Evolution of the syphilis epidemic among men who have sex with men
Marc M. Solomon A B E and Kenneth H. Mayer C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
B University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
C Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
D Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: marc.solomon@ucsf.edu
Sexual Health 12(2) 96-102 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH14173
Submitted: 30 August 2014 Accepted: 3 October 2014 Published: 17 December 2014
Abstract
Syphilis has existed for millenni, but its epidemiology was only recently linked to men who have sex with men (MSM) after the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s; the syphilis epidemic became concentrated within the MSM community in subsequent decades. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s led to a surge of new syphilis cases and revealed the potentiation between HIV and syphilis, as evidenced by a shift in the natural history of neurosyphilis. In response, MSM revolutionised their sexual behaviour by implementing community-driven seroadaptive strategies to stem HIV transmission. The Centers for Disease Control in the US called for the elimination of syphilis in the late 1990s since the rates had fallen sharply but this effort was overtaken by a resurgence of global outbreaks among MSM in the 2000s, many of which were linked to methamphetamine use and sexual networking websites. Syphilis remains highly prevalent today, especially among MSM and individuals infected with HIV, and it continues to present a significant public health conundrum. Innovative syphilis prevention strategies are warranted. MSM engaging in high-risk behaviour such as condomless anal receptive intercourse, sex with multiple partners or recreational drug use should be routinely screened for syphilis infection; they should also be counselled about the limits of seroadaptive behaviours and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis as they relate to syphilis transmission.
References
[1] Idsoe O, Guthe T. The rise and fall of the treponematoses. I. Ecological aspects and international trends. in venereal syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 1967; 43 227–43.| 1:STN:280:DyaF1c7lsFCrtg%3D%3D&md5=5ba6f2120cc2206243b3f766eafd7841CAS | 5582624PubMed |
[2] Rose T. Observations on the treatment of syphilis, with an account of several cases of that disease in which a cure was effected without the use of mercury. Med Chir Trans 1817; 8 347–424.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MzjtVKisw%3D%3D&md5=55e5e703814a9ba0ad4a6f3dc44220cdCAS | 20895324PubMed |
[3] Mahoney JF, Arnold RC, Sterner BL, Harris A, Zwally MR. Penicillin treatment of early syphilis: II. JAMA 1984; 251 2005–10.
| Penicillin treatment of early syphilis: II.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7jvFWlsg%3D%3D&md5=26a93288dff519dbbb7b4ed5a6c58f07CAS | 6366286PubMed |
[4] Parran T. Shadow on the land. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock; 1937.
[5] Holmes KK. Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353 1291–3.
| Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVeltLbF&md5=7c7a126c6181bd12c4912536567f7b7dCAS | 16177256PubMed |
[6] Goodman H. The esoteric male as a focus for spread of venereal diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 1957; 37 483–8.
| 1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2FktVaktA%3D%3D&md5=7a19e49ef3d9ed7ddf53c8a15c4acd91CAS | 13497514PubMed |
[7] Goodman H. The male homosexual and venereal diseases; the homosexual male is a victim and transfer agent of venereal disease particularly syphilis in New York City; analyses of statistics of Annual Report of Magistrates, Courts, 1957, imply dangers of unwitting infection. Acta Derm Venereol 1958; 38 274–82.
| 1:STN:280:DyaG1M%2FitlKjtQ%3D%3D&md5=633d594731d76ac6cb7df195ef350c9aCAS | 13594216PubMed |
[8] Tarr JD, Lugar RR. Early infectious syphilis. Male homosexual relations as a mode of spread. Calif Med 1960; 93 35–7.
| 1:STN:280:DyaF3c3gslOjtg%3D%3D&md5=4f8f4e59fe8fd89dc362828de3278fb4CAS | 13836965PubMed |
[9] Trice ER, Gayle S, Clark FA. The transmission of early infectious syphilis through homosexual practices. Va Med Mon 1960; 87 132–4.
| 1:STN:280:DyaF3c3htVSqtg%3D%3D&md5=bf5cf32cbc617ae7beb1b7b0366353a1CAS | 13839335PubMed |
[10] Jefferiss FJ. Homosexually-acquired venereal disease. Br J Vener Dis 1966; 42 46–7.
| 1:STN:280:DyaF287itVOqtw%3D%3D&md5=5e1681062d88477e4870da6a6a3bffd5CAS | 5929700PubMed |
[11] Fluker JL. A 10-year study of homosexually transmitted infection. Br J Vener Dis 1976; 52 155–60.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE283gslGntA%3D%3D&md5=5d4b32bb09ae0a01aa72b7c55fcad041CAS | 946948PubMed |
[12] Thin RN, Smith DM. Some characteristics of homosexual men. Br J Vener Dis 1976; 52 161–4.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE283gslGntQ%3D%3D&md5=9facdbf0c51545e35a1e16a89ee6a423CAS | 1276863PubMed |
[13] Dans PE. The establishment of a university-based veneral disease clinic I: description of the clinic and its population. J Am Vener Dis Assoc 1974; 1 70–8.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE2M7hsVGgsg%3D%3D&md5=506b8b631b89f4468e3bcd88562fc095CAS | 4480308PubMed |
[14] Henderson RH. Improving sexually transmitted disease health services for gays: a national prospective. Sex Transm Dis 1977; 4 58–62.
| Improving sexually transmitted disease health services for gays: a national prospective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FhsVWquw%3D%3D&md5=6498576a152e75ba918dfb29c660d5f9CAS | 578592PubMed |
[15] Felman YM. Should premarital syphilis serologies continue to be mandated by law? JAMA 1978; 240 459–60.
| Should premarital syphilis serologies continue to be mandated by law?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7pslehsw%3D%3D&md5=e65af1093b101a97208c9c8b60796d29CAS |
[16] Fichtner RR, Aral SO, Blount JH, Zaidi AA, Reynolds GH, Darrow WW. Syphilis in the United States: 1967–1979. Sex Transm Dis 1983; 10 77–80.
| Syphilis in the United States: 1967–1979.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2Fpsl2nsw%3D%3D&md5=26d2ac710f19f0ea7962c895fdab2c4aCAS | 6658633PubMed |
[17] Peterman TA, Furness BW. The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007; 20 54–9.
| The resurgence of syphilis among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17197882PubMed |
[18] Judson FN, Miller KG, Schaffnit TR. Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths – Denver, Colorado. Am J Public Health 1977; 67 740–2.
| Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths – Denver, Colorado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE2s3jvFymtQ%3D%3D&md5=82ba4f12f7ec8a7763604cb2e1634ddcCAS | 888990PubMed |
[19] Darrow WW, Barrett D, Jay K, Young A. The gay report on sexually transmitted diseases. Am J Public Health 1981; 71 1004–11.
| The gay report on sexually transmitted diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3M3nvFKjsA%3D%3D&md5=1fc2c295b752390bc381daaa9f89f4bcCAS | 6895004PubMed |
[20] Quinn TC, Corey L, Chaffee RG, Schuffler MD, Brancato FP, Holmes KK. The etiology of anorectal infections in homosexual men. Am J Med 1981; 71 395–406.
| The etiology of anorectal infections in homosexual men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FitFWmsQ%3D%3D&md5=fa565e8c3c34a26eb3188a8ff31fb521CAS | 7025620PubMed |
[21] Nazemi MM, Musher DM, Schell RF, Milo S. Syphilitic proctitis in a homosexual. JAMA 1975; 231 389
| Syphilitic proctitis in a homosexual.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE2M%2Fmt1ajtg%3D%3D&md5=c6b4e66f5ebf0abd48e4608586050424CAS | 1088965PubMed |
[22] Kazal HL, Sohn N, Carrasco JI, Robilotti JG, Delaney WE. The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1976; 6 184–92.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE287jsVOhsQ%3D%3D&md5=a5f74b8f55cb0fee0bc55eec947f68b5CAS | 946385PubMed |
[23] Heller M. The gay bowel syndrome: a common problem of homosexual patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1980; 9 487–93.
| The gay bowel syndrome: a common problem of homosexual patients in the emergency department.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2FjslKisg%3D%3D&md5=82f85e77bea24c00f4a1149dc6d31fc1CAS | 6893530PubMed |
[24] Kang JY, Stiel D, Doe WF. Gay bowel syndrome: syphilis association. Med J Aust 1980; 2 523
| 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7kvVeisw%3D%3D&md5=ad3969e4b284ed0473879c276239f088CAS | 7207363PubMed |
[25] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Syphilis – United States, 1983. Atlanta, CDC; 1998. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000381.htm [verified 6 November 2014].
[26] Gordon SM, Eaton ME, George R, Larsen S, Lukehart SA, Kuypers J, et al The response of symptomatic neurosyphilis to high-dose intravenous penicillin G in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 1469–73.
| The response of symptomatic neurosyphilis to high-dose intravenous penicillin G in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FlvFamsg%3D%3D&md5=d4aa1487b8e482e0542851ea03eacc0aCAS | 7969296PubMed |
[27] Clark EG, Danbolt N. The Oslo study of the natural history of untreated syphilis; an epidemiologic investigation based on a restudy of the Boeck–Bruusgaard material; a review and appraisal. J Chronic Dis 1955; 2 311–44.
| The Oslo study of the natural history of untreated syphilis; an epidemiologic investigation based on a restudy of the Boeck–Bruusgaard material; a review and appraisal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaG28%2Fgtl2jsQ%3D%3D&md5=d0ddf48263b88e77dae5f87576f668acCAS | 13252075PubMed |
[28] Johns DR, Tierney M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1987; 316 1569–72.
| Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3ivVykug%3D%3D&md5=81181a2a84d8b3df357504206fce87a0CAS | 3587290PubMed |
[29] Pavis CS, Folds JD, Baseman JB. Cell-mediated immunity during syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 1978; 54 144–50.
| 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7ovVagsg%3D%3D&md5=882be7a220b8923dd9a91d2beb186a35CAS | 350348PubMed |
[30] Quinn TC, Glasser D, Cannon RO, Matuszak DL, Dunning RW, Kline RL, et al Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 1988; 318 197–203.
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FpsVGqsw%3D%3D&md5=368657a39cd47bee6d57f64d63a43bffCAS | 3336411PubMed |
[31] Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Rompalo AM, Ashley RL, Roberts PL, Corey L. The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. JAMA 1988; 260 1429–33.
| The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1czgtV2guw%3D%3D&md5=4a6a6279986093d3dd490b673f38cd3dCAS | 3404600PubMed |
[32] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis and congenital syphilis – United States, 1985–1988. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988; 37 486–9.
| 3135479PubMed |
[33] Nicoll A, Hughes G, Donnelly M, Livingstone S, De Angelis D, Fenton K, et al Assessing the impact of national anti-HIV sexual health campaigns: trends in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in England. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77 242–7.
| Assessing the impact of national anti-HIV sexual health campaigns: trends in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in England.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvltVyguw%3D%3D&md5=851846bb1e9541d9098cffaef04fe170CAS | 11463922PubMed |
[34] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Continuing increase in infectious syphilis–United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988; 37 35–8.
| 3122009PubMed |
[35] Evans BA, McLean KA, Dawson SG, Teece SA, Bond RA, MacRae KD, et al Trends in sexual behaviour and risk factors for HIV infection among homosexual men, 1984–7. BMJ 1989; 298 215–8.
| Trends in sexual behaviour and risk factors for HIV infection among homosexual men, 1984–7.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7mslWltQ%3D%3D&md5=3ded0a51b41eff9bdb32edf452cc6da4CAS | 2493865PubMed |
[36] van den Hoek JA, van Griensven GJ, Coutinho RA. Indications for increase in unsafe sexual behavior in homosexual men in Amsterdam. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1990; 134 1229–30.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK3czkvV2rtg%3D%3D&md5=44baf8a7124d2d7110dc30aaba2babedCAS | 2385300PubMed |
[37] Handsfield HH, Schwebke J. Trends in sexually transmitted diseases in homosexually active men in King County, Washington, 1980–1990. Sex Transm Dis 1990; 17 211–5.
| Trends in sexually transmitted diseases in homosexually active men in King County, Washington, 1980–1990.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FovFWgsw%3D%3D&md5=a960b06d6b89d6618fc824cc3af43d07CAS | 2124731PubMed |
[38] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Increases in primary and secondary syphilis–United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36 393–7.
| 3108651PubMed |
[39] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Continuing increase in infectious syphilis – United States. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124 509–10.
| Continuing increase in infectious syphilis – United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 3355196PubMed |
[40] Rolfs RT, Nakashima AK. Epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, 1981 through 1989. JAMA 1990; 264 1432–7.
| Epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, 1981 through 1989.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3czmt1Gitw%3D%3D&md5=adfe49e76c2be22aab89b750957f4ca3CAS | 2391740PubMed |
[41] Tichonova L, Borisenko K, Ward H, Meheus A, Gromyko A, Renton A. Epidemics of syphilis in the Russian Federation: trends, origins, and priorities for control. Lancet 1997; 350 210–3.
| Epidemics of syphilis in the Russian Federation: trends, origins, and priorities for control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2szptlOltg%3D%3D&md5=913032a20585a3b32c05421a22599e14CAS | 9250199PubMed |
[42] Linglöf T. Rapid increase of syphilis and gonorrhea in parts of the former USSR. Sex Transm Dis 1995; 22 160–1.
| Rapid increase of syphilis and gonorrhea in parts of the former USSR.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7652658PubMed |
[43] Heffelfinger JD, Swint EB, Berman SM, Weinstock HS. Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States. Am J Public Health 2007; 97 1076–83.
| Trends in primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17463387PubMed |
[44] Crepaz N, Hart TA, Marks G. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review. JAMA 2004; 292 224–36.
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy and sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvVSmsL8%3D&md5=c2aa3a6deefa6f5b2509c4df241c759cCAS | 15249572PubMed |
[45] Williams LA, Klausner JD, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, Celum C, Holmes KK. Elimination and reintroduction of primary and secondary syphilis. Am J Public Health 1999; 89 1093–7.
| Elimination and reintroduction of primary and secondary syphilis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzit1KhtQ%3D%3D&md5=8a11546db3c416921d576be7c0e53f6dCAS | 10394323PubMed |
[46] Truong HM, Kellogg T, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Dilley J, Knapper K, et al Increases in sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviour without a concurrent increase in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in San Francisco: a suggestion of HIV serosorting. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82 461–6.
| Increases in sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviour without a concurrent increase in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in San Francisco: a suggestion of HIV serosorting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28jhsVKitQ%3D%3D&md5=53f56dd1a103697731b1e7c36ed10427CAS | 17151031PubMed |
[47] Nicoll A, Hamers FF. Are trends in HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis worsening in western Europe? BMJ 2002; 324 1324–7.
| Are trends in HIV, gonorrhoea, and syphilis worsening in western Europe?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12039830PubMed |
[48] St. Louis ME, Wasserheit JN. Elimination of syphilis in the United States. Science 1998; 281 353–4.
| Elimination of syphilis in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkslWku7g%3D&md5=647965b41a1696d4d00e140eacb54f2aCAS | 9705711PubMed |
[49] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men – Southern California, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50 117–20.
| 11393490PubMed |
[50] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Primary and secondary syphilis – United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50 113–7.
| 11393489PubMed |
[51] Syphilis elimination seen as good HIV prevention. Aids Alert 1998; 13 63–6.
| 11365457PubMed |
[52] Darrow WW, Biersteker S. Short-term impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign to prevent syphilis among men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2008; 98 337–43.
| Short-term impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign to prevent syphilis among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18172146PubMed |
[53] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men – southern California, 2000. JAMA 2001; 285 1285–7.
| 11280329PubMed |
[54] Crosby GM, Stall RD, Paul JP, Barrett DC, Midanik LT. Condom use among gay/bisexual male substance abusers using the timeline follow-back method. Addict Behav 1996; 21 249–57.
| Condom use among gay/bisexual male substance abusers using the timeline follow-back method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK283ptFOlsQ%3D%3D&md5=fd0a8f18d3d0df7dc898d8fecc7bc3c9CAS | 8730528PubMed |
[55] Chesney MA, Barrett DC, Stall R. Histories of substance use and risk behavior: precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexual men. Am J Public Health 1998; 88 113–6.
| Histories of substance use and risk behavior: precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexual men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3kslOnsQ%3D%3D&md5=f9aee181f0e6fd39dff3568b0901614cCAS | 9584015PubMed |
[56] Beymer MR, Weiss RE, Bolan RK, Rudy ET, Bourque LB, Rodriguez JP, et al Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles county. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90 567–72.
| Sex on demand: geosocial networking phone apps and risk of sexually transmitted infections among a cross-sectional sample of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles county.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24926041PubMed |
[57] Poulton M, Dean GL, Williams DI, Carter P, Iversen A, Fisher M. Surfing with spirochaetes: an ongoing syphilis outbreak in Brighton. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77 319–21.
| Surfing with spirochaetes: an ongoing syphilis outbreak in Brighton.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGhtw%3D%3D&md5=dc5342f5eaefa1d0d9fb1799ec580ab5CAS | 11588272PubMed |
[58] Lacey HB, Higgins SP, Graham D. An outbreak of early syphilis: cases from North Manchester General Hospital. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77 311–13.
| An outbreak of early syphilis: cases from North Manchester General Hospital.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGhsA%3D%3D&md5=f17447d3ed89028718d0ace685600f7eCAS | 11588269PubMed |
[59] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men – New York City, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51 853–6.
| 12363336PubMed |
[60] Giuliani M, Palamara G, Latini A, Maini A, Di Carlo A. Evidence of an outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men in Rome. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141 100–1.
| Evidence of an outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men in Rome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15655156PubMed |
[61] Su JR, Beltrami JF, Zaidi AA, Weinstock HS. Primary and secondary syphilis among black and Hispanic men who have sex with men: case report data from 27 states. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155 145–51.
| Primary and secondary syphilis among black and Hispanic men who have sex with men: case report data from 27 states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21810707PubMed |
[62] Patton ME, Su JR, Nelson R, Weinstock H. Primary and secondary syphilis – United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63 402–6.
| 24807239PubMed |
[63] Mayer KH, Wang L, Koblin B, Mannheimer S, Magnus M, Del Rio C, et al Concomitant socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors associated with the disproportionate HIV infection burden among Black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities. PLoS ONE 2014; 9 e87298
| Concomitant socioeconomic, behavioral, and biological factors associated with the disproportionate HIV infection burden among Black men who have sex with men in 6 U.S. cities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24498067PubMed |
[64] Jin F, Prestage GP, Kippax SC, Pell CM, Donovan BJ, Kaldor JM, et al Epidemic syphilis among homosexually active men in Sydney. Med J Aust 2005; 183 179–83.
| 16097913PubMed |
[65] Wolitski RJ, Valdiserri RO, Denning PH, Levine WC. Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men? Am J Public Health 2001; 91 883–8.
| Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzhvVyrsg%3D%3D&md5=a65cb083c5e315ac4c24eae00d232506CAS | 11392927PubMed |
[66] Doherty L, Fenton KA, Jones J, Paine TC, Higgins SP, Williams D, et al Syphilis: old problem, new strategy. BMJ 2002; 325 153–6.
| Syphilis: old problem, new strategy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12130615PubMed |
[67] Cox JH, Elliott E, Sivaprakasam V, Chima-Okereke C. Audit of the management of the syphilis outbreak in Herefordshire 2011–2013. Int J STD AIDS 2014;
| 24912537PubMed |
[68] Hakre S, Arteaga GB, Nunez AE, Arambu N, Aumakhan B, Liu M, et al Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted infections among MSM from three cities in Panama. J Urban Health 2014; 91 793–808.
| Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted infections among MSM from three cities in Panama.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24927712PubMed |
[69] Jin F, Prestage GP, Zablotska I, Rawstorne P, Kippax SC, Donovan B, et al High rates of sexually transmitted infections in HIV positive homosexual men: data from two community based cohorts. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83 397–9.
| High rates of sexually transmitted infections in HIV positive homosexual men: data from two community based cohorts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17556503PubMed |
[70] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Notes from the field: repeat syphilis infection and HIV coinfection among men who have sex with men – Baltimore, Maryland, 2010–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62 649–50.
| 23945772PubMed |
[71] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men – Bangkok, Thailand, 2005–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62 518–20.
| 23803960PubMed |
[72] Sánchez C, Plaza Z, Vispo E, de Mendoza C, Barreiro P, Fernandez-Montero JV, et al Scaling up epidemics of acute hepatitis C and syphilis in HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Spain. Liver Int 2013; 33 1357–62.
| Scaling up epidemics of acute hepatitis C and syphilis in HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23730876PubMed |
[73] Jakopanec I, Grjibovski AM, Nilsen O, Blystad H, Aavitsland P. Trends in HIV infection surveillance data among men who have sex with men in Norway, 1995–2011. BMC Public Health 2013; 13 144
| Trends in HIV infection surveillance data among men who have sex with men in Norway, 1995–2011.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23414557PubMed |
[74] Brosh-Nissimov T, Mor Z, Avramovich E, Katchman E, Avidor B, Mor O, et al Syphilis outbreak among men who have sex with men, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2008–2009. Isr Med Assoc J 2012; 14 152–6.
| 22675853PubMed |
[75] Stephenson J. Syphilis outbreak sparks concerns. JAMA 2003; 289 974
| Syphilis outbreak sparks concerns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12597736PubMed |
[76] O’Leary D. The syndemic of AIDS and STDS among MSM. Linacre Q 2014; 81 12–37.
| The syndemic of AIDS and STDS among MSM.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24899736PubMed |
[77] Cohen SE, Chew Ng RA, Katz KA, Bernstein KT, Samuel MC, Kerndt PR, et al Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2002–2006: implications for syphilis elimination efforts. Am J Public Health 2012; 102 e1–8.
| Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2002–2006: implications for syphilis elimination efforts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22095364PubMed |
[78] Chen JL, Callahan DB, Kerndt PR. Syphilis control among incarcerated men who have sex with men: public health response to an outbreak. Am J Public Health 2002; 92 1473–4.
| Syphilis control among incarcerated men who have sex with men: public health response to an outbreak.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12197977PubMed |
[79] Chew Ng RA, Samuel MC, Lo T, Bernstein KT, Aynalem G, Klausner JD, et al Sex, drugs (methamphetamines), and the Internet: increasing syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2004–2008. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 1450–6.
| Sex, drugs (methamphetamines), and the Internet: increasing syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2004–2008.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23153138PubMed |
[80] Hunter P, Oyervides O, Grande KM, Prater D, Vann V, Reitl I, et al Facebook-augmented partner notification in a cluster of syphilis cases in Milwaukee. Public Health Rep 2014; 129 43–9.
| 24385648PubMed |
[81] Zou H, Wu Z, Yu J, Li M, Ablimit M, Li F, et al Internet-facilitated, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clinic-based HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China. PLoS ONE 2013; 8 e51919
| Internet-facilitated, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clinic-based HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjtlCmtLY%3D&md5=f07d2cb5c34b71e684e2f8f6f60d3fb1CAS | 23418417PubMed |
[82] Guy R, El-Hayek C, Fairley CK, Wand H, Carr A, McNulty A, et al Opt-out and opt-in testing increases syphilis screening of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Australia. PLoS ONE 2013; 8 e71436
| Opt-out and opt-in testing increases syphilis screening of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtl2iu7jF&md5=1f03ea7d5a39580881da2886bf1975a7CAS | 24009661PubMed |
[83] Tuite AR, Fisman DN, Mishra S. Screen more or screen more often? Using mathematical models to inform syphilis control strategies. BMC Public Health 2013; 13 606
| Screen more or screen more often? Using mathematical models to inform syphilis control strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23800206PubMed |
[84] Callander D, Baker D, Chen M, Guy R. Including syphilis testing as part of standard HIV management checks and improved syphilis screening in primary care. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40 338–40.
| Including syphilis testing as part of standard HIV management checks and improved syphilis screening in primary care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23486501PubMed |
[85] Pantalone DW, Bimbi DS, Parsons JT. Motivations for the recreational use of erectile enhancing medications in urban gay and bisexual men. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84 458–62.
| Motivations for the recreational use of erectile enhancing medications in urban gay and bisexual men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjmtFCjug%3D%3D&md5=a2eb146799b7802266545fa58fc9bba7CAS | 19028947PubMed |
[86] Mansergh G, Flores S, Koblin B, Hudson S, McKirnan D, Colfax GN. Alcohol and drug use in the context of anal sex and other factors associated with sexually transmitted infections: results from a multi-city study of high-risk men who have sex with men in the USA. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84 509–11.
| Alcohol and drug use in the context of anal sex and other factors associated with sexually transmitted infections: results from a multi-city study of high-risk men who have sex with men in the USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjmsVeqtQ%3D%3D&md5=376dd535c5224895c1fe2797631a7174CAS | 19028957PubMed |
[87] Solomon MM, Mayer KH, Glidden DV, Liu AY, McMahan VM, Guanira JV, et al Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59 1020–6.
| Syphilis predicts HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men in a preexposure prophylaxis trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24928295PubMed |
