The genus Karoowia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) includes unrelated clades nested within Xanthoparmelia
Guillermo Amo de Paz A , H. Thorsten Lumbsch B , Paloma Cubas A , John A. Elix C and Ana Crespo A DA Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
B Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
C Research School of Chemistry, Building 33, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: acrespo@farm.ucm.es
Australian Systematic Botany 23(3) 173-184 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB09055
Submitted: 15 December 2009 Accepted: 6 May 2010 Published: 14 July 2010
Abstract
Thallus morphology has traditionally played a major role in the classification of lichenised fungi. We have used a combined dataset of nuITS, nuLSU and mtSSU rDNA sequences to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between the subcrustose genus Karoowia and the mostly foliose genus Xanthoparmelia. Our phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and a Bayesian approach show that Karoowia species do not form a monophyletic group but cluster in different clades nested within Xanthoparmelia. The monophyly of Karoowia either as a separate clade from Xanthoparmelia, or nested within Xanthoparmelia is significantly rejected using alternative hypothesis testing. These results suggest that the usefulness of the phenotypic features used to define Karoowia has been overestimated because the subcrustose growth form has evolved independently in several clades within Xanthoparmelia. Other characters used to circumscribe Karoowia, such as the presence of cylindrical conidia, also occur in Xanthoparmelia, and the differences in rhizine morphology are minimal. Consequently, we propose to reduce Karoowia to synonymy with Xanthoparmelia. The enlarged genus is characterised by the presence of Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan in the hyphal cell walls and the presence of an arachiform vacuolar body in the ascospores. Fifteen new combinations in Xanthoparmelia and the new name Xanthoparmelia mucinae for Karoowia squamatica are made.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by CGL2004–01848/BOS and CGL2007–64652/BOS projects from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. The new sequences were generated at Unidad de Genómica (Parque Científico de Madrid, UCM). The authors wish to thank to Christine Cargill (Canberra) for her helpful assistance and David Hawksworth (Madrid) for facilitating access to samples from the Natural History Museum, London.
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