Culturally and linguistically diverse women’s views and experiences of accessing sexual and reproductive health care in Australia: a systematic review
Zelalem Birhanu Mengesha A C D , Tinashe Dune A B and Janette Perz A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
B School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
C Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
D Corresponding author. Email: Z.Mengesha@westernsydney.edu.au
Sexual Health 13(4) 299-310 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH15235
Submitted: 8 December 2015 Accepted: 8 March 2016 Published: 23 May 2016
Abstract
The proportion of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds is growing in Australia. Synthesising existing evidence concerning the views and experiences of these women in accessing sexual and reproductive health care is crucial to future policy and service development. A systematic review of scientific articles and grey literature published in English between 1990 and 2015 was conducted to identify the barriers and facilitators in accessing sexual and reproductive health care in Australia experienced by culturally and linguistically diverse women. The search strategy covered seven electronic databases (ProQuest, PubMed, EMBASE/Elsevier, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Infomit) and websites. Thematic analysis methodology was used to analyse and interpret the data extracted from individual studies. From the 1401 potentially relevant articles identified, 22 articles that represent the views and experiences of 1943 culturally and linguistically diverse women in accessing sexual and reproductive health care in Australia were reviewed. The main barriers and facilitators identified were grouped into three major themes. These include personal level experiences of accessing health care, women’s interaction with the healthcare system and women’s experience with healthcare providers. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed based on the findings of the review.
References
[1] Australian Government. Our people 2014. Available online at: http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-people [verified September 2015 0000].[2] Phillips J, Klapdor M, Joanne SD. Migration to Australia since federation: a guide to the statistics. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia; 2010.
[3] Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Annual Report 2012–13. Canberra: Department of Immigration and Citizenship; 2013.
[4] Department of Social Services. The people of Australia - Australia’s multicultural policy. Canberra: Department of Social Services; 2013.
[5] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Population growth: past, present and future. Contract No.: 4102.0. Canberra: ABS; 2010.
[6] Karlsen E, Phillips J, Koleth E. Seeking asylum: Australia’s humanitarian program. Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia; 2011.
[7] Department of Social Service. Settlement reports: gender by migration stream. Canberra: Department of Social Services; 2015.
[8] Australian Government. The Syrian and Iraqi humanitarian crisis 2015. Available online at: http://www.formerministers.dss.gov.au/15738/the-syrian-and-iraqi-humanitarian-crisis/ [verified 21 October 2015].
[9] ABS. Migration, Australia. Canberra: ABS; 2013. Available online at: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/1446A29E1BD5D333CA257C44001900AA/$File/34120_2011-12%20and%202012-13.pdf [verified October 2015].
[10] Murray SB, Skull SA. Hurdles to health: immigrant and refugee health care in Australia. Aust Health Rev 2005; 29 25–9.
| Hurdles to health: immigrant and refugee health care in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15683352PubMed |
[11] Australian Medical Association. Sexual and reproductive health 2014. Available online at: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/sexual-and-reproductive-health-2014 [verified 20 September 2015].
[12] Alderliesten ME, Stronks K, van Lith JM, Smit BJ, van der Wal MF, Bonsel GJ. Ethnic differences in perinatal mortality. A perinatal audit on the role of substandard care. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 138 164–70.
| Ethnic differences in perinatal mortality. A perinatal audit on the role of substandard care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17983701PubMed |
[13] Aveyard P, Cheng KK, Manaseki S, Gardosi J. The risk of preterm delivery in women from different ethnic groups. BJOG 2002; 109 894–9.
| The risk of preterm delivery in women from different ethnic groups.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12197368PubMed |
[14] Dahlen HG, Schmied V, Dennis CL, Thornton C. Rates of obstetric intervention during birth and selected maternal and perinatal outcomes for low risk women born in Australia compared to those born overseas. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13 100
| Rates of obstetric intervention during birth and selected maternal and perinatal outcomes for low risk women born in Australia compared to those born overseas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23634802PubMed |
[15] Sullivan E, King J. Maternal deaths in Australia 2000–2002. Maternal Deaths Series no. 2 Cat no. PER 32. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistic Unit; 2006.
[16] Ussher J, Rhyder-Obid M, Perz J, Rae M, Wong TK, Newman P. Purity, privacy and procreation: constructions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health in Assyrian and Karen women living in Australia. Sex Cult 2012; 16 467–85.
| Purity, privacy and procreation: constructions and experiences of sexual and reproductive health in Assyrian and Karen women living in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[17] Asante A, Körner H, Kippax S. Understanding late HIV diagnosis among people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Sydney: National Centre in HIV Social Research; 2009.
[18] Dolman J, Shackleton G, Ziaian T, Gay J, Yeboah DA. A survey of health agencies’ responses to non-English-speaking women’s health needs in South Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996; 20 155–60.
| A survey of health agencies’ responses to non-English-speaking women’s health needs in South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK28zpt1ejsA%3D%3D&md5=e8280ab8b67d4a00b0070e379e4c59bbCAS | 8799090PubMed |
[19] Aminisani N, Armstrong BK, Canfell K. Cervical cancer screening in Middle Eastern and Asian migrants to Australia: a record linkage study. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36 e394–400.
| Cervical cancer screening in Middle Eastern and Asian migrants to Australia: a record linkage study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23017217PubMed |
[20] Aminisani N, Armstrong BK, Canfell K. Participation in cervical screening by older Asian and Middle Eastern migrants in New South Wales, Australia. Health Promot Perspect 2012; 2 274–86.
| 24688944PubMed |
[21] Hatch M. Common threads: the sexual and reproductive health experiences of immigrant and refugee women in Australia. Melbourne: MCWH; 2012.
[22] Scheppers E, van Dongen E, Dekker J, Geertzen J, Dekker J. Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: a review. Fam Pract 2006; 23 325–48.
| Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16476700PubMed |
[23] Sheikh-Mohammed M, Macintyre CR, Wood NJ, Leask J, Isaacs D. Barriers to access to health care for newly resettled sub-Saharan refugees in Australia. Med J Aust 2006; 185 594–7.
| 17181498PubMed |
[24] Hoang H. Language and cultural barriers of Asian migrants in accessing maternal care in Australia. Int J Lang Soc Culture 2008; 55–61.
[25] Lamb CF, Smith M. Problems refugees face when accessing health services. N S W Public Health Bull 2002; 13 161–3.
| Problems refugees face when accessing health services.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12451412PubMed |
[26] Johnson DR, Ziersch AM, Burgess T. I don’t think general practice should be the front line: experiences of general practitioners working with refugees in South Australia. Aust New Zealand Health Policy 2008; 5 20
| I don’t think general practice should be the front line: experiences of general practitioners working with refugees in South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18687150PubMed |
[27] Garcia Campayo J, Gonzalez Broto C, Buil B, Garcia Luengo M, Caballero L, Collazo F. [Attitudes of Spanish doctors towards immigrant patients: an opinion survey]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2006; 34 371–6.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28nnvVKktw%3D%3D&md5=3a5b581193d72cd846005a988eff40cbCAS | 17117333PubMed |
[28] Michaelsen J, Krasnik A, Nielsen A, Norredam M, Torres AM. Health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and experiences in relation to immigrant patients: a questionnaire study at a Danish hospital. Scand J Public Health 2004; 32 287–95.
| Health professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and experiences in relation to immigrant patients: a questionnaire study at a Danish hospital.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15370769PubMed |
[29] Gray S, Lawrence S, Arregui A, Phillips N, Bell R, Richards T, Fukushima T, Taeusch HW. Attitudes and behaviors of African-American and Mexican-American women delivering newborns in inner-city Los Angeles. J Natl Med Assoc 1995; 87 353–8.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK2Mzgt1Gnsw%3D%3D&md5=56992dcab016d8704b8b9dc0fd19e7ddCAS | 7783243PubMed |
[30] Agudelo-Suarez AA, Gil-Gonzalez D, Vives-Cases C, Love JG, Wimpenny P, Ronda-Perez E. A metasynthesis of qualitative studies regarding opinions and perceptions about barriers and determinants of health services’ accessibility in economic migrants. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12 461
| A metasynthesis of qualitative studies regarding opinions and perceptions about barriers and determinants of health services’ accessibility in economic migrants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23245431PubMed |
[31] Cheng IH, Drillich A, Schattner P. Refugee experiences of general practice in countries of resettlement: a literature review. Br J Gen Pract 2015; 65 e171–6.
| Refugee experiences of general practice in countries of resettlement: a literature review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25733438PubMed |
[32] Benza S, Liamputtong P. Pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood: a meta-synthesis of the lived experiences of immigrant women. Midwifery 2014; 30 575–84.
| Pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood: a meta-synthesis of the lived experiences of immigrant women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24690130PubMed |
[33] Higginbottom GM, Hadziabdic E, Yohani S, Paton P. Immigrant women’s experience of maternity services in Canada: a meta-ethnography. Midwifery 2014; 30 544–59.
| Immigrant women’s experience of maternity services in Canada: a meta-ethnography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23948185PubMed |
[34] McMichael C, Gifford S. Narratives of sexual health risk and protection amongst young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia. Cult Health Sex 2010; 12 263–77.
| Narratives of sexual health risk and protection amongst young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19904650PubMed |
[35] McMichael C. Unplanned but not unwanted? Teen pregnancy and parenthood among young people with refugee backgrounds. J Youth Stud 2013; 16 663–78.
| Unplanned but not unwanted? Teen pregnancy and parenthood among young people with refugee backgrounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[36] Goosen S, Hoebe CJ, Waldhober Q, Kunst AE. High HIV prevalence among asylum seekers who gave birth in the Netherlands: a nationwide study based on antenatal HIV tests. PLoS One 2015; 10 e0134724
| High HIV prevalence among asylum seekers who gave birth in the Netherlands: a nationwide study based on antenatal HIV tests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26296093PubMed |
[37] Keygnaert I, Vettenburg N, Temmerman M. Hidden violence is silent rape: sexual and gender-based violence in refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. Cult Health Sex 2012; 14 505–20.
| Hidden violence is silent rape: sexual and gender-based violence in refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22468763PubMed |
[38] Stevinson C, Lawlor DA. Searching multiple databases for systematic reviews: added value or diminishing returns? Complement Ther Med 2004; 12 228–32.
| Searching multiple databases for systematic reviews: added value or diminishing returns?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FitleisQ%3D%3D&md5=d5fcdd9c8808199b12d6b0737c5c3efdCAS | 15649836PubMed |
[39] Ahmed S, Shommu NS, Rumana N, Barron GR, Wicklum S, Turin TC. Barriers to access of primary healthcare by immigrant populations in Canada: a literature review. J Immigrant Minority Health 2015;
| Barriers to access of primary healthcare by immigrant populations in Canada: a literature review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[40] Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008; 8 45
| Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18616818PubMed |
[41] Sandelowski M, Voils CI, Barroso J. Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Res Schools 2006; 13 1–15.
[42] Rice PL, Naksook C. The experience of pregnancy, labour and birth of Thai women in Australia. Midwifery 1998; 14 74–84.
| The experience of pregnancy, labour and birth of Thai women in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzhtFCrtg%3D%3D&md5=a4712d6688c56f5a2bd9c072db1b77d8CAS | 10382475PubMed |
[43] Small R, Rice PL, Yelland J, Lumley J. Mothers in a new country: the role of culture and communication in Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino women’s experiences of giving birth in Australia. Women Health 1999; 28 77–101.
| Mothers in a new country: the role of culture and communication in Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino women’s experiences of giving birth in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzgtFentw%3D%3D&md5=5031d7bd787edb2e72849c0c512145bbCAS | 10374809PubMed |
[44] Butow PN, Sze M, Dugal-Beri P, Mikhail M, Eisenbruch M, Jefford M, Schofield P, Girois A, King M, Goldstein D. From inside the bubble: migrants’ perceptions of communication with the cancer team. Support Care Cancer 2011; 19 281–90.
| From inside the bubble: migrants’ perceptions of communication with the cancer team.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[45] Yelland J, Small R, Lumley J, Rice PL, Cotronei V, Warren R. Support, sensitivity, satisfaction: Filipino, Turkish and Vietnamese women’s experiences of postnatal hospital stay. Midwifery 1998; 14 144–54.
| Support, sensitivity, satisfaction: Filipino, Turkish and Vietnamese women’s experiences of postnatal hospital stay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FntlamsA%3D%3D&md5=9a97befafe2539f27303528992c23af9CAS | 9856021PubMed |
[46] Rice PL, Naksook C, Watson LE. The experiences of postpartum hospital stay and returning home among Thai mothers in Australia. Midwifery 1999; 15 47–57.
| The experiences of postpartum hospital stay and returning home among Thai mothers in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzgt1WjsQ%3D%3D&md5=9e72131b87dbad08c073f492a48837c0CAS | 10373873PubMed |
[47] Tran M, Young L, Phung H, Hillman K, Willcocks K. Quality of health services and early postpartum discharge: results from a sample of non-English-speaking women. J Qual Clin Pract 2001; 21 135–43.
| Quality of health services and early postpartum discharge: results from a sample of non-English-speaking women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387itV2lsQ%3D%3D&md5=7ec5223665dcbbe89426afb647bd1ef8CAS | 11856411PubMed |
[48] Rogers C, Earnest J. A cross-generational study of contraception and reproductive health among Sudanese and Eritrean women in Brisbane, Australia. Health Care Women Int 2014; 35 334–56.
| A cross-generational study of contraception and reproductive health among Sudanese and Eritrean women in Brisbane, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24351033PubMed |
[49] Rice PL. What women say about their childbirth experiences: the case of Hmong women in Australia. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1999; 17 237–53.
| What women say about their childbirth experiences: the case of Hmong women in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[50] Hoang HT, Le Q, Kilpatrick S. Having a baby in the new land: a qualitative exploration of the experiences of Asian migrants in rural Tasmania, Australia. Rural Remote Health 2009; 9 1084
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M7mslWhtg%3D%3D&md5=19939dbe60991fd1234dd1015470e694CAS | 19243226PubMed |
[51] Riggs E, Davis E, Gibbs L, Block K, Szwarc J, Casey S, Duell-Piening P, Waters E. Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: reflections from refugee families and service providers. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12 117
| Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: reflections from refugee families and service providers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22587587PubMed |
[52] Renzaho AMN, Oldroyd JC. Closing the gap in maternal and child health: a qualitative study examining health needs of migrant mothers in Dandenong, Victoria, Australia. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18 1391–402.
| Closing the gap in maternal and child health: a qualitative study examining health needs of migrant mothers in Dandenong, Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[53] Carolan M, Cassar L. Pregnancy care for African refugee women in Australia: attendance at antenatal appointments. Evidence Based Midwifery 2007; 5 54–8.
[54] Tsianakas V, Liamputtong P. What women from an Islamic background in Australia say about care in pregnancy and prenatal testing. Midwifery 2002; 18 25–34.
| What women from an Islamic background in Australia say about care in pregnancy and prenatal testing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11945050PubMed |
[55] Shafiei T, Small R, McLachlan H. Women’s views and experiences of maternity care: a study of immigrant Afghan women in Melbourne, Australia. Midwifery 2012; 28 198–203.
| Women’s views and experiences of maternity care: a study of immigrant Afghan women in Melbourne, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21458892PubMed |
[56] Small R, Yelland J, Lumley J, Brown S, Liamputtong P. Immigrant women’s views about care during labor and birth: an Australian study of Vietnamese, Turkish, and Filipino women. Birth 2002; 29 266–77.
| Immigrant women’s views about care during labor and birth: an Australian study of Vietnamese, Turkish, and Filipino women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12431266PubMed |
[57] Murray L, Windsor C, Parker E, Tewfik O. The experiences of African women giving birth in Brisbane, Australia. Health Care Women Int 2010; 31 458–72.
| The experiences of African women giving birth in Brisbane, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20390666PubMed |
[58] Liamputtong P, Watson L. The voices and concerns about prenatal testing of Cambodian, Lao and Vietnamese women in Australia. Midwifery 2002; 18 304–13.
| The voices and concerns about prenatal testing of Cambodian, Lao and Vietnamese women in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12473445PubMed |
[59] Tsianakas V, Liamputtong P. Prenatal testing: the perceptions and experiences of Muslim women in Australia. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2002; 20 7–24.
| Prenatal testing: the perceptions and experiences of Muslim women in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s3lvFagsQ%3D%3D&md5=022c5cab65a1d164ad5ad0cc0a642338CAS | 12784816PubMed |
[60] Allotey P, Manderson L, Baho S, Demian L. Reproductive health for resettling refugee and migrant women? Health Issues 2004; 78 12–7.
[61] Stewart MA. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. Can Med Assoc J 1995; 152 1423–33.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3ksF2mug%3D%3D&md5=7e10108ba094149277190371e3bc5559CAS |
[62] Power DV, Shandy DJ. Sudanese refugees in a Minnesota family practice clinic. Fam Med 1998; 30 185–9.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ptlKitQ%3D%3D&md5=a50fda20672b3acbf998f824ecb92c72CAS | 9532440PubMed |
[63] Kemp C. Health services for refugees in countries of second asylum. Int Nurs Rev 1993; 40 21–4.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7lsVyltA%3D%3D&md5=24d742a1b6299826a2d1331294148ee2CAS | 8428805PubMed |
[64] Schyve PM. Language differences as a barrier to quality and safety in health care: the Joint Commission Perspective. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22 360–1.
| Language differences as a barrier to quality and safety in health care: the Joint Commission Perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17957426PubMed |
[65] Timmins CL. The impact of language barriers on the health care of Latinos in the United States: a review of the literature and guidelines for practice. J Midwifery Women’s Health 2002; 47 80–96.
| The impact of language barriers on the health care of Latinos in the United States: a review of the literature and guidelines for practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[66] Trinh L, Rubin G. Late entry to antenatal care in New South Wales, Australia. Reprod Health 2006; 3 8
| Late entry to antenatal care in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16916473PubMed |
[67] Ng C, Newbold KB. Health care providers’ perspectives on the provision of prenatal care to immigrants. Cult Health Sex 2011; 13 561–74.
| Health care providers’ perspectives on the provision of prenatal care to immigrants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21390947PubMed |
[68] Department of Health Western Australia. Improving maternal care for refugee and migrant women in Western Australia: report from 2015 consumer focus groups. Perth: Health Networks Branch, Department of Health Western Australia; 2015.
[69] Siu JY. Communicating under medical patriarchy: gendered doctor-patient communication between female patients with overactive bladder and male urologists in Hong Kong. BMC Women’s Health 2015; 15 44
| Communicating under medical patriarchy: gendered doctor-patient communication between female patients with overactive bladder and male urologists in Hong Kong.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26021313PubMed |
[70] Claramita M, Nugraheni MDF, van Dalen J, van der Vleuten C. Doctor–patient communication in Southeast Asia: a different culture? Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2013; 18 15–31.
| Doctor–patient communication in Southeast Asia: a different culture?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22314942PubMed |
[71] Saha S, Arbelaez JJ, Cooper LA. Patient–physician relationships and racial disparities in the quality of health care. Am J Public Health 2003; 93 1713–9.
| Patient–physician relationships and racial disparities in the quality of health care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14534227PubMed |
[72] Dwan K, Gamble C, Williamson PR, Kirkham JJ. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias - an updated review. PLoS One 2013; 8 e66844
| Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias - an updated review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFKktL3L&md5=360eab8d754d47e7d37f48df5cb05e3cCAS | 23861749PubMed |
[73] Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. York: University of York; 2009.
[74] Wellings K, Branigan P, Mitchell K. Discomfort, discord and discontinuity as data: using focus groups to research sensitive topics. Cult Health Sex 2000; 2 255–67.
| Discomfort, discord and discontinuity as data: using focus groups to research sensitive topics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[75] Hynes T. New issues in refugee research. The issue of ‘trust’ or ‘mistrust’ in research with refugees: choices, caveats and considerations for researchers. Geneva: Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, The United Nations Refugee Agency; 2003.
[76] Ogilvie LD, Burgess-Pinto E, Caufield C. Challenges and approaches to newcomer health research. J Transcultural Nurs 2008; 19 64–73.
| Challenges and approaches to newcomer health research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[77] Lee SK, Sulaiman-Hill CM, Thompson SC. Providing health information for culturally and linguistically diverse women: priorities and preferences of new migrants and refugees. Health Prom J Aust 2013; 24 98–103.
| Providing health information for culturally and linguistically diverse women: priorities and preferences of new migrants and refugees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[78] Dean J, Wollin J, Stewart D, Debattista J, Mitchell M. Hidden yet visible: methodological challenges researching sexual health in Sudanese refugee communities. Cult Health Sex 2012; 14 911–24.
| Hidden yet visible: methodological challenges researching sexual health in Sudanese refugee communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22947205PubMed |
[79] Wilson D, Neville S. Culturally safe research with vulnerable populations. Contemp Nurse 2009; 33 69–79.
| Culturally safe research with vulnerable populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19715497PubMed |
[80] Newbold KB, Willinsky J. Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers. Cult Health Sex 2009; 11 369–82.
| Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19242836PubMed |
[81] Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B. Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Focus 2006; 4 140–9.
| Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[82] Benson J, Maldari T, Williams J, Hanifi H. The impact of culture and ethnicity on women’s perceived role in society and their attendant health beliefs. RCGP J Associates Train 2010; 3 358–65.
| The impact of culture and ethnicity on women’s perceived role in society and their attendant health beliefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[83] Seibert PS, Stridh-Igo P, Zimmerman CG. A checklist to facilitate cultural awareness and sensitivity. J Med Ethics 2002; 28 143–6.
| A checklist to facilitate cultural awareness and sensitivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zgtFaqtw%3D%3D&md5=50f6c899553ed2b940bf7561354c5c3fCAS | 12042396PubMed |
[84] Raven JH, Chen Q, Tolhurst RJ, Garner P. Traditional beliefs and practices in the postpartum period in Fujian Province, China: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 7 8
| Traditional beliefs and practices in the postpartum period in Fujian Province, China: a qualitative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17584930PubMed |
[85] Institute for Community Ethnicity and Policy Alternatives Victoria University. Review of current cultural and linguistic diversity and cultural competence reporting requirements, minimum standards and benchmarks for Victoria Health Services Project. Melbourne: Statewide Quality Branch, Victorian Government Department of Health; 2009.
[86] Owens C, Dandy J, Hancock P. Migrant and refugee women’s experiences of the shared care service (Antenatal care service). Perth: Ishar - Multicultural Women’s Health Centre; 2014.
