HIV-associated kidney disease in the context of an aging population

References

[1]  Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d’Arminio Monforte A, et al Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 2003; 362 22–9.
| Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[2]  van Sighem AI, Gras LA, Reiss P, Brinkman K, de Wolf F. Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals. AIDS 2010; 24 1527–35.
| Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[3]  Health Protection Agency. Survey of prevalent HIV infections diagnosed (SOPHID) data tables 2009. London: Health Protection Agency; 2010. Available online at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1221482342683 [verified March 2011].

[4]  European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS). Guidelines: prevention and management of non-infectious co-morbidities in HIV. Paris: EACS. Available online at: http://www.europeanaidsclinicalsociety.org/guidelinespdf/2_Non_Infectious_Co_Morbidities_in_HIV.pdf [verified March 2011].

[5]  Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8 R204–12.
| Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[6]  Feest TG, Round A, Hamad S. Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study. BMJ 1993; 306 481–3.
| Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[7]  Leblanc M, Kellum JA, Gibney RT, Lieberthal W, Tumlin J, Mehta R. Risk factors for acute renal failure: inherent and modifiable risks. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11 533–6.
| Risk factors for acute renal failure: inherent and modifiable risks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[8]  Metcalfe W, Simpson M, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, Simpson K, Smith WC, et al Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome. QJM 2002; 95 579–83.
| Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[9]  Wyatt CM, Arons RR, Klotman PE, Klotman ME. Acute renal failure in hospitalized patients with HIV: risk factors and impact on in-hospital mortality. AIDS 2006; 20 561–5.
| Acute renal failure in hospitalized patients with HIV: risk factors and impact on in-hospital mortality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[10]  Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Eron JJ, Szczech LA, Finn WF. Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Kidney Int 2005; 67 1526–31.
| Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[11]  Roe J, Campbell LJ, Ibrahim F, Hendry BM, Post FA. HIV care and the incidence of acute renal failure. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47 242–9.
| HIV care and the incidence of acute renal failure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[12]  Ibrahim F, Naftalin C, Cheserem E, Roe J, Campbell LJ, Bansi L, et al Immunodeficiency and renal impairment are risk factors for HIV-associated acute renal failure. AIDS 2010; 24 2239–44.
| Immunodeficiency and renal impairment are risk factors for HIV-associated acute renal failure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[13]  Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Finn WF, Szczech LA, Eron JJ. Immunosuppression, hepatitis C infection, and acute renal failure in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42 368–72.
| Immunosuppression, hepatitis C infection, and acute renal failure in HIV-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[14]  Hallan SI, Dahl K, Oien CM, Grootendorst DC, Aasberg A, Holmen J, et al Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey. BMJ 2006; 333 1047
| Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[15]  Brenner BM, Lazarus JM. Chronic renal failure. In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. Thirteenth edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.

[16]  Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, et al Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375 2073–81.
| Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[17]  Ansell D, Castledean C, Feehally J, Fogarty D, Ford D, Inward C, et al. The twelfth annual report December 2009. Bristol: UK Renal Registry; 2009. Available online at: http://www.renalreg.com/Reports/2009.html [verified March 2011].

[18]  Excell L, McDonald S. 2009 Annual Report, Australia & New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, Chapter 1: Stock and flow. Available online at: http://www.anzdata.org.au/anzdata/AnzdataReport/32ndReport/Ch01.pdf [verified March 2011].

[19]  Post FA, Holt SG. Recent developments in HIV and the kidney. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22 43–8.
| Recent developments in HIV and the kidney.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[20]  Choi AI, Rodriguez RA, Bacchetti P, Bertenthal D, Volberding PA, O’Hare AM. Racial differences in end-stage renal disease rates in HIV infection versus diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18 2968–74.
| Racial differences in end-stage renal disease rates in HIV infection versus diabetes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[21]  Bansi L, Hughes A, Bhagani S, Mackie NE, Leen C, Levy J, et al Clinical epidemiology of HIV-associated end-stage renal failure in the UK. AIDS 2009; 23 2517–21.
| Clinical epidemiology of HIV-associated end-stage renal failure in the UK.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[22]  Post FA, Campbell LJ, Hamzah L, Collins L, Jones R, Siwani R, et al Predictors of renal outcome in HIV-associated nephropathy. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 1282–9.
| Predictors of renal outcome in HIV-associated nephropathy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[23]  Lucas GM, Eustace JA, Sozio S, Mentari EK, Appiah KA, Moore RD. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: a 12-year cohort study. AIDS 2004; 18 541–6.
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: a 12-year cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[24]  Szczech LA, Gupta SK, Habash R, Guasch A, Kalayjian R, Appel R, et al The clinical epidemiology and course of the spectrum of renal diseases associated with HIV infection. Kidney Int 2004; 66 1145–52.
| The clinical epidemiology and course of the spectrum of renal diseases associated with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[25]  Berliner AR, Fine DM, Lucas GM, Rahman MH, Racusen LC, Scheel PJ, et al Observations on a cohort of HIV-infected patients undergoing native renal biopsy. Am J Nephrol 2008; 28 478–86.
| Observations on a cohort of HIV-infected patients undergoing native renal biopsy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[26]  Herman ES, Klotman PE. HIV-associated nephropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23 200–8.
| HIV-associated nephropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[27]  Kopp JB, Smith MW, Nelson GW, Johnson RC, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, et al MYH9 is a major-effect risk gene for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Genet 2008; 40 1175–84.
|  MYH9 is a major-effect risk gene for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[28]  Tzur S, Rosset S, Shemer R, Yudkovsky G, Selig S, Tarekegn A, et al Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene. Hum Genet 2010; 128 345–50.
| Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[29]  Atta MG, Gallant JE, Rahman MH, Nagajothi N, Racusen LC, Scheel PJ, et al Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 2809–13.
| Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[30]  Choi A, Rodriguez R, Bacchetti P, Volberding P, Havlir D, Bertenthal D, et al Low rates of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45 1633–9.
| Low rates of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[31]  Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I. HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. Kidney Int 2006; 69 1885–91.
| HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[32]  Haas M, Kaul S, Eustace JA. HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with “lupus-like” features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases. Kidney Int 2005; 67 1381–90.
| HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis with “lupus-like” features: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[33]  Lucas GM, Mehta SH, Atta MG, Kirk GD, Galai N, Vlahov D, et al End-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease in a cohort of African-American HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative participants followed between 1988 and 2004. AIDS 2007; 21 2435–43.
| End-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease in a cohort of African-American HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative participants followed between 1988 and 2004.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[34]  Atta MG, Fine DM, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Moore RD, Lucas GM. Survival during renal replacement therapy among African Americans infected with HIV type 1 in urban Baltimore, Maryland. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45 1625–32.
| Survival during renal replacement therapy among African Americans infected with HIV type 1 in urban Baltimore, Maryland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[35]  Bhagani S, Sweny P, Brook G. Guidelines for kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease. HIV Med 2006; 7 133–9.
| Guidelines for kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[36]  Roland ME, Barin B, Carlson L, Frassetto LA, Terrault NA, Hirose R, et al HIV-infected liver and kidney transplant recipients: 1- and 3-year outcomes. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 355–65.
| HIV-infected liver and kidney transplant recipients: 1- and 3-year outcomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[37]  Trullas JC, Mocroft A, Cofan F, Tourret J, Moreno A, Bagnis CI, et al Dialysis and renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: a European survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 582–9.
| Dialysis and renal transplantation in HIV-infected patients: a European survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[38]  Stock PG, Barin B, Murphy B, Hanto D, Diego JM, Light J, et al Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 2004–14.
| Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[39]  Mocroft A, Kirk O, Gatell J, Reiss P, Gargalianos P, Zilmer K, et al Chronic renal failure among HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2007; 21 1119–27.
| Chronic renal failure among HIV-1-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[40]  Wyatt CM, Winston JA, Malvestutto CD, Fishbein DA, Barash I, Cohen AJ, et al Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: an urban epidemic. AIDS 2007; 21 2101–3.
| Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: an urban epidemic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[41]  Cheung CY, Wong KM, Lee MP, Liu YL, Kwok H, Chung R, et al Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Chinese HIV-infected patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22 3186–90.
| Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Chinese HIV-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[42]  Campbell LJ, Ibrahim F, Fisher M, Holt SG, Hendry BM, Post FA. Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2009; 10 329–36.
| Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[43]  Fernando SK, Finkelstein FO, Moore BA, Weissman S. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an urban HIV infected population. Am J Med Sci 2008; 335 89–94.
| Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an urban HIV infected population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[44]  Sorlí ML, Guelar A, Montero M, Gonzalez A, Rodriguez E, Knobel H. Chronic kidney disease prevalence and risk factors among HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48 506–8.
| Chronic kidney disease prevalence and risk factors among HIV-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[45]  Odden MC, Scherzer R, Bacchetti P, Szczech LA, Sidney S, Grunfeld C, et al Cystatin C level as a marker of kidney function in human immunodeficiency virus infection: the FRAM study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167 2213–9.
| Cystatin C level as a marker of kidney function in human immunodeficiency virus infection: the FRAM study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[46]  Mocroft A, Kirk O, Reiss P, De Wit S, Sedlacek D, Beniowski M, et al Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2010; 24 1667–78.
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral drug use in HIV-positive patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[47]  Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR, Baker JV, Calmy A, Duprez D, La Rosa A, et al Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201 1788–95.
| Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[48]  Kalayjian RC, Franceschini N, Gupta SK, Szczech LA, Mupere E, Bosch RJ, et al Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell counts and chronic kidney disease. AIDS 2008; 22 481–7.
| Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell counts and chronic kidney disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[49]  Reid A, Stohr W, Walker AS, Williams IG, Kityo C, Hughes P, et al Severe renal dysfunction and risk factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected adults in Africa initiating antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 1271–81.
| Severe renal dysfunction and risk factors associated with renal impairment in HIV-infected adults in Africa initiating antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[50]  Choi AI, Shlipak MG, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Deeks SG. HIV-infected persons continue to lose kidney function despite successful antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2009; 23 2143–9.
| HIV-infected persons continue to lose kidney function despite successful antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[51]  Wever K, van Agtmael MA, Carr A. Incomplete reversibility of tenofovir-related renal toxicity in HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 78–81.
| Incomplete reversibility of tenofovir-related renal toxicity in HIV-infected men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[52]  Campbell LJ, Hamzah L, Post FA. Is tenofovir-related renal toxicity incompletely reversible? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56 e95
| Is tenofovir-related renal toxicity incompletely reversible?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[53]  Szczech LA, Gange SJ, van der Horst C, Bartlett JA, Young M, Cohen MH, et al Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection. Kidney Int 2002; 61 195–202.
| Predictors of proteinuria and renal failure among women with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[54]  Gardner LI, Holmberg SD, Williamson JM, Szczech LA, Carpenter CC, Rompalo AM, et al Development of proteinuria or elevated serum creatinine and mortality in HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32 203–9.

[55]  Szczech LA, Grunfeld C, Scherzer R, Canchola JA, van der Horst C, Sidney S, et al Microalbuminuria in HIV infection. AIDS 2007; 21 1003–9.
| Microalbuminuria in HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[56]  Gupta SK, Smurzynski M, Franceschini N, Bosch RJ, Szczech LA, Kalayjian RC. The effects of HIV type-1 viral suppression and non-viral factors on quantitative proteinuria in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Antivir Ther 2009; 14 543–9.

[57]  Wyatt CM, Hoover DR, Shi Q, Seaberg E, Wei C, Tien PC, et al Microalbuminuria is associated with all-cause and AIDS mortality in women with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 73–7.

[58]  George E, Lucas GM, Nadkarni GN, Fine DM, Moore R, Atta MG. Kidney function and the risk of cardiovascular events in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2010; 24 387–94.
| Kidney function and the risk of cardiovascular events in HIV-1-infected patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[59]  Choi AI, Li Y, Deeks SG, Grunfeld C, Volberding PA, Shlipak MG. Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons. Circulation 2010; 121 651–8.
| Association between kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular events in HIV-infected persons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[60]  Labarga P, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, Rodriguez-Novoa S, Solera C, Medrano J, et al Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir. AIDS 2009; 23 689–96.
| Kidney tubular abnormalities in the absence of impaired glomerular function in HIV patients treated with tenofovir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[61]  Izzedine H, Hulot JS, Villard E, Goyenvalle C, Dominguez S, Ghosn J, et al Association between ABCC2 gene haplotypes and tenofovir-induced proximal tubulopathy. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 1481–91.
| Association between ABCC2 gene haplotypes and tenofovir-induced proximal tubulopathy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[62]  Rodríguez-Nóvoa S, Labarga P, Soriano V, Egan D, Albalater M, Morello J, et al Predictors of kidney tubular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with tenofovir: a pharmacogenetic study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48 e108–16.
| Predictors of kidney tubular dysfunction in HIV-infected patients treated with tenofovir: a pharmacogenetic study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[63]  Rodríguez-Nóvoa S, Labarga P, D’Avolio A, Barreiro P, Albalate M, Vispo E, et al Impairment in kidney tubular function in patients receiving tenofovir is associated with higher tenofovir plasma concentrations. AIDS 2010; 24 1064–6.
| Impairment in kidney tubular function in patients receiving tenofovir is associated with higher tenofovir plasma concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[64]  Ray AS, Cihlar T, Robinson KL, Tong L, Vela JE, Fuller MD, et al Mechanism of active renal tubular efflux of tenofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50 3297–304.
| Mechanism of active renal tubular efflux of tenofovir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[65]  Ray AS, Cihlar T. Unlikely association of multidrug-resistance protein 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with tenofovir-induced renal adverse events. J Infect Dis 2007; 195 1389–90, author reply 90–1.
| Unlikely association of multidrug-resistance protein 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with tenofovir-induced renal adverse events.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[66]  Fux C, Hasse B, Opravil M, Cavassini M, Calmy A, Gurtner-delaFuente V, et al. Bone turnover, and in particular osteoclast activity, is increased in patients with confirmed proximal renal tubulopathy within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 16–19 2010; San Francisco, CA, USA.

[67]  Hall AM, Edwards SG, Lapsley M, Connolly JO, Chetty K, O’Farrell S, et al Subclinical tubular injury in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54 1034–42.
| Subclinical tubular injury in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[68]  Woodward CL, Hall AM, Williams IG, Madge S, Copas A, Nair D, et al Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med 2009; 10 482–7.
| Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[69]  Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, Morris A, Hoffman R, Braden G. Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 283–90.
| Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[70]  Parsonage MJ, Wilkins EG, Snowden N, Issa BG, Savage MW. The development of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia with myopathy in two patients with HIV infection receiving tenofovir therapy. HIV Med 2005; 6 341–6.
| The development of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia with myopathy in two patients with HIV infection receiving tenofovir therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[71]  Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, Boydstun II, Ahuja TS, Rodriguez RA, et al Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 1559–85.
| Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[72]  Electronic Medicines Compendium. Tenofovir SPC. Summary of product characteristics: Viread 245 mg film-coated tablets. Surrey: Electronic Medicines Compendium; 2010. Available online at: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/9008 [verified March 2011].

[73]  Day SL, Leake Date HA, Bannister A, Hankins M, Fisher M. Serum hypophosphatemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate recipients is multifactorial in origin, questioning the utility of its monitoring in clinical practice. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38 301–4.

[74]  Post FA, Wyatt CM, Mocroft A. Biomarkers of impaired renal function. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010; 5 524–30.
| Biomarkers of impaired renal function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[75]  Bagnis CI, Deray G. Renal consequences of HIV and HIV therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2007; 2 314–7.
| Renal consequences of HIV and HIV therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[76]  Tourret J, Tostivint I, Tezenas Du Montcel S, Karie S, Launay-Vacher V, Vigneau C, et al Antiretroviral drug dosing errors in HIV-infected patients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45 779–84.
| Antiretroviral drug dosing errors in HIV-infected patients undergoing hemodialysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[77]  Electronic Medicines Compendium. Atazanavir SPC. Summary of product characteristics: Reyataz 150 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg hard capsules. Surrey: Electronic Medicines Compendium; 2010. Available online at: http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/14145 [verified March 2011].

[78]  Davies DF, Shock NW. Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males. J Clin Invest 1950; 29 496–507.
| Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[79]  Hoang K, Tan JC, Derby G, Blouch KL, Masek M, Ma I, et al Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans. Kidney Int 2003; 64 1417–24.
| Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[80]  Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 1296–305.
| Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[81]  Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, Ritz E, Amann K. Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 101–8.
| Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[82]  Zhou XJ, Rakheja D, Yu X, Saxena R, Vaziri ND, Silva FG. The aging kidney. Kidney Int 2008; 74 710–20.
| The aging kidney.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[83]  Kaplan C, Pasternack B, Shah H, Gallo G. Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys. Am J Pathol 1975; 80 227–34.

[84]  Jung FF, Kennefick TM, Ingelfinger JR, Vora JP, Anderson S. Down-regulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the aging rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5 1573–80.

[85]  Kaysen GA, Myers BD. The aging kidney. Clin Geriatr Med 1985; 1 207–22.

[86]  Weidmann P, De Myttenaere-Bursztein S, Maxwell MH, de Lima J. Effect on aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man. Kidney Int 1975; 8 325–33.
| Effect on aging on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[87]  Cirillo M, Ciacci C, De Santo NG. Age, renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and serum phosphate levels in adults. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 864–6.
| Age, renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and serum phosphate levels in adults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[88]  Lindeman RD. Assessment of renal function in the old. Special considerations. Clin Lab Med 1993; 13 269–77.

[89]  Mavigner M, Delobel P, Cazabat M, Dubois M, L’Faqihi-Olive FE, Raymond S, et al HIV-1 residual viremia correlates with persistent T-cell activation in poor immunological responders to combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE 2009; 4 e7658
| HIV-1 residual viremia correlates with persistent T-cell activation in poor immunological responders to combination antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[90]  Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. BMJ 2009; 338 a3172
| HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[91]  Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, Currier JS, Scherzer R, Biggs ML, et al Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS 2009; 23 1841–9.
| Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[92]  Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, Kalapus SC, Hoh R, Ganz P, et al Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. AIDS 2009; 23 1059–67.
| Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[93]  Kingsley LA, Cuervo-Rojas J, Munoz A, Palella FJ, Post W, Witt MD, et al Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS 2008; 22 1589–99.
| Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis, HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[94]  Fitch KV, Lo J, Abbara S, Ghoshhajra B, Shturman L, Soni A, et al Increased coronary artery calcium score and noncalcified plaque among HIV-infected men: relationship to metabolic syndrome and cardiac risk parameters. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 495–9.
| Increased coronary artery calcium score and noncalcified plaque among HIV-infected men: relationship to metabolic syndrome and cardiac risk parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[95]  Baker JV, Duprez D, Rapkin J, Hullsiek KH, Quick H, Grimm R, et al Untreated HIV infection and large and small artery elasticity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52 25–31.
| Untreated HIV infection and large and small artery elasticity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[96]  Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, Drummond F, Lane HC, et al Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008; 5 e203
| Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[97]  Smith KY, Patel P, Fine D, Bellos N, Sloan L, Lackey P, et al Randomized, double-blind, placebo-matched, multicenter trial of abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir for initial HIV treatment. AIDS 2009; 23 1547–56.
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-matched, multicenter trial of abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir for initial HIV treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[98]  El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC, et al CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006; 355 2283–96.
| CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[99]  Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Weber R, Monforte A, El-Sadr W, et al Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2007; 356 1723–35.
| Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[100]  Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, Dabis F, et al Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet 2008; 371 1417–26.
| Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[101]  Brown TT, Qaqish RB. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review. AIDS 2006; 20 2165–74.
| Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[102]  Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H, Grinspoon SK. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93 3499–504.
| Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |