Register      Login
Sexual Health Sexual Health Society
Publishing on sexual health from the widest perspective
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > SH > SH13104
REVIEW
Contents Vol 11(2)

The key role of adherence for the effectiveness of antiretroviral-based prevention: state of the science and implications for the Asia-Pacific region

K. Rivet Amico
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

Center for Health Intervention and Prevention, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06296, USA. Email: rivetamico@comcast.net

Sexual Health 11(2) 155-165 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH13104
Submitted: 9 July 2013  Accepted: 10 September 2013   Published: 15 December 2013

Abstract

Remarkable advances have been made in the last few years in biomedical strategies to prevent onward transmission of HIV (treatment as prevention (TasP)) and prevent infection among at-risk populations through pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Numerous issues remain heavily debated, primarily concerning the feasibility of leveraging resources for both widespread access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for those living with HIV and access to effective prevention antiretrovirals (ARVs) among those at risk for infection. Even with consistent and wide-spread access to ARVs, the behavioural pathway from ARV access to successful rapid and durable suppression or reaching levels of PrEP adherence that confer high rates of protection is increasingly well recognised. For either ‘biobehavioural’ strategy to have maximal individual and community benefit, individuals accessing them must actually use them. In this review, the unique and overlapping factors influencing adherence to ART and PrEP are identified, with an emphasis on the behavioural, social and structural facilitators and barriers to TasP and PrEP success. The implications of the current research base and evidence generated specifically within the Asia-Pacific region are discussed.

Additional keywords: HIV, HIV-prevention, pre-exposure prophylaxis, treatment as prevention.


References

[1]  US Deparment of State (USDoS). The path to an AIDS free generation. Washington DC: USDoS; 2011. Available online at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/176770.htm [verified September 2013].

[2]  Celum C, Baeten JM, Hughes JP, Barnabas R, Liu A, Van Rooyen H, et al Integrated strategies for combination HIV prevention: principles and examples for men who have sex with men in the Americas and heterosexual African populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 S213–20.
| Integrated strategies for combination HIV prevention: principles and examples for men who have sex with men in the Americas and heterosexual African populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764638PubMed |

[3]  Mayer K, Gazzard B, Zuniga JM, Amico KR, Anderson J, Azad Y, et al Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: IAPAC consensus statement on treatment as prevention and preexposure prophylaxis. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 12 208–16.
| 23666450PubMed |

[4]  Amico KR. Adherence to preexposure chemoprophylaxis: the behavioral bridge from efficacy to effectiveness. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7 542–8.
| Adherence to preexposure chemoprophylaxis: the behavioral bridge from efficacy to effectiveness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22964887PubMed |

[5]  Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 493–505.
| Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVars7jF&md5=560e3d74f02174a6ddec3749d67d5bf8CAS | 21767103PubMed |

[6]  World Health Organisation (WHO). Programmatic update: antiretroviral treatment as prevention (TasP) of HIV and TB. Geneva: WHO; 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/programmatic_update_tasp/en/index.html [verified 8 November 2013]

[7]  Montaner JS, Lima VD, Barrios R, Yip B, Wood E, Kerr T, et al Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study. Lancet 2010; 376 532–9.
| Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20638713PubMed |

[8]  amFAR. About HIV and AIDS facts and statistics: the regional picture. New York: amFAR; 2013. Available online at: http://www.amfar.org/About-HIV-and-AIDS/Facts-and-Stats/Statistics--Worldwide/ [verified 8 November 2013 ]..

[9]  Sheth PM, Kovacs C, Kemal KS, Jones RB, Raboud JM, Pilon R, et al Persistent HIV RNA shedding in semen despite effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2009; 23 2050–4.
| Persistent HIV RNA shedding in semen despite effective antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFamtrnN&md5=ebc2b37f5d5d27b0fed2f00b535ff431CAS | 19710596PubMed |

[10]  Osborne BJ, Sheth PM, Yi TJ, Kovacs C, Benko E, Porte C, et al Impact of antiretroviral therapy duration and intensification on isolated shedding of HIV-1 RNA in semen. J Infect Dis 2013; 207 1226–34.
| Impact of antiretroviral therapy duration and intensification on isolated shedding of HIV-1 RNA in semen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXksF2ls7g%3D&md5=451da717e44006dcae4a82597288badbCAS | 23329849PubMed |

[11]  Sheth PM, Yi TJ, Kovacs C, Kemal KS, Jones RB, Osborne B, et al Mucosal correlates of isolated HIV semen shedding during effective antiretroviral therapy. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5 248–57.
| Mucosal correlates of isolated HIV semen shedding during effective antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XitVWnt7k%3D&md5=809df181935ec5905fff58526c6a2a58CAS | 22318494PubMed |

[12]  Altice FL, Friedland GH. The era of adherence to HIV therapy. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129 503–5.
| The era of adherence to HIV therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1czps1ynuw%3D%3D&md5=a12c5a98f127c931a51f433946a671d8CAS | 9735090PubMed |

[13]  Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergis EN, Squier C, et al Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133 21–30.
| Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czit1altA%3D%3D&md5=378870a604610fa28c58624fcf59c8ddCAS | 10877736PubMed |

[14]  Bangsberg DR, Moss AR, Deeks SG. Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53 696–9.
| Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjs1Wqsbc%3D&md5=142e21abdb3e8beb2f4e2f39df32bf68CAS | 15044425PubMed |

[15]  Williams A, Friedland G. Adherence, compliance, and HAART. AIDS Clin Care 1997; 9 51–4, 58.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3otFShsQ%3D%3D&md5=872babb753e1b18d546bd4f1daf8ecc1CAS | 11364415PubMed |

[16]  Ortego C, Huedo-Medina TB, Llorca J, Sevilla L, Santos P, Rodriguez E, et al Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2011; 15 1381–96.
| Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21468660PubMed |

[17]  Williams AB, Amico KR, Bova C, Womack JA. A proposal for quality standards for measuring medication adherence in research. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 284–97.
| A proposal for quality standards for measuring medication adherence in research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22407465PubMed |

[18]  Osterberg LG, Urquhart J, Blaschke TF. Understanding forgiveness: minding and mining the gaps between pharmacokinetics and therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88 457–9.
| Understanding forgiveness: minding and mining the gaps between pharmacokinetics and therapeutics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cfjslKhuw%3D%3D&md5=e847f603b933b8b704d06de6dce7e246CAS | 20856243PubMed |

[19]  Bae JW, Guyer W, Grimm K, Altice FL. Medication persistence in the treatment of HIV infection: a review of the literature and implications for future clinical care and research. AIDS 2011; 25 279–90.
| Medication persistence in the treatment of HIV infection: a review of the literature and implications for future clinical care and research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21239892PubMed |

[20]  Blaschke TF, Osterberg L, Vrijens B, Urquhart J. Adherence to medications: insights arising from studies on the unreliable link between prescribed and actual drug dosing histories. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 52 275–301.
| Adherence to medications: insights arising from studies on the unreliable link between prescribed and actual drug dosing histories.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjsV2nt7o%3D&md5=e158f8b6cb1f105f2f3e911e2b11ed59CAS | 21942628PubMed |

[21]  Ing EC, Bae JW, Maru DS, Altice FL. Medication persistence of HIV-infected drug users on directly administered antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 113–21.
| Medication persistence of HIV-infected drug users on directly administered antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22105340PubMed |

[22]  Mugavero MJ, Amico KR, Horn T, Thompson MA. The State of engagement in HIV care in the United States: from cascade to continuum to control. Clin Infect Dis 2013;
| The State of engagement in HIV care in the United States: from cascade to continuum to control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23921882PubMed |

[23]  Giordano TP, Gifford AL, White AC, Suarez-Almazor ME, Rabeneck L, Hartman C, et al Retention in care: a challenge to survival with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 1493–9.
| Retention in care: a challenge to survival with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17479948PubMed |

[24]  Park WB, Choe PG, Kim SH, Jo JH, Bang JH, Kim HB, et al One-year adherence to clinic visits after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a predictor of clinical progress in HIV patients. J Intern Med 2007; 261 268–75.
| One-year adherence to clinic visits after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a predictor of clinical progress in HIV patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s7gvVGjtA%3D%3D&md5=790447b395e2e2be79cb96d51c32b57cCAS | 17305649PubMed |

[25]  World Health Organization (WHO). Retention in HIV programmes: defining the challenges and identifying solutions. Meeting report . Geneva: WHO; 2013.Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/meetingreports/retention_programmes/en/ [verified 8 November 2013]

[26]  Amico K. Adherence to HIV treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis. In Kalichman S, editor. Biomedical advances in HIV prevention: social and behavioral perspectives . EL; 2013.

[27]  Munro S, Lewin S, Swart T, Volmink J. A review of health behaviour theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS? BMC Public Health 2007; 7 104
| A review of health behaviour theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17561997PubMed |

[28]  Fisher JD, Amico KR, Fisher WA, Harman JJ. The information-motivation-behavioral skills model of antiretroviral adherence and its applications. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2008; 5 193–203.
| The information-motivation-behavioral skills model of antiretroviral adherence and its applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18838059PubMed |

[29]  Fisher JD, Fisher WA, Amico KR, Harman JJ. An information–motivation–behavioral skills model of adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Health Psychol 2006; 25 462–73.
| An information–motivation–behavioral skills model of adherence to antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16846321PubMed |

[30]  Tarakeshwar N, Srikrishnan AK, Johnson S, Vasu C, Solomon S, Merson M, et al A social cognitive model of health for HIV-positive adults receiving care in India. AIDS Behav 2007; 11 491–504.
| A social cognitive model of health for HIV-positive adults receiving care in India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17028995PubMed |

[31]  Safren SA, Soroudi N. Coping with chronic illness: a cognitive-behavioral therapy approach for adherence and depression: therapist guide (treatments that work). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.

[32]  Musheke M, Bond V, Merten S. Individual and contextual factors influencing patient attrition from antiretroviral therapy care in an urban community of Lusaka, Zambia. J Int AIDS Soc 2012; 15 1–9.
| Individual and contextual factors influencing patient attrition from antiretroviral therapy care in an urban community of Lusaka, Zambia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22713354PubMed |

[33]  Poundstone KE, Strathdee SA, Celentano DD. The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 2004; 26 22–35.
| The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2czjt1Crtw%3D%3D&md5=84be1f053df72fd227c32651beb6fceaCAS | 15234945PubMed |

[34]  Johnson BT, Carey MP, Chaudoir SR, Reid AE. Sexual risk reduction for persons living with HIV: research synthesis of randomized controlled trials, 1993 to 2004. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41 642–50.
| Sexual risk reduction for persons living with HIV: research synthesis of randomized controlled trials, 1993 to 2004.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16652039PubMed |

[35]  Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health 2004; 94 361–6.
| Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14998794PubMed |

[36]  Simoni JM, Pearson CR, Pantalone DW, Marks G, Crepaz N. Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load. A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43 S23–35.
| Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load. A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17133201PubMed |

[37]  Simoni JM, Amico KR, Smith L, Nelson K. Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2010; 7 44–51.
| Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20425057PubMed |

[38]  Simoni JM, Amico KR, Pearson CR, Malow R. Strategies for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a review of the literature. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008; 10 515–21.
| Strategies for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a review of the literature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18945394PubMed |

[39]  Amico KR, Harman JJ, Johnson BT. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: a research synthesis of trials, 1996 to 2004. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41 285–97.
| Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: a research synthesis of trials, 1996 to 2004.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16540929PubMed |

[40]  Amico KR, Orrell C. Antiretroviral therapy adherence support: recommendations and future directions. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 12 128–37.
| 23334155PubMed |

[41]  Gross R, Bellamy SL, Chapman J, Han X, O’Duor J, Palmer SC, et al Managed problem solving for antiretroviral therapy adherence: a randomized trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173 300–6.
| 23358784PubMed |

[42]  Remien RH, Mellins CA, Robbins RN, Kelsey R, Rowe J, Warne P, et al Masivukeni: development of a multimedia based antiretroviral therapy adherence intervention for counselors and patients in South Africa. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 1979–91.
| Masivukeni: development of a multimedia based antiretroviral therapy adherence intervention for counselors and patients in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23468079PubMed |

[43]  Hersch RK, Cook RF, Billings DW, Kaplan S, Murray D, Safren S, et al Test of a web-based program to improve adherence to HIV medications. AIDS Behav 2013;
| Test of a web-based program to improve adherence to HIV medications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23760634PubMed |

[44]  Fisher JD, Amico KR, Fisher WA, Cornman DH, Shuper PA, Trayling C, et al Computer-based intervention in HIV clinical care setting improves antiretroviral adherence: the LifeWindows Project. AIDS Behav 2011; 15 1635–46.
| Computer-based intervention in HIV clinical care setting improves antiretroviral adherence: the LifeWindows Project.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21452051PubMed |

[45]  Simoni JM, Wiebe JS, Sauceda JA, Huh D, Sanchez G, Longoria V, et al A preliminary RCT of CBT-AD for adherence and depression among HIV-positive Latinos on the U.S.–Mexico border: the Nuevo Dia Study. AIDS Behav 2013;
| A preliminary RCT of CBT-AD for adherence and depression among HIV-positive Latinos on the U.S.–Mexico border: the Nuevo Dia Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24213215PubMed |

[46]  Shiu CS, Chen WT, Simoni J, Fredriksen-Goldsen K, Zhang F, Zhou H. The Chinese Life-Steps program: a cultural adaptation of a cognitive-behavioral intervention to enhance HIV medication adherence. Cognit Behav Pract 2013; 20 202–12.
| The Chinese Life-Steps program: a cultural adaptation of a cognitive-behavioral intervention to enhance HIV medication adherence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[47]  Safren SA, Otto MW, Worth JL, Salomon E, Johnson W, Mayer K, et al Two strategies to increase adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication: life-steps and medication monitoring. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39 1151–62.
| Two strategies to increase adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication: life-steps and medication monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrjtlCjtg%3D%3D&md5=dad1b463430ef0d2553b8387f43e4458CAS | 11579986PubMed |

[48]  Safren SA, O’Cleirigh C, Tan JY, Raminani SR, Reilly LC, Otto MW, et al A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals. Health Psychol 2009; 28 1–10.
| A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19210012PubMed |

[49]  Daughters SB, Magidson JF, Schuster RM, Safren SA. ACT HEALTHY: a combined cognitive-behavioral depression and medication adherence treatment for HIV-infected substance users. Cognit Behav Pract 2010; 17 309–21.
| ACT HEALTHY: a combined cognitive-behavioral depression and medication adherence treatment for HIV-infected substance users.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[50]  Topp SM, Chipukuma JM, Giganti M, Mwango LK, Chiko LM, Tambatamba-Chapula B, et al Strengthening health systems at facility-level: feasibility of integrating antiretroviral therapy into primary health care services in Lusaka, Zambia. PLoS ONE 2010; 5 e11522
| Strengthening health systems at facility-level: feasibility of integrating antiretroviral therapy into primary health care services in Lusaka, Zambia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20644629PubMed |

[51]  Thompson MA, Mugavero MJ, Amico KR, Cargill VA, Chang LW, Gross R, et al Guidelines for improving entry into and retention in care and antiretroviral adherence for persons with HIV: evidence-based recommendations from an International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care panel. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156 817–833.
| 22393036PubMed |

[52]  Palar K, Martin A, Oropeza Camacho ML, Derose KP. Livelihood experiences and adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy among participants in a food assistance pilot in Bolivia: a qualitative study. PLoS ONE 2013; 8 e61935
| Livelihood experiences and adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy among participants in a food assistance pilot in Bolivia: a qualitative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmvVCrurw%3D&md5=568367ba828099e7a75561e51f9a059cCAS | 23613976PubMed |

[53]  Van Tam V, Pharris A, Thorson A, Alfven T, Larsson M. “It is not that I forget, it’s just that I don’t want other people to know”: barriers to and strategies for adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV patients in Northern Vietnam. AIDS Care 2011; 23 139–45.
| “It is not that I forget, it’s just that I don’t want other people to know”: barriers to and strategies for adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV patients in Northern Vietnam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21259125PubMed |

[54]  Remien RH, Stirratt MJ, Dolezal C, Dognin JS, Wagner GJ, Carballo-Dieguez A, et al Couple-focused support to improve HIV medication adherence: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS 2005; 19 807–14.
| Couple-focused support to improve HIV medication adherence: a randomized controlled trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15867495PubMed |

[55]  El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Wu E, Witte SS, Chang M, Hill J, et al Couple-based HIV prevention for low-income drug users from New York City: a randomized controlled trial to reduce dual risks. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 58 198–206.
| Couple-based HIV prevention for low-income drug users from New York City: a randomized controlled trial to reduce dual risks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21725249PubMed |

[56]  Bhagwanjee A, Govender K, Reardon C, Johnstone L, George G, Gordon S. Gendered constructions of the impact of HIV and AIDS in the context of the HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual relationship. J Int AIDS Soc 2013; 16 18 021
| Gendered constructions of the impact of HIV and AIDS in the context of the HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual relationship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[57]  El-Sadr WM. HPTN065 TLC-Plus: a study to evaluate the feasibility of an enhanced test, link to care, plus treat approach for HIV prevention in the United States (Protocol v2.0). 2010. Available at: http://www.hptn.org/web%20documents/HPTN065/065Protocol_V2_15Jul10.pdf [verified 8 November 2013]

[58]  Fisher JD, Smith L. Secondary prevention of HIV infection: the current state of prevention for positives. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009; 4 279–87.
| Secondary prevention of HIV infection: the current state of prevention for positives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19532065PubMed |

[59]  Fibriani A, Wisaksana R, Indrati A, Hartantri Y, van de Vijver D, Schutten M, et al Virological failure and drug resistance during first line anti-retroviral treatment in Indonesia. J Med Virol 2013; 85 1394–401.
| Virological failure and drug resistance during first line anti-retroviral treatment in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpslCiurs%3D&md5=20e825cad9c114478f310c5c63344d05CAS | 23722251PubMed |

[60]  Fu TC, Westergaard RP, Lau B, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Mehta SH, et al Changes in sexual and drug-related risk behavior following antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS 2012; 26 2383–91.
| Changes in sexual and drug-related risk behavior following antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-infected injection drug users.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs12is7zI&md5=c578c659095089aec9e43a5623734bd7CAS | 23079804PubMed |

[61]  Sorensen JL, Haug NA, Larios S, Gruber VA, Tulsky J, Powelson E, et al Directly administered antiretroviral therapy: pilot study of a structural intervention in methadone maintenance. J Subst Abuse Treat 2012; 43 418–23.
| Directly administered antiretroviral therapy: pilot study of a structural intervention in methadone maintenance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23007110PubMed |

[62]  Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 399–410.
| Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlSltrbK&md5=a4f2585e592d6d40e1bdccda0bb5f4e4CAS | 22784037PubMed |

[63]  Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 2587–99.
| Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXit1ansg%3D%3D&md5=b39a906c7240d79fdbeaf237f111f195CAS | 21091279PubMed |

[64]  Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, Segolodi TM, et al Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 423–34.
| Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlSltrbE&md5=e81eb217c313fb5faddc4a243f3929efCAS | 22784038PubMed |

[65]  Abraham BK, Gulick R. Next-generation oral preexposure prophylaxis: beyond tenofovir. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7 600–6.
| Next-generation oral preexposure prophylaxis: beyond tenofovir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23032733PubMed |

[66]  Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, Grobler AC, Baxter C, Mansoor LE, et al Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science 2010; 329 1168–74.
| Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtV2hsr%2FI&md5=edf775f75d124742a563d00fadc0976bCAS | 20643915PubMed |

[67]  Karim QA, Baxter C, Karim SA. Topical microbicides – what’s new? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 S144–9.
| Topical microbicides – what’s new?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764627PubMed |

[68]  Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, Agot K, Lombaard J, Kapiga S, et al Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 411–22.
| Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlSltrbL&md5=df1d56a010cad19fa9e2e66f54ccdc00CAS | 22784040PubMed |

[69]  Marrazzo J, Ramjee G, Nair G, Palanee T, Mkhize B, Nakabiito C, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in women: daily oral tenofovir, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine, or vaginal tenofovir gel in the VOICE Study (MTN 003). 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, March 3–6, 2013; Atlanta, Georgia, USA;.

[70]  Amico KR, Liu A, McMahan V, Anderson PL, Lama JR, Guanira J, et al. Adherence indicators and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drug levels in the iPrEx Study. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), February 22–March 2, 2011; Boston, US.

[71]  Anderson PL, Lama J, Buchbinder S, Guanira J, Montoya O, Casapia M, et al. Interpreting detection rates of intracellular emtricitabine-triphosphate (FTC-TP) and tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in the iPrEx trial. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections , February 22–March 2 2011; Boston, US.

[72]  Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, et al Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2013; 381 2083–90.
| Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23769234PubMed |

[73]  Thompson CG, Cohen MS, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral pharmacology in mucosal tissues. JAIDS 2013; 63 S240–S247.
| Antiretroviral pharmacology in mucosal tissues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764642PubMed |

[74]  Hendrix C. Clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention: Implications for PrEP efficacy and adherence. 8th Annual HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence Conference of the International Association of Providers in AIDS Care, June 2–4 2013; Miami, Florida, USA.

[75]  Anderson PL, Glidden DV, Liu A, Buchbinder S, Lama JR, Guanira JV, et al Emtricitabine–tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4 151ra125
| 22972843PubMed |

[76]  Spire B, Aboulker JP, Le Gall JM. Pre-exposure prophylaxis in France: IPERGAY. TasP PrEP evidence summit 2012 (International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care and British HIV Association), June 11–12 2012; London, UK.

[77]  HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) HPTN 067: the ADAPT study: a phase II, randomized, open-label, pharmacokinetic and behavioral study of the use of intermittent oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Baltimore: HPTN; 2012. Available online at: http://www.hptn.org/web%20documents/HPTN067/Protocol/067ProtocolV5_10Jun2013.pdf [verified September 2013].

[78]  van der Straten A, Van Damme L, Haberer JE, Bangsberg DR. Unraveling the divergent results of pre-exposure prophylaxis trials for HIV prevention. AIDS 2012; 26 F13–9.
| Unraveling the divergent results of pre-exposure prophylaxis trials for HIV prevention.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xls1Sluro%3D&md5=6d9d7920d46eeaba103c5637ab534ccaCAS | 22333749PubMed |

[79]  Grant R, Amico KR, Mosquera C, Montoya O, Buchbinder S, Veloso V, et al. iPrEx Study Team Drug detection during open-label extension of the iPrEx trial indicates sustained and appropriate interest in PrEP among men who have sex with men. 7th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, June 30–July 3 2013; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

[80]  Baeten JM, Haberer JE, Liu AY, Sista N. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: where have we been and where are we going? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 S122–9.
| Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: where have we been and where are we going?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764623PubMed |

[81]  Marcus JL, Amico KR, Fuchs J, Horvath T, Grant R, Buchbinder S, et al. Potential interventions to support adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review. 7th Annual HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence Conference of the International Association of Providers in AIDS Care, June 3–5 2012; Miami, Florida.

[82]  Centers for Disease Control. Interim guidance: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60 65–8.
| 21270743PubMed |

[83]  Centers for Disease Control. Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61 586–9.
| 22874836PubMed |

[84]  Amico KR, Marcus JL, McMahan V, Goicochea P, Vargas L, Grant R, et al. Correlates of study product use among US participants in the iPrEx randomized controlled trial of daily oral reexposure prophylaxis. International AIDS Conference, July 22–27 2012; Washington, DCg.

[85]  Haberer J. Near perfect early adherence to antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV infection among HIV-serodiscordant couples as determined by multiple measures: preliminary data from the Partners PrEP study. 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 22–March 22011; Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

[86]  Ware NC, Wyatt MA, Haberer JE, Baeten JM, Kintu A, Psaros C, et al What’s love got to do with it? Explaining adherence to oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-serodiscordant couples. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 59 463–8.
| What’s love got to do with it? Explaining adherence to oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-serodiscordant couples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjvVSksrk%3D&md5=4f52f2d6d7540945d72677b342dfffddCAS | 22267018PubMed |

[87]  Adimora AA, Ramirez C, Auerbach JD, Aral SO, Hodder S, Wingood G, et al Preventing HIV infection in women. JAIDS 2013; 63 S168–S173.
| Preventing HIV infection in women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764631PubMed |

[88]  Mayer KH, Wheeler DP, Bekker L-G, Grinsztejn B, Remien RH, Sandfort TGM, et al Overcoming biological, behavioral, and structural vulnerabilities: new directions in research to decrease HIV transmission in men who have sex with men. JAIDS 2013; 63 S161–S167.
| Overcoming biological, behavioral, and structural vulnerabilities: new directions in research to decrease HIV transmission in men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764630PubMed |

[89]  Amico K. A situated-information motivation behavioral skills model of care initiation and maintenance (sIMB-CIM): an IMB model based approach to understanding and intervening in engagement in care for chronic medical conditions. J Health Psychol 2011; 16 1071–81.
| A situated-information motivation behavioral skills model of care initiation and maintenance (sIMB-CIM): an IMB model based approach to understanding and intervening in engagement in care for chronic medical conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[90]  Amico KR, McMahan V, Goicochea P, Vargas L, Marcus JL, Grant RM, et al Supporting study product use and accuracy in self-report in the iPrEx study: next step counseling and neutral assessment. AIDS Behav 2012; 16 1243–59.
| Supporting study product use and accuracy in self-report in the iPrEx study: next step counseling and neutral assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[91]  Psaros C. Evaluation and process outcomes from an adherence intervention to support HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence in HIV-serodiscordant couples in Uganda. 7th Annual HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence Conference of the International Association of Providers in AIDS Care, June 3-5 2012; Miami, Florida.

[92]  Patrick H, Williams GC. Self-determination theory: its application to health behavior and complementarity with motivational interviewing. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9 18
| Self-determination theory: its application to health behavior and complementarity with motivational interviewing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22385676PubMed |

[93]  Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol 2000; 55 68–78.
| Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzhvVKiug%3D%3D&md5=e57c769319bc2cd0ccb5813bb56754a1CAS | 11392867PubMed |

[94]  Koblin BA, Andrasik M, Austin J. Preparing for the unexpected: the pivotal role of social and behavioral sciences in trials of biomedical HIV prevention interventions. JAIDS 2013; 63 S183–S186.
| Preparing for the unexpected: the pivotal role of social and behavioral sciences in trials of biomedical HIV prevention interventions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764634PubMed |

[95]  Pettifor A, Bekker L-G, Hosek S, DiClemente R, Rosenberg M, Bull SS, et al Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the future. JAIDS 2013; 63 S155–S160.
| Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764629PubMed |

[96]  Coates TJ. An expanded behavioral paradigm for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. JAIDS 2013 ; 63 S179–S182.
| An expanded behavioral paradigm for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764633PubMed |

[97]  Rollnick WM S, CC Butler. Motivational interviewing in health care: helping patients change behavior (applications of motivational interviewing). New York: Guilford Press; 2008.

[98]  Amico KR, Mansoor LE, Corneli A, Torjesen K, van der Straten A. Adherence support approaches in biomedical HIV prevention trials: experiences, insights and future directions from four multisite prevention trials. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 2143–2155.
| Adherence support approaches in biomedical HIV prevention trials: experiences, insights and future directions from four multisite prevention trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23435697PubMed |

[99]  Amico KR, Marcus J, Goicochea P, Vargas L, Grant R, Liu A. Integrated next step counseling (iNSC): a discussion based sexual health promotion conversation to support men who have sex with men using PrEP in the iPrEx open label extension. 7th Annual HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence Conference of the International Association of Providers in AIDS Care, June 3–52012; Miami, Florida.

[100]  Liu AS, K, Lester R, Amico KR, McMahan V, Goicochea P, Vargas L, et al. Developing and implementing a mobile health (mHealth) adherence support system for HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): the iText Study. 8th Annual HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence Conference of the International Association of Providers in AIDS Care, June 2–4 2013; Miami, Florida.

[101]  Lester RT, Ritvo P, Mills EJ, Kariri A, Karanja S, Chung MH, et al Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376 1838–45.
| Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21071074PubMed |

[102]  Wheeler DF, SD. HPTN 073: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) initiation and adherence among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in three US cities. Protovol v 1.0. 2013. Available at: http://www.hptn.org/web%20documents/HPTN073/073V121Feb2013.pdf [verified 8 November 2013]

[103]  El-Sadr WM, Serwadda DM, Sista N, Cohen MS. HIV prevention: great achievements, more challenges ahead. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 S115–6.
| HIV prevention: great achievements, more challenges ahead.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764621PubMed |

[104]  Shoptaw S, Montgomery B, Williams CT, El-Bassel N, Aramrattana A, Metsch L, et al Not just the needle: the state of HIV-prevention science among substance users and future directions. JAIDS 2013; 63 S174–S178.
| Not just the needle: the state of HIV-prevention science among substance users and future directions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764632PubMed |