Factors associated with sexual arousal, sexual sensation seeking and sexual satisfaction among female African American adolescents
Jessica M. Sales A B C H , Erica L. Smearman A D , Gene H. Brody A B C , Robin Milhausen E F , Robert A. Philibert C G and Ralph J. DiClemente A B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Behavioural Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
B Social & Behavioural Sciences Core, Emory University Center for AIDS Research, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
C Center for Contextual Genetics and Prevention Science, Athens, GA 30602-4257, USA.
D Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
E Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
F The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
G Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
H Corresponding author. Email: jmcderm@emory.edu
Sexual Health 10(6) 512-521 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH13005
Submitted: 8 January 2013 Accepted: 7 August 2013 Published: 11 October 2013
Abstract
Background: Sexuality-related constructs, such as sexual arousal, sexual sensation seeking (SSS) and sexual satisfaction, have been related to sexual behaviours that place one at risk of adverse consequences, such as sexually transmissible infections, HIV and unintended pregnancy. The biopsychosocial model posits an array of factors, ranging from social environmental factors to biological and psychological predispositions, that may be associated with these sexuality constructs in adolescents. Methods: Female African Americans aged 14–20 years were recruited from reproductive health clinics for an HIV intervention. Baseline survey and follow-up DNA data (n = 304) were used to assess biological, psychological and social environmental associations with the sexuality constructs of arousal, SSS and sexual satisfaction. Results: Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that a higher depressive symptom rating was associated with higher arousability, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower arousability. Impulsivity and perceived peer norms supportive of unsafe sexual behaviours were associated with increased SSS, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower SSS. Higher social support was associated with higher levels of sexual satisfaction, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower satisfaction. The sexuality constructs were also significantly related to the number of sex partners, the frequency of vaginal sex and the number of unprotected vaginal sex acts in the past 6 months. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the importance of understanding biopsychosocial factors, including the role of serotonin as an indicator of natural variations in sexual inclination and behaviours, that influence sexuality constructs, which, in turn, are associated with sexual behaviours, to allow further refinement of sexual health clinical services and programs and promote the development of healthy sexuality.
Additional keywords: Depression, impulsivity, peer norms, serotonin genetics, sexual behaviors, sexual health, social support.
References
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV surveillance report, 2009; vol. 21. Altanta: CDC; 2011. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ [verified 30 November 2011].[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2009. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS among adolescents and young adults in the United States and 5 US dependent areas, 2006–2009. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report, vol. 17, no. 2. Altanta: CDC; 2012. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/ resources/reports/ [verified 30 August 2013].
[4] Williams PB, Ekundayo O, Udezulu IE, Omishakin AM. An ethnically sensitive and gender-specific HIV/AIDS assessment of African-American women: a comparative study of urban and rural American communities. Fam Community Health 2003; 26 108–23.
| An ethnically sensitive and gender-specific HIV/AIDS assessment of African-American women: a comparative study of urban and rural American communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12802116PubMed |
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A heightened national response to the HIV/AIDS crisis among African Americans. Altanta: CDC; 2007. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/reports/pdf/heightenedresponse.pdf [verified 7 August 2012].
[6] Sales JM, Irwin CE, Jr. Theories of adolescent risk-taking: A biopsychosocial model. In DiClemente R, Crosby R, editors. Adolescent health: understanding and preventing risk behaviors and adverse health outcomes. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2009. pp. 31–50.
[7] Kotchick BA, Shaffer A, Forehand R, Miller KS. Adolescent sexual risk behavior: a multi-system perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21 493–519.
| Adolescent sexual risk behavior: a multi-system perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzltVGrtA%3D%3D&md5=e7d72eb2d63ed6408410b7815e910432CAS | 11413865PubMed |
[8] Dixon-Mueller R. The sexuality connection in reproductive health. Stud Fam Plann 1993; 24 269–82.
| The sexuality connection in reproductive health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7is1ymsQ%3D%3D&md5=af517592676fd04d5b67f0bee5225fe0CAS | 8296329PubMed |
[9] Philpott A, Knerr W, Maher D. Promoting protection and pleasure. Amplifying the effectiveness of barriers against sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. Lancet 2006; 368 2028–31.
| Promoting protection and pleasure. Amplifying the effectiveness of barriers against sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17141710PubMed |
[10] Higgins JA, Hirsch JS. The pleasure deficit: revisiting the ‘sexuality connection’ in reproductive health. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2007; 39 240–7.
| The pleasure deficit: revisiting the ‘sexuality connection’ in reproductive health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18093041PubMed |
[11] Bancroft J. Individual differences in sexual risk-taking. A biopsychological theoretical approach. In Bancroft J, editor. The role of theory in sex research. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2000. pp. 177–209.
[12] Bancroft J, Janssen E. The dual control model of male sexual response: a theoretical approach to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24 571–9.
| The dual control model of male sexual response: a theoretical approach to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvit1ahsA%3D%3D&md5=24e0f813ec7e6176b58250a77924fcedCAS | 10880822PubMed |
[13] Bancroft J, Graham CA, Janssen E, Sanders SA. The dual control model: current status and future directions. J Sex Res 2009; 46 121–42.
| The dual control model: current status and future directions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19308839PubMed |
[14] Turchik JA, Garske JP, Probst DR, Irvin CR. Personality, sexuality, and substance use as predictors of sexual risk taking in college students. J Sex Res 2010; 47 411–19.
| Personality, sexuality, and substance use as predictors of sexual risk taking in college students.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19711220PubMed |
[15] Gutiérrez-Martínez O, Bermúdez MP, Teva I, Buela-Casal G. Sexual sensation seeking and worry about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among Spanish adolescents. Psicothema 2007; 19 661–6.
| 17959123PubMed |
[16] Spitalnick JS, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Crosby RA, Milhausen RR, Sales JM, et al Brief report: sexual sensation seeking and its relationship to risky sexual behaviour among African-American adolescent females. J Adolesc 2007; 30 165–73.
| Brief report: sexual sensation seeking and its relationship to risky sexual behaviour among African-American adolescent females.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17140653PubMed |
[17] Impett EA, Tolman DL. Late adolescent girls’ sexual experiences and sexual satisfaction. J Adolesc Res 2006; 21 628–646.
| Late adolescent girls’ sexual experiences and sexual satisfaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[18] World Health Organisation (WHO). Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28–31 January 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
[19] Brotto LA, Heiman JR, Tolman DL. Narratives of desire in mid-age women with and without arousal difficulties. J Sex Res 2009; 46 387–98.
| Narratives of desire in mid-age women with and without arousal difficulties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19291528PubMed |
[20] Graham CA, Sanders SA, Milhausen R, McBride K. Turning on and turning off: a focus group study of the factors that affect women’s sexual arousal. Arch Sex Behav 2004; 33 527–38.
| Turning on and turning off: a focus group study of the factors that affect women’s sexual arousal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15483367PubMed |
[21] McCabe MP, Goldhammer DL. Demographic and psychological factors related to sexual desire among heterosexual women in a relationship. J Sex Res 2012; 49 78–87.
| Demographic and psychological factors related to sexual desire among heterosexual women in a relationship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21534027PubMed |
[22] McCall K, Meston C. Cues resulting in desire for sexual activity in women. J Sex Med 2006; 3 838–52.
| Cues resulting in desire for sexual activity in women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16942529PubMed |
[23] Argiolas A, Melis MR. The neurophysiology of the sexual cycle. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26 20–22.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szgsFylsg%3D%3D&md5=ea338562c803d0d882f286a111ecc340CAS | 12834016PubMed |
[24] Hull EM, Muschamp JW, Sato S. Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior. Physiol Behav 2004; 83 291–307.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1CjsLk%3D&md5=aa287b2c2a48f6d85a2a202f10522d8eCAS | 15488546PubMed |
[25] Hull EM. Sex, drugs and gluttony: how the brain controls motivated behaviors. Physiol Behav 2011; 104 173–177.
| Sex, drugs and gluttony: how the brain controls motivated behaviors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXntFSrurk%3D&md5=e129d8511de818386c69818d8f8c7a7fCAS | 21554895PubMed |
[26] Olivier B, Chan JS, Snoeren EM, Olivier JD, Veening JG, Vinkers CH, et al Differences in sexual behaviour in male and female rodents: role of serotonin. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 8 15–36.
| Differences in sexual behaviour in male and female rodents: role of serotonin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvValtLzM&md5=dfda6d348fc894082f7b329ada53cca1CAS | 21374021PubMed |
[27] Snoeren EM, Chan JS, de Jong TR, Waldinger MD, Olivier B, Oosting RS. A new female rat animal model for hypoactive sexual desire disorder; behavioral and pharmacological evidence. J Sex Med 2011; 8 44–56.
| A new female rat animal model for hypoactive sexual desire disorder; behavioral and pharmacological evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisFajuro%3D&md5=424262e3080c50a500bd40dc51e42b46CAS | 20807327PubMed |
[28] Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Motivation and reward. In Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Robers SC, editors. Fundamental neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999. pp. 1246–1260.
[29] Rampin O, Jerome N, Suaudeau C. Proerectile effects of apomorphine in mice. Life Sci 2003; 72 2329–36.
| Proerectile effects of apomorphine in mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhvFajsb4%3D&md5=e306fb6cb944132c13076ead1a9960deCAS | 12639699PubMed |
[30] Garcia JR, MacKillop J, Aller EL, Merriwether AM, Wilson DS, Lum JK. Associations between dopamine D4 receptor gene variation with both infidelity and sexual promiscuity. PLoS One 2010; 5 e14162
| Associations between dopamine D4 receptor gene variation with both infidelity and sexual promiscuity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFelurfO&md5=6007235241dc2461b08927fb0af306b7CAS | 21152404PubMed |
[31] Ben Zion IZ, Tessler R, Cohen L, Lerer E, Raz Y, Bachner-Melman R, et al Polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) contribute to individual differences in human sexual behavior: desire, arousal and sexual function. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11 782–6.
| Polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) contribute to individual differences in human sexual behavior: desire, arousal and sexual function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnt1yqtLw%3D&md5=239b0cdc45c9676d735f3150215486f9CAS | 16619053PubMed |
[32] Miller WB, Pasta DJ, MacMurray J, Chiu C, Wu H, Comings DE. Dopamine receptor genes are associated with age at first sexual intercourse. J Biosoc Sci 1999; 31 43–54.
| Dopamine receptor genes are associated with age at first sexual intercourse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7otFSktQ%3D%3D&md5=d7488b27f0c20470e156a1d76522d6a8CAS | 10081236PubMed |
[33] Melis MR, Argiolas A. Dopamine and sexual behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1995; 19 19–38.
| Dopamine and sexual behavior.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXktl2jsrw%3D&md5=6ef2621d2e992abade6e01457901ef43CAS | 7770195PubMed |
[34] Guo G, Tong Y. Age at first sexual intercourse, genes, and social context: evidence from twins and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Demography 2006; 43 747–69.
| Age at first sexual intercourse, genes, and social context: evidence from twins and the dopamine D4 receptor gene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17236545PubMed |
[35] Halpern CT, Kaestle CE, Guo G, Hallfors DD. Gene–environment contributions to young adult sexual artnering. Arch Sex Behav 2007; 36 543–54.
| Gene–environment contributions to young adult sexual artnering.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17186131PubMed |
[36] Guo G, Tong Y, Xie C-W, Lange LA. Dopamine transporter, gender, and number of sexual partners among young adults. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15 279–87.
| Dopamine transporter, gender, and number of sexual partners among young adults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhvF2is78%3D&md5=11226fa8906b37d4f50e75b1fbf1d142CAS | 17245411PubMed |
[37] Van Tol HH, Wu CM, Guan HC, Ohara K, Bunzow JR, Civelli O, et al Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature 1992; 358 149–52.
| Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXisVyitLs%3D&md5=237e4b0b52f259ce40d6421783178423CAS | 1319557PubMed |
[38] Asghari V, Sanyal S, Buchwaldt S, Paterson A, Jovanovic V, Van Tol HH. Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants. J Neurochem 1995; 65 1157–65.
| Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXns1eju7k%3D&md5=eea0b95ff7d11c9a36ef40a993c13c99CAS | 7643093PubMed |
[39] Wang E, Ding YC, Flodman P, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Grady DL, et al The genetic architecture of selection at the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene locus. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74 931–44.
| The genetic architecture of selection at the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene locus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvVeisLw%3D&md5=4615a991379bbbf14986eba180e63075CAS | 15077199PubMed |
[40] Forbes EE, Brown SM, Kimak M, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB, Hariri AR. Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14 60–70.
| Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFWku73K&md5=b2201c6a9b9acd85da583504ee10ccb2CAS | 17893706PubMed |
[41] Chen CS, Burton M, Greenberger E, Dmitrieva J. Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evol Hum Behav 1999; 20 309–24.
| Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[42] Ding Y, Chi H, Grady DL, Morishima A, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, et al Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99 309–14.
| Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Cmug%3D%3D&md5=f8d61542408caa7825c4e7b01ea68ab7CAS | 11756666PubMed |
[43] Harpending H, Cochran G. In our genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99 10–12.
| In our genes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Cjtw%3D%3D&md5=03960fbb19c8dc9e850eb46ab46af416CAS | 11782544PubMed |
[44] Congdon E, Lesch KP, Canli T. Analysis of DRD4 and DAT polymorphisms and behavioral inhibition in healthy adults: implication for impulsivity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B 27–32.
| Analysis of DRD4 and DAT polymorphisms and behavioral inhibition in healthy adults: implication for impulsivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1arurw%3D&md5=09f48f821993f1ddafeda9186d347958CAS | 17525955PubMed |
[45] Eisenberg DT, Campbell B, MacKillop J, Modi M, Dang D, Lum JK, et al Polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 and D2 receptor genes and reproductive and sexual behaviors. Evol Psychol 2007; 5 696–715.
[46] Luciano M, Zhu G, Kirk KM, Whitfield JB, Butler R, Heath AC, et al Effects of dopamine receptor D4 variation on alcohol and tobacco use and on novelty seeking: multivariate linkage and association analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 124B 113–23.
| Effects of dopamine receptor D4 variation on alcohol and tobacco use and on novelty seeking: multivariate linkage and association analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14681925PubMed |
[47] Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, et al Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274 1527–31.
| Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xnt1ansL8%3D&md5=45d976f719de356a2fd91fda5e8a4524CAS | 8929413PubMed |
[48] Snoeren EM, Chan JS, de Jong TR, Waldinger MD, Olivier B, Oosting RS. A new female rat animal model for hypoactive sexual desire disorder; behavioral and pharmacological evidence. J Sex Med 2011; 8 44–56.
| A new female rat animal model for hypoactive sexual desire disorder; behavioral and pharmacological evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisFajuro%3D&md5=424262e3080c50a500bd40dc51e42b46CAS | 20807327PubMed |
[49] Cascade E, Kalali AH, Kennedy SH. Real-world data on SSRI antidepressant side effects. Psychiatry 2009; 6 16–18.
| 19724743PubMed |
[50] Zemishlany Z, Weizman A. The impact of mental illness on sexual dysfunction. Adv Psychosom Med 2008; 29 89–106.
| The impact of mental illness on sexual dysfunction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18391559PubMed |
[51] Clayton AH, Pradko JF, Croft HA, Montano CB, Leadbetter RA, Bolden-Watson C, et al Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 357–66.
| Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12000211PubMed |
[52] Montejo AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 10–21.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitV2ru70%3D&md5=859f340533b7bb3d1263f651bc88046eCAS | 11229449PubMed |
[53] Bishop JR, Vicki EL, Akroush M, Moline J. The association of serotonin transporter genotypes and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) associated sexual side effects: a possible relationship to oral contraceptives. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2009; 24 207–15.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVarsrY%3D&md5=cc31f05a48a9f12780f4b8b2d370f502CAS |
[54] Kogan SM, Beach SR, Philibert RA, Brody GH, Chen YF, Lei MK. 5-HTTLPR status moderates the effect of early adolescent substance use on risky sexual behavior. Health Psychol 2010; 29 471–6.
| 5-HTTLPR status moderates the effect of early adolescent substance use on risky sexual behavior.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20836601PubMed |
[55] Frohlich PF, Meston CM. Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms. Physiol Behav 2000; 71 383–93.
| Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisVajtg%3D%3D&md5=33566d84f0ec0fe6ff892c41deba0675CAS | 11150571PubMed |
[56] Bradley SL, Dodelzon K, Sandhu HK, Philibert RA. Relationship of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and haplotypes to mRNA transcription. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 136B 58–61.
| Relationship of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and haplotypes to mRNA transcription.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15858822PubMed |
[57] Beach SRH, Brody GH, Lei M, Philibert RA. Differential susceptibility to parenting among African American youths: testing the DRD4 hypothesis. J Fam Psychol 2010; 24 513–21.
| Differential susceptibility to parenting among African American youths: testing the DRD4 hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[58] Whisman MA, Richardson ED, Smolen A. Behavioral inhibition and triallelic coding of the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism. J Res Pers 2011; 45 706–9.
| Behavioral inhibition and triallelic coding of the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[59] Milhausen RR, Graham CA, Sanders SA, Yarber WL, Maitland SB. Validation of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibiition Inventory for women and men. Arch Sex Behav 2010; 39 1091–104.
| Validation of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibiition Inventory for women and men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19859799PubMed |
[60] DiClemente R, Milhausen RR, Salazar LF, Spitalnick J, Sales JM, Crosby RA, et al Development of the Sexual Sensation-Seeking Scale for African American Adolescent women. Int J Sex Health 2010; 22 248–61.
| Development of the Sexual Sensation-Seeking Scale for African American Adolescent women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[61] Zimmerman R, Donohew L. 1996. Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and adolescent sexual behaviors. Proceedings of the American Public Health Association; November 17–21 1996, New York.
[62] Leeb RT, Paulozzi LJ, Melanson C, Simon TR, Arias I. Child maltreatment surveillance: uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, editor. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/CM_Surveillance-a.pdf [verified 7 September 2013].
[63] Melchior LA, Huba GJ, Brown VB, Reback CJ. A short depression index for women. Educ Psychol Meas 1993; 53 1117–25.
| A short depression index for women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[64] Radloff LS. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth Adolesc 1991; 20 149–66.
| The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[65] Zimet G, Dahlem N, Zimet S, Farley GK, et al The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess 1988; 52 30–41.
| The multidimensional scale of perceived social support.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[66] Stanton B, Black M, Feigelman S, Ricardo I. Development of a culturally, theoretically and developmentally based survey instrument for assessing risk behaviors among African-American early adolescents living in urban low-income neighborhoods. AIDS Educ Prev 1995; 7 160–77.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzksV2jtQ%3D%3D&md5=e247d74d7237937211dc0bc4670a5b66CAS | 7619645PubMed |
[67] Gregorian RS, Golden KA, Bahce A, Goodman C, Kwong WJ, Khan ZM. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36 1577–89.
| Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Whtbw%3D&md5=4f2a822ea743734416623dd89733e374CAS | 12243609PubMed |
[68] Kennedy SH, Eisfeld BS, Dickens SE, Bacchiochi JR, Bagby RM. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction during treatment with moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 276–81.
| Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction during treatment with moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjslKgtrk%3D&md5=7cfce2734278ad658081ffb63ff54cbdCAS | 10830148PubMed |
[69] World Health Organisation. Adolescent development. 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/dev/en/ [Verified 7 September 2013]
[70] Sales JM, Spitalnick J, Crittenden CP, DiClemente RJ. Depression and sexual risk-taking in adolescents. In: Passero L, Sgariglia C, editors. Sexual Risk Behaviors. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2010. pp. 81–94.
[71] Fine M. Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: the missing discourse of desire. Harv Educ Rev 1988; 58 29–53.
[72] Tolman DL. Feminitiy as a barrier to positive sexual health for adolescent girls. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1999; 54 133–8.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzntVGjtQ%3D%3D&md5=08fd44c54cee9a298b7ab2c084cd5e15CAS | 10441919PubMed |
[73] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A public health approach for advancing sexual health in the United States: rationale and options for implementation, Meeting report of an external consultation. Atlanta: CDC; 2010.
