Prevention and control of sexually transmissible infections among hotel-based female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Duncan F. McCormick A , Motiur Rahman B , Sabrina Zadrozny C , Anadil Alam D , Lutfa Ashraf E , Graham A. Neilsen E , Robert Kelly E , Prema Menezes A , William C. Miller A A and Irving F. Hoffman A FA University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
B Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
C University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA.
D Center for Reproductive Health, International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
E FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 27711, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: hoffmani@med.unc.edu
Sexual Health 10(6) 478-486 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH12165
Submitted: 5 October 2012 Accepted: 16 July 2013 Published: 11 October 2013
Abstract
Background: Hotel-based sex workers in Bangladesh have high rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs), high client turnover and low condom use. Two monthly clinic-based strategies were compared: periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) and enhanced syndromic management (ESM) – one round of presumptive treatment followed by treatment based on assessment and laboratory tests. Methods: A randomised controlled trial compared PPT and ESM by prevalence and incidence, behaviour, retention, cost and STI incidence and prevalence. Demographic, behavioural and clinical data were collected from women at two clinics in Dhaka. All women received presumptive treatment and were randomised to receive PPT or ESM at nine monthly visits. Results: In total, 549 women (median age: <20 years) were enrolled. At baseline, the prevalence of chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) and gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) was 41% (ESM: 41%; PPT: 42%). After 9 months, chlamydia and gonorrhoea decreased to 7% overall, (ESM: 7.4%; PPT: 6.8%). At each visit, 98% of women receiving ESM met the therapy criteria and were treated. Retention was low (50%). Total costs were 50% lower per visit for each woman for PPT (ESM: $11.62 v. PPT: $5.80). The number of sex work sessions was reduced from 3.3 to 2.5 (P < 0.001), but income did not change. Coercion was reduced but condom use at last sex did not change significantly. Conclusions: Monthly PPT and ESM were effective approaches for STI control. PPT offered a feasible, low-cost alternative to ESM. Educational aspects led to a reduction in coercion and fewer sessions. Implementation studies are needed to improve condom use and retention.
Additional keywords: enhanced syndromic management, periodic presumptive treatment, STI reduction.
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