veraverbeke S, Lhermitte S, Verstraeten WW, Goossens R (2010) Illumination effects on the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio’s optimality for assessing fire severity. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 12, 60–70.
| Illumination effects on the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio’s optimality for assessing fire severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veraverbeke S, Lhermitte S, Verstraeten WW, Goossens R (2011) A time-integrated MODIS burn severity assessment using the multi-temporal differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBRMT). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 13, 52–58.
| A time-integrated MODIS burn severity assessment using the multi-temporal differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBRMT).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verbyla D, Kasischke E, Hoy E (2008) Seasonal and topographic effects on estimating fire severity from Landsat TM/ETM+ data. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 527–534.
| Seasonal and topographic effects on estimating fire severity from Landsat TM/ETM+ data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Viedma O, Melia J, Segarra D, Garcia-Haro J (1997) Modeling rates of ecosystem recovery after fires by using Landsat TM data. Remote Sensing of Environment 61, 383–398.
| Modeling rates of ecosystem recovery after fires by using Landsat TM data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wan Z (2008) New refinements and validation of the MODIS land-surface temperature/emissivity products. Remote Sensing of Environment 112, 59–74.
| New refinements and validation of the MODIS land-surface temperature/emissivity products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wendt C, Beringer J, Tapper N, Hutley L (2007) Local boundary-layer development over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna: an observational study. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 124, 291–304.
| Local boundary-layer development over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna: an observational study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White J, Ryan K, Key C, Running S (1996) Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6, 125–136.
| Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xiao H, Weng Q (2007) The impact of land use and land cover changes on land surface temperature in a karst area of China. Journal of Environmental Management 85, 245–257.
| The impact of land use and land cover changes on land surface temperature in a karst area of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
