PeatFire: an agent-based model to simulate fire ignition and spreading in a tropical peatland ecosystem
Kirana Widyastuti A , Muhammad Ali Imron
B F , Subyantoro Tri Pradopo C , Hatma Suryatmojo B , Bertha Maya Sopha D , Allan Spessa E and Uta Berger A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Strasse 8, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
B Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
C Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Kaliurang, Sekip Utara Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
D Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
E Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
F Corresponding author. Email: maimron@ugm.ac.id
International Journal of Wildland Fire - https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19213
Submitted: 23 December 2019 Accepted: 16 October 2020 Published online: 11 November 2020
Abstract
The increased frequency and spread of tropical peat fires over the last two decades have attracted global attention because they cause significant environmental and health impacts at local to global scales. To understand the relative importance of key factors controlling tropical peatland burning events, we developed PeatFire, an agent-based model simulating the interaction between human-induced ignitions, fire and peat characteristics. The model describes (1) above- and belowground fires, which spread independently but interact with each other; (2) above- and belowground biomass; and (3) the watertable determining peat dryness and susceptibility to fire. We applied PeatFire to a region in South Sumatra that has experienced profound natural rainforest loss due to peat fires. Sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that fire sizes depend mostly on watertable depth, peat-dry-index and number of dry days before ignition. Using pattern-oriented modelling, these factors were parameterised so that the model output matches spatiotemporal fire patterns observed in the study region in 2015. Our results emphasise the risk of a sudden shift from moderate fire occurrence to complete burning and highlight the importance of local context to peatland regulation, which should consider both biophysical and socioeconomic factors and strategies for peatland fire management.
Keywords: agent-based model, burnt area, degraded habitat, Indonesia, peatland, tropical peat fire, watertable depth, wildlife reserve.
References
Abar S, Theodoropoulos GK, Lemarinier P, O’Hare GMP (2017) Agent-based modelling and simulation tools: a review of the state-of-art software. Computer Science Review 24, 13–33.| Agent-based modelling and simulation tools: a review of the state-of-art software.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Adrianto HA, Spracklen DV, Arnold SR (2019) Relationship between fire and forest cover loss in Riau Province, Indonesia between 2001 and 2012. Forests 10, 889
| Relationship between fire and forest cover loss in Riau Province, Indonesia between 2001 and 2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aldersley A, Murray SJ, Cornell SE (2011) Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire. The Science of the Total Environment 409, 3472–3481.
| Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21689843PubMed |
Baker JCA, Spracklen DV (2019) Climate benefits of intact Amazon forests and the biophysical consequences of disturbance. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2, 47
| Climate benefits of intact Amazon forests and the biophysical consequences of disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ballhorn U, Siegert F, Mason M, Limin S (2009) Derivation of burn scar depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian peatlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 21213–21218.
| Derivation of burn scar depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian peatlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19940252PubMed |
Barber C, Schweithelm J (2000) ‘Trial by fire: forest fires and forestry policy in Indonesia’s era of crisis and reform.’ (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA)
Blackham GV, Webb EL, Corlett RT (2014) Natural regeneration in a degraded tropical peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for forest restoration. Forest Ecology and Management 324, 8–15.
| Natural regeneration in a degraded tropical peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for forest restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown LE, Holden J, Palmer SM, Johnston K, Sorain JR, Grayson R (2015) Effects of fire on the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of peatland river systems. Freshwater Science 34, 1406–1425.
| Effects of fire on the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of peatland river systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Budiharta S, Meijaard E, Erskine PD, Rondinini C, Pacifici M, Wilson KA (2014) Restoring degraded tropical forests for carbon and biodiversity. Environmental Research Letters 9, 114020
| Restoring degraded tropical forests for carbon and biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carter N, Levin S, Barlow A, Grimm V (2015) Modeling tiger population and territory dynamics using an agent-based approach. Ecological Modelling 312, 347–362.
| Modeling tiger population and territory dynamics using an agent-based approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cattau ME, Harrison ME, Shinyo I, Tungau S, Uriarte M, DeFries R (2016) Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Environmental Change 39, 205–219.
| Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen H, Rein G, Liu N (2015) Numerical investigation of downward smoldering combustion in an organic soil column. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 84, 253–261.
| Numerical investigation of downward smoldering combustion in an organic soil column.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christensen EG, Fernandez-Anez N, Rein G (2020) Influence of soil conditions on the multidimensional spread of smouldering combustion in shallow layers. Combustion and Flame 214, 361–370.
| Influence of soil conditions on the multidimensional spread of smouldering combustion in shallow layers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cochrane MA (2003) Fire science for rainforest. Nature 421, 913–919.
| Fire science for rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12606992PubMed |
Cochrane MA (2009) ‘Tropical fire ecology: climate change, land use and ecosystem dynamics.’ (Springer-Praxis: Berlin)
Cohen J (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20, 37–46.
| A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cole LES, Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ (2015) Long-term disturbance dynamics and resilience of tropical peat swamp forests. Journal of Ecology 103, 16–30.
| Long-term disturbance dynamics and resilience of tropical peat swamp forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crippa P, Castruccio S, Archer-Nicholls S, Lebron GB, Kuwata M, Thota A, Sumin S, Butt E, Wiedinmyer C, Spracklen DV (2016) Population exposure to hazardous air quality due to the 2015 fires in equatorial Asia. Scientific Reports 6, 37074
| Population exposure to hazardous air quality due to the 2015 fires in equatorial Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27848989PubMed |
Dislich C, Hettig E, Salecker J, Heinonen J, Lay J, Meyer KM, Wiegand K, Tarigan S (2018) Land-use change in oil palm-dominated tropical landscapes – an agent-based model to explore ecological and socio-economic trade-offs. PLoS One 13, e0190506
| Land-use change in oil palm-dominated tropical landscapes – an agent-based model to explore ecological and socio-economic trade-offs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29351290PubMed |
Dohong A, Abdul Aziz A, Dargusch P (2018) A review of techniques for effective tropical peatland restoration. Wetlands 38, 275–292.
| A review of techniques for effective tropical peatland restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fanin T, van der Werf GR (2017) Precipitation – fire linkages in Indonesia (1997–2015). Biogeosciences 14, 3995–4008.
| Precipitation – fire linkages in Indonesia (1997–2015).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Field RD, van der Werf GR, Shen SSP (2009) Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960. Nature Geoscience 2, 185–188.
| Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Field RD, Spessa AC, Aziz NA, Camia A, Cantin A, Carr R, De Groot WJ, Dowdy AJ, Flannigan MD, Manomaiphiboon K, Pappenberger F, Tanpipat V, Wang X (2015) Development of a global fire weather database. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, 1407–1423.
| Development of a global fire weather database.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Field RD, Werf GR, Van Der , Fanin T, Fetzer EJ, Fuller R, Jethva H, Levy R (2016) Indonesian fire activity and smoke pollution in 2015 show persistent non-linear sensitivity to El Niño-induced drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 9204–9209.
| Indonesian fire activity and smoke pollution in 2015 show persistent non-linear sensitivity to El Niño-induced drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frandsen WH (1987) The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, 1540–1544.
| The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frandsen WH (1997) Ignition probability of organic soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, 1471–1477.
| Ignition probability of organic soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Giglio L, Schroeder W, Justice CO (2016) The Collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products. Remote Sensing of Environment 178, 31–41.
| The Collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30158718PubMed |
Goodman J, Robinson O (2019) Forest fires: are they worse than in previous years? BBC News. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49515462 [verified 21 October 2020]
Grimm V (1999) Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned and what could we learn in the future? Ecological Modelling 115, 129–148.
| Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned and what could we learn in the future?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grimm V, Railsback S (2005) ‘Individual-based modeling and ecology.’ (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA)
Grimm V, Railsback SF (2012) Pattern-oriented modelling: a ‘multi-scope’ for predictive systems ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 367, 298–310.
| Pattern-oriented modelling: a ‘multi-scope’ for predictive systems ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22144392PubMed |
Grimm V, Berger U, Bastiansen F, Eliassen S, Ginot V, Giske J, Goss-Custard J, Grand T, Heinz SK, Huse G, Huth A, Jepsen JU, Jørgensen C, Mooij WM, Müller B, Pe’er G, Piou C, Railsback SF, Robbins AM, Robbins MM, Rossmanith E, Rüger N, Strand E, Souissi S, Stillman RA, Vabø R, Visser U, DeAngelis DL (2006) A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models. Ecological Modelling 198, 115–126.
| A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grimm V, Berger U, DeAngelis DL, Polhill JG, Giske J, Railsback SF (2010) The ODD protocol: a review and first update. Ecological Modelling 221, 2760–2768.
| The ODD protocol: a review and first update.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hantson S, Knorr W, Schurgers G, Pugh TAM, Arneth A (2017) Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions under changing climate, vegetation, CO2 and land use. Atmospheric Environment 155, 35–45.
| Global isoprene and monoterpene emissions under changing climate, vegetation, CO2 and land use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayasaka H, Noguchi I, Putra EI, Yulianti N, Vadrevu K (2014) Peat-fire-related air pollution in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Environmental Pollution 195, 257–266.
| Peat-fire-related air pollution in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25087200PubMed |
Hayasaka H, Takahashi H, Limin SH, Yulianti N, Usup A (2016) Peat fire occurrence. In ‘Tropical peatland ecosystems’. (Eds M Osaki, N Tsuji) pp. 377–395. (Springer: Tokyo, Japan) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_25
He F, Behrendt F (2011) Experimental investigation of natural smoldering of char granules in a packed bed. Fire Safety Journal 46, 406–413.
| Experimental investigation of natural smoldering of char granules in a packed bed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He F, Zobel N, Zha W, Behrendt F (2009) Effects of physical properties on one-dimensional downward smoldering of char: numerical analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 1019–1029.
| Effects of physical properties on one-dimensional downward smoldering of char: numerical analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heinonen JPM, Palmer SCF, Redpath SM, Travis JMJ (2014) Modelling hen harrier dynamics to inform human–wildlife conflict resolution: a spatially realistic, individual-based approach. PLoS One 9, e112492
| Modelling hen harrier dynamics to inform human–wildlife conflict resolution: a spatially realistic, individual-based approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hettig E, Lay J, Sipangule K (2016) Drivers of households’ land-use decisions: a critical review of microlevel studies in tropical regions. Land 5, 32
| Drivers of households’ land-use decisions: a critical review of microlevel studies in tropical regions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirano T, Segah H, Kusin K, Limin S, Takahashi H, Osaki M (2012) Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology 18, 3410–3422.
| Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirano T, Kusin K, Limin S, Osaki M (2015) Evapotranspiration of tropical peat swamp forests. Global Change Biology 21, 1914–1927.
| Evapotranspiration of tropical peat swamp forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24912043PubMed |
Holden ZA, Smith AMS, Morgan P, Rollins MG, Gessler PE (2005) Evaluation of novel thermally enhanced spectral indices for mapping fire perimeters and comparisons with fire atlas data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4801–4808.
| Evaluation of novel thermally enhanced spectral indices for mapping fire perimeters and comparisons with fire atlas data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hooijer A, Page S, Canadell JG, Silvius M, Kwadijk J, Wösten H, Jauhiainen J (2010) Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in south-east Asia. Biogeosciences 7, 1505–1514.
| Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hu Y, Fernandez-Anez N, Smith TEL, Rein G (2018) Review of emissions from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze episodes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, 293–312.
| Review of emissions from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze episodes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hu Y, Christensen EG, Amin HMF, Smith TEL, Rein G (2019) Experimental study of moisture content effects on the transient gas and particle emissions from peat fires. Combustion and Flame 209, 408–417.
| Experimental study of moisture content effects on the transient gas and particle emissions from peat fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang X, Rein G (2014) Smouldering combustion of peat in wildfires: inverse modelling of the drying and the thermal and oxidative decomposition kinetics. Combustion and Flame 161, 1633–1644.
| Smouldering combustion of peat in wildfires: inverse modelling of the drying and the thermal and oxidative decomposition kinetics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Imron MA, Herzog S, Berger U (2011) The influence of agroforestry and other land-use types on the persistence of a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) population: an individual-based model approach. Environmental Management 48, 276–288.
| The influence of agroforestry and other land-use types on the persistence of a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) population: an individual-based model approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20967444PubMed |
Imron MA, Gergs A, Berger U (2012) Structure and sensitivity analysis of individual-based predator–prey models. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 107, 71–81.
| Structure and sensitivity analysis of individual-based predator–prey models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Imron MA, Widyastuti K, Satria RA, Prayoga W, Pradopo ST, Suryatmojo H, Sopha BM, Berger U (2018) Beyond climatic variation: human disturbances alter the effectiveness of a protected area to reduce fires in tropical peatlands of Sumatra, Indonesia. bioRxiv
| Beyond climatic variation: human disturbances alter the effectiveness of a protected area to reduce fires in tropical peatlands of Sumatra, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaenicke J, Wösten H, Budiman A, Siegert F (2010) Planning hydrological restoration of peatlands in Indonesia to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15, 223–239.
| Planning hydrological restoration of peatlands in Indonesia to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jakoby O, Grimm V, Frank K (2014) Pattern-oriented parameterization of general models for ecological application: towards realistic evaluations of management approaches. Ecological Modelling 275, 78–88.
| Pattern-oriented parameterization of general models for ecological application: towards realistic evaluations of management approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnston FH, Henderson SB, Chen Y, Randerson JT, Marlier M, DeFries RS, Kinney P, Bowman DMJS, Brauer M (2012) Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires. Environmental Health Perspectives 120, 695–701.
| Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22456494PubMed |
Jones DS (2006) ASEAN and transboundary haze pollution in south-east Asia. Asia Europe Journal 4, 431–446.
| ASEAN and transboundary haze pollution in south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Justice CO, Giglio L, Korontzi S, Owens J, Morisette JT, Roy D, Descloitres J, Alleaume S, Petitcolin F, Kaufman Y (2002) The MODIS fire products. Remote Sensing of Environment 83, 244–262.
| The MODIS fire products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karsai I, Roland B, Kampis G (2016) The effect of fire on an abstract forest ecosystem: an agent-based study. Ecological Complexity 28, 12–23.
| The effect of fire on an abstract forest ecosystem: an agent-based study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kautz M, Schopf R, Imron MA (2014) Individual traits as drivers of spatial dispersal and infestation patterns in a host–bark beetle system. Ecological Modelling 273, 264–276.
| Individual traits as drivers of spatial dispersal and infestation patterns in a host–bark beetle system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kettridge N, Turetsky MR, Sherwood JH, Thompson DK, Miller CA, Benscoter BW, Flannigan MD, Wotton BM, Waddington JM (2015) Moderate drop in water table increases peatland vulnerability to post-fire regime shift. Scientific Reports 5, 8063
| Moderate drop in water table increases peatland vulnerability to post-fire regime shift.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25623290PubMed |
Könönen M, Jauhiainen J, Vasander H, Straková P, Laiho R, Heinonsalo J, Kusin K, Limin S (2018) Deforested and drained tropical peatland sites show poorer peat substrate quality and lower microbial biomass and activity than unmanaged swamp forest. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 123, 229–241.
| Deforested and drained tropical peatland sites show poorer peat substrate quality and lower microbial biomass and activity than unmanaged swamp forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lampela M, Jauhiainen J, Sarkkola S, Vasander H (2017) Promising native tree species for reforestation of degraded tropical peatlands. Forest Ecology and Management 394, 52–63.
| Promising native tree species for reforestation of degraded tropical peatlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Langner A, Miettinen J, Siegert F (2007) Land cover change 2002–2005 in Borneo and the role of fire derived from MODIS imagery. Global Change Biology 13, 2329–2340.
| Land cover change 2002–2005 in Borneo and the role of fire derived from MODIS imagery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leach SV, Rein G, Ellzey JL, Ezekoye OA, Torero JL (2000) Kinetic and fuel property effects on forward smoldering combustion. Combustion and Flame 120, 346–358.
| Kinetic and fuel property effects on forward smoldering combustion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lehsten V, de Groot W, Sallaba F (2016) Fuel fragmentation and fire size distributions in managed and unmanaged boreal forests in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 376, 148–157.
| Fuel fragmentation and fire size distributions in managed and unmanaged boreal forests in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Margono BA, Potapov PV, Turubanova S, Stolle F, Hansen MC (2014) Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change 4, 730–735.
| Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marlier ME, Defries RS, Voulgarakis A, Kinney PL, Randerson JT, Shindell DT, Chen Y, Faluvegi G (2013) El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in south-east Asia. Nature Climate Change 3, 131–136.
| El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25379058PubMed |
Martín MP, Gómez I, Chuvieco E (2006) Burnt Area Index (BAIM) for burned area discrimination at regional scale using MODIS data. Forest Ecology and Management 234, S221
| Burnt Area Index (BAIM) for burned area discrimination at regional scale using MODIS data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mezbahuddin M, Grant RF, Hirano T (2014) Modelling effects of seasonal variation in water table depth on net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a tropical peatland. Biogeosciences 11, 577–599.
| Modelling effects of seasonal variation in water table depth on net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a tropical peatland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mezbahuddin M, Grant RF, Hirano T (2015) How hydrology determines seasonal and interannual variations in water table depth, surface energy exchange and water stress in a tropical peatland: modelling vs. measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences 120, 2132–2157.
| How hydrology determines seasonal and interannual variations in water table depth, surface energy exchange and water stress in a tropical peatland: modelling vs. measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mezbahuddin S, Nikonovas T, Spessa A, Grant R (2019) Modelling large-scale seasonal variations in water table depth over tropical peatlands in Riau, Sumatra. Poster presentation in ‘European Geophysical Union General Assembly’, (Earth and Space Science Open Archive)
Miettinen J, Liew SC (2010) Status of peatland degradation and development in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Ambio 39, 394–401.
| Status of peatland degradation and development in Sumatra and Kalimantan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21053723PubMed |
Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC (2011) Deforestation rates in insular south-east Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17, 2261–2270.
| Deforestation rates in insular south-east Asia between 2000 and 2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miettinen J, Hooijer A, Wang J, Shi C, Liew SC (2012) Peatland degradation and conversion sequences and interrelations in Sumatra. Regional Environmental Change 12, 729–737.
| Peatland degradation and conversion sequences and interrelations in Sumatra.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miettinen J, Wang J, Hooijer A, Liew S (2013) Peatland conversion and degradation processes in insular south-east Asia: a case study in Jambi, Indonesia. Land Degradation & Development 24, 334–341.
| Peatland conversion and degradation processes in insular south-east Asia: a case study in Jambi, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miettinen J, Hooijer A, Vernimmen R, Liew SC, Page SE (2017) From carbon sink to carbon source: extensive peat oxidation in insular south-east Asia since 1990. Environmental Research Letters 12, 2
| From carbon sink to carbon source: extensive peat oxidation in insular south-east Asia since 1990.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrogh-Bernard H, Husson S, Page SE, Rieley JO (2003) Population status of the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biological Conservation 110, 141–152.
| Population status of the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the Sebangau peat swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nikonovas T, Spessa A, Mezbahuddin S (2019) Forecasting fire activity in Indonesia as a function of fire weather and land cover change. Geophysical Research Abstracts. European Geosciences Union General Assembly. 21, 8082. Available at https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..21.8082N/abstract [verified 26 October 2020]
Page S, Hooijer A (2016) In the line of fire: the peatlands of south-east Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 371,
| In the line of fire: the peatlands of south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27216508PubMed |
Page S, Siegert F, Rieley JO, Boehm H-DV, Jaya A, Limin SH (2002) The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature 420, 61–65.
| The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12422213PubMed |
Page S, Langner A, Tansey K, Siegert F, Limin S, Rieley J (2009a) Chapter 9: Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia. ‘Tropical Fire Ecology’ (Editor: MA Cochrane) pp. 263–287. (Springer Berlin Heidelberg)
Page S, Hosciło A, Wösten H, Jauhiainen J, Silvius M, Rieley J, Ritzema H, Tansey K, Graham L, Vasander H, Limin S (2009b) Restoration ecology of lowland tropical peatlands in south-east Asia: current knowledge and future research directions. Ecosystems 12, 888–905.
| Restoration ecology of lowland tropical peatlands in south-east Asia: current knowledge and future research directions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Page S, Rieley JO, Banks CJ (2011) Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17, 798–818.
| Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Page S, Rieley J, Hoscilo A, Spessa A, Weber U (2013) Current fire regimes, impacts and the likely changes – IV: Tropical south-east Asia. In ‘Vegetation fires and global change – Challenges for concerted international action’. A White Paper directed to the United Nations and International Organizations. (Ed JG Goldammer) pp. 88–99. (Kessel Publishing House: Remagen-Oberwinter, Germany).
Pan M, Yang Y, Fisher CK, Lin P, Turmon M, Hobbs J, Emery CM, Reager, JTI, David CH, Wood EF, (2018) Enhancing discharge interpolation for SWOT. In ‘American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstracts’ pp OS53C-1342.
Posa MRC (2011) Peat swamp forest avifauna of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: effects of habitat loss and degradation. Biological Conservation 144, 2548–2556.
| Peat swamp forest avifauna of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: effects of habitat loss and degradation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Posa MRC, Wijedasa LS, Corlett RT (2011) Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. Bioscience 61, 49–57.
| Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prat-Guitart N, Rein G, Hadden RM, Belcher CM, Yearsley JM (2015) Effects of spatial heterogeneity in moisture content on the horizontal spread of peat fires. The Science of the Total Environment 572, 1422–1430.
| Effects of spatial heterogeneity in moisture content on the horizontal spread of peat fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Purnomo H, Suyamto D, Irawati RH (2013) Harnessing the climate commons: an agent-based modelling approach to making reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD)+work. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 18, 471–489.
| Harnessing the climate commons: an agent-based modelling approach to making reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD)+work.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Railsback SF, Grimm V (2011) ‘Agent-based and individual-based modeling.’ (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ)
Reid JS, Hyer EJ, Johnson RS, Holben BN, Yokelson RJ, Zhang J, Campbell JR, Christopher SA, Di Girolamo L, Giglio L, Holz RE, Kearney C, Miettinen J, Reid EA, Turk FJ, Wang J, Xian P, Zhao G, Balasubramanian R, Chew BN, Janjai S, Lagrosas N, Lestari P, Lin NH, Mahmud M, Nguyen AX, Norris B, Oanh NTK, Oo M, Salinas SV, Welton EJ, Liew SC (2013) Observing and understanding the south-east Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: an initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program. Atmospheric Research 122, 403–468.
| Observing and understanding the south-east Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: an initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ritzema H, Limin S, Kusin K, Jauhiainen J, Wösten H (2014) Canal blocking strategies for hydrological restoration of degraded tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Catena 114, 11–20.
| Canal blocking strategies for hydrological restoration of degraded tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rothermel RC (1972) A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-RP-115. (Ogden, UT, USA)
Rothermel RC, Rinehart GC (1983) Field procedures for verification and adjustment of fire behavior predictions. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-142. (Ogden, UT, USA)
Ryan KC, Jones TA, Koerner CL, Lee KM (2012) Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on cultural resources and archaeology. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-Vol. 3. (Fort Collins, CO, USA)
Salecker J, Sciaini M, Meyer KM, Wiegand K (2019) The NLRX R package: a next-generation framework for reproducible NetLogo model analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10, 1854–1863.
| The NLRX R package: a next-generation framework for reproducible NetLogo model analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saltelli A, Ratto M, Tarantola S, Campolongo F (2006) Sensitivity analysis practices: strategies for model-based inference. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 91, 1109–1125.
| Sensitivity analysis practices: strategies for model-based inference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413, 591–596.
| Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11595939PubMed |
Segah H, Tani H, Hirano T (2010) Detection of fire impact and vegetation recovery over tropical peat swamp forest by satellite data and ground-based NDVI instrument. International Journal of Remote Sensing 31, 5297–5314.
| Detection of fire impact and vegetation recovery over tropical peat swamp forest by satellite data and ground-based NDVI instrument.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (2016) ‘Peraturan Pemerintah RI No. 57 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan PP No. 71 tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut.’ Available at https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/5778/pp-no-57-tahun-2016 [verified 26 October 2020].
Spessa A, Weber U (2010) Fire in the vegetation and peatlands of Borneo, 1997–2007: patterns, drivers and emissions from biomass burning. Geophysical Research Abstracts. European Geosciences Union General Assembly. 12, 7149. Available at https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010EGUGA..12.7149S/abstract [verified 21 October 2020]
Spessa A, van der Werf G, Thonicke K, Dans JG, Lehsten V, Fisher R, Forrest M (2013) Modeling vegetation fires and fire emissions. In ‘Vegetation fires and global change – Challenges for concerted international action’. A White Paper directed to the United Nations and International Organizations. (Ed JG Goldammer) pp. 180–207. (Kessel Publishing House: Remagen-Oberwinter, Germany)
Spessa A, Field R, Pappenberger F, Langner A, Englhart S, Weber U, Stockdale T, Siegert F, Kaiser JW, Moore J (2015) Seasonal forecasting of fire over Kalimantan, Indonesia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, 429–442.
| Seasonal forecasting of fire over Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spies TA, White E, Ager A, Kline Jeffrey D, Bolte JP, Platt EK, Olsen KA, Pabst RJ, Barros AMG, Bailey JD, Charnley Susanand Koch J, Steen-Adams MM, Singleton Peter H, Sulzman J, Schwartz C, Csuti B (2017) Using an agent-based model to examine forest management outcomes in a fire-prone landscape in Oregon, USA. Ecology and Society 22, 25
| Using an agent-based model to examine forest management outcomes in a fire-prone landscape in Oregon, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stolle F, Lambin EF (2003) Interprovincial and interannual differences in the causes of land-use fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. Environmental Conservation 30, 375–387.
| Interprovincial and interannual differences in the causes of land-use fires in Sumatra, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stolle F, Chomitz KM, Lambin EF, Tomich TP (2003) Land use and vegetation fires in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 179, 277–292.
| Land use and vegetation fires in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taufik M, Torfs PJJF, Uijlenhoet R, Jones PD, Murdiyarso D, Van Lanen HAJ (2017) Amplification of wildfire area burnt by hydrological drought in the humid tropics. Nature Climate Change 7, 428–431.
| Amplification of wildfire area burnt by hydrological drought in the humid tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taufik M, Veldhuizen AA, Wösten JHM, van Lanen HAJ (2019) Exploration of the importance of physical properties of Indonesian peatlands to assess critical groundwater table depths, associated drought and fire hazard. Geoderma 347, 160–169.
| Exploration of the importance of physical properties of Indonesian peatlands to assess critical groundwater table depths, associated drought and fire hazard.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor D (2010) Biomass burning, humans and climate change in south-east Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19, 1025–1042.
| Biomass burning, humans and climate change in south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thonicke K, Spessa A, Prentice IC, Harrison SP, Dong L, Carmona-Moreno C (2010) The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model. Biogeosciences 7, 1991–2011.
| The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thorburn CC, Kull CA (2015) Peatlands and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia: complex realities for resource governance, rural development and climate change mitigation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 56, 153–168.
| Peatlands and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia: complex realities for resource governance, rural development and climate change mitigation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Toriyama J, Takahashi T, Nishimura S, Sato T, Monda Y, Saito H, Awaya Y, Limin SH, Susanto AR, Darma F, Krisyoyo , Kiyono Y (2014) Estimation of fuel mass and its loss during a forest fire in peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 314, 1–8.
| Estimation of fuel mass and its loss during a forest fire in peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Uda SK, Hein L, Atmoko D (2019) Assessing the health impacts of peatland fires: a case study for Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, 31315–31327.
| Assessing the health impacts of peatland fires: a case study for Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31471850PubMed |
Valbuena D, Verburg PH, Bregt AK, Ligtenberg A (2010) An agent-based approach to model land-use change at a regional scale. Landscape Ecology 25, 185–199.
| An agent-based approach to model land-use change at a regional scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Valipour M (2015) Importance of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for calculation of reference evapotranspiration. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 61, 239–255.
| Importance of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for calculation of reference evapotranspiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Werf GR, Randerson JT, Giglio L, Gobron N, Dolman AJ (2008) Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB3028
| Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veraverbeke S, Verstraeten WW, Lhermitte S, Goossens R (2010) Evaluating Landsat Thematic Mapper spectral indices for estimating burn severity of the 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 558
| Evaluating Landsat Thematic Mapper spectral indices for estimating burn severity of the 2007 Peloponnese wildfires in Greece.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang M, Grimm V (2007) Home range dynamics and population regulation: an individual-based model of the common shrew Sorex araneus. Ecological Modelling 205, 397–409.
| Home range dynamics and population regulation: an individual-based model of the common shrew Sorex araneus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wiegand T, Jeltsch F, Hanski I, Grimm V (2003) Using pattern-oriented modeling for revealing hidden information: a key for reconciling ecological theory and application. Oikos 100, 209–222.
| Using pattern-oriented modeling for revealing hidden information: a key for reconciling ecological theory and application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wösten JHM, Clymans E, Page SE, Rieley JO, Limin SH (2008) Peat–water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in south-east Asia. Catena 73, 212–224.
| Peat–water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in south-east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yong DL, Peh KS-H (2016) South-east Asia’s forest fires: blazing the policy trail. Oryx 50, 213
| South-east Asia’s forest fires: blazing the policy trail.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
