Evolutionary significance of long-distance dispersal and hybridisation in the New Zealand endemic genus Hoheria (Malvaceae)
Steven J. Wagstaff A D , Brian P. J. Molloy B and Jennifer A. Tate CA Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
B Research Associate, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
C Massey University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
D Corresponding author. Email: wagstaffs@landcareresearch.co.nz
Australian Systematic Botany 23(2) 112-130 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB09017
Submitted: 22 April 2009 Accepted: 25 January 2010 Published: 31 May 2010
Abstract
Parsimony and SplitsTree analyses of ITS and 5′ trnK/matK sequence data were used to assess the extent of hybridisation and its evolutionary significance in the New Zealand endemic genus Hoheria A.Cunn. The seven species of Hoheria form a monophyletic group along with the New Zealand endemic genus Plagianthus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. and the Australian endemics Asterotrichion Klotzsch. and Gynatrix Alef. This strongly supported clade is sister to a clade of Australian species of Lawrencia Hook. The inferred evolutionary history of Hoheria suggests that the extant species are derived from a common ancestor that arrived in New Zealand by long-distance dispersal. There was little divergence among the species of Hoheria in either their ITS or trnK/matK sequences. Two known Hoheria hybrids exhibited overlapping heteromorphic nucleotides at virtually all of the variable positions. Approximately 40% of the other Hoheria accessions in our study retain similar heteromorphic sites. These polymorphisms were shared among the deepest branches in the ITS phylogeny, which potentially suggests that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of Hoheria. The phylogenetic structure of the ITS phylogeny completely collapsed in the strict consensus tree, and there was significant conflict between the biparentally inherited ITS phylogeny and the maternally inherited trnK/matK phylogeny. However, the removal of known and suspected hybrids resulted in parsimony trees that were more resolved. SplitsTree analyses revealed incompatible signals in the data, but recovered well supported groups that diverged from a central boxy network. Although the species of Hoheria are isolated by their ecological preferences or geographical distributions, interspecific hybrids are common in urban areas where the species are often planted.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of A. Markey in collecting Hoheria specimens; W. G. Lee, D. Glenny, B. Clarkson, P. de Lange, M. Morgan-Richards, J. Young, and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and advice; and D. Lee for valuable information about the fossil history of Hoheria and Plagianthus in New Zealand. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful manuscript suggestions. This research was supported by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology through the Defining New Zealand’s Land Biota OBI.
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Appendix 1. Species, collection locality, DNA accession, herbarium accession, GenBank accession: ITS, 5′trnK/matK
Asterotrichion discolor (Hook.f.) Melville, Australia, Tasmania, Bluff River, A. Moscal 8224, 1.vi.1984, 9.72, CHR 491243, AY591811, GU045813. Gynatrix pulchella (Willd.) Alef., Australia, Canberra, CSIRO grounds, lower eastern slopes of Black Mountain, R. Pullen 8529, 14.x.1973, 9.69, CHR 410595A, AY591826, GU045814. Hoheria × allanii (Cockayne) Heenan, Cultivated, ex New Zealand, Canterbury, near Ashburton, S. J. Wagstaff, i.2006, 6.02, CHR 580149, GU045775, GU045797. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul, New Zealand, Otago, Otago Peninsula, Taiaroa Bush, A. Markey, 11.i.2000, 0.10, CHR 534905A, AY944585, AY944608. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul, New Zealand, Canterbury, Peel Forest, M. I. Dawson and S. J. Wagstaff, 13.iii.2002, 2.65, CHR 559132, GU045771, GU045793. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul, New Zealand, Wellington, Wainuioru Valley, Wainuioru, ‘Ngatapa Bush’, P. J. de Lange 2189 and T. Silbery, 29.viii.1993, 9.29, CHR 497780A, GU045773, GU045793. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul, New Zealand, Southland, Manse Bush, G. M. Rogers, 18.xii.1993, 9.64, CHR 500064, GU045772, GU045795. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul, New Zealand, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Lake Forsyth, D. R. Given 12172, 15.i.1980, 9.65, CHR 495145, GU045774, GU045794. Hoheria angustifolia Raoul × Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso, New Zealand, Canterbury, Port Hills, Marleys Hill, P. B. Heenan, B. P. J. Molloy and S. J. Wagstaff, 6.ix.2005, 5.59, CHR 95703, GU045776, GU045798. Hoheria equitum Heads, Cultivated, ex New Zealand, North Auckland, Poor Knights Islands, Tawhiti Rahi, P. J. de Lange 6543, 23.vii.2005, 5.47, AK 291559, GU045777, GU045799. Hoheria equitum Heads, New Zealand, Hen Island, D. Town, 11.i.2006, 6.01, CHR 503902, GU045778, GU045800. Hoheria equitum Heads, Cultivated, ex New Zealand, North Auckland, Poor Knights Islands, Aorangi Island, P. B. Heenan, 17.ix.1999, 9.54, CHR 529193, AY944586, AY944609. Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh., New Zealand, Canterbury, Arthur’s Pass NP, Otira Valley, S. J. Wagstaff, 9.iii.2001, 1.18, CHR 541761, AY944588, AY944611. Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh., New Zealand, Taranaki, A. P. Druce, Mar. 1964, 2.145, CHR 159482, AY944592, AY944615. Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh., New Zealand, Fiordland, upper Hollyford Valley, P. N. Johnson 699, 19.i.1988, 9.30, CHR 439552, AY944589, AY944612. Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh., New Zealand, Otago, Pisa Range, Lochar Burn, P. Wardle 94/184, 24.iv.1994, 9.66, CHR 508679B, AY944590, AY944613. Hoheria lyallii Hook.f., New Zealand, Canterbury, Seaward Kaikoura Range, Kaikoura, Mt Fyffe Hut, A. Markey, 17.iv.2002, 2.11, CHR 560121, AY944600, AY944623. Hoheria lyallii Hook.f., New Zealand, Nelson, Turk’s Cap Range, A. P. Druce, ii.1989, 2.13, CHR 395652, AY944602, AY944625. Hoheria lyallii Hook.f., New Zealand, Canterbury, Peel Forest, Raules Gully Scenic Reserve, S. J. Wagstaff and M. I. Dawson, 13.iii.2002, 2.68, CHR 559144, AY944599, AY944622. Hoheria lyallii Hook.f., New Zealand, Canterbury, Boundary Stream, main road to Hermitage, S. J. Wagstaff and M. I. Dawson, 12.iii.2002, 2.80, CHR 559129, AY944594, AY944617. Hoheria ovata G.Simpson & J.S.Thomson, New Zealand, Nelson, Mt Burnett, P. B. Heenan and P. J. de Lange, 8.iv.1997, 2.147, CHR 512522A, AY944603, AY944626. Hoheria ovata G.Simpson & J.S.Thomson, New Zealand, Westland, Fraser Ck, F. B. Overmars, 24.viii.2000, 2.149, CHR 536190, GU045780, GU045802. Hoheria ovata G.Simpson & J.S.Thomson, New Zealand, Westland, Punakaiki, Dolomite Point, P. J. de Lange 6547, 24.vii.2005, 5.51, AK 291563, GU045779, GU045801. Hoheria populnea A.Cunn., Cultivated, ex New Zealand, North Auckland, Bream Head, P. B. Heenan, ii.2002, 2.54, CHR 560114, GU045782, GU045804. Hoheria populnea A.Cunn., New Zealand, Great Barrier Island, P. B. Heenan and P. J. de Lange, 6.x.2005, 5.79, CHR 574260, GU045781, GU045803. Hoheria populnea A.Cunn. Cultivated, New Zealand, Canterbury, Lincoln, unknown origin, S. J. Wagstaff, 15.ii.1999, 9.27, CHR 529983, AY944604, AY944627. Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso, New Zealand, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, above Governors Bay, H. D. Wilson BP406, 31.vii.1984, 9.51, CHR 479448, GU045784, GU045806. Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso, New Zealand, Hawke’s Bay, Waiwhare, Taihape Rd, B. Macmillan, 15.xii.1982, 1.38, CHR 446836, AY944605, AY944628. Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso, New Zealand, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Kennedys Bush, P. B. Heenan, B. P. J. Molloy and S. J. Wagstaff, 6.ix.2005, 5.63, CHR 595723, GU045783, GU045805. Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso, cultivated, ex New Zealand, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Kaituna Reserve, S. J. Wagstaff, 15.ii.1999, 9.25, CHR 529984, GU045785, GU045807. Hoheria ‘Tararua’, New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range, Mt Bruce, 8.50, AK 304592, GU045789, GU045808. Hoheria ‘Tararua’, New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range, Mt Bruce, 8.51, AK 304593, GU045788, GU045810. Hoheria ‘Tararua’, New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range, Mt Bruce, 8.53, AK 304594, GU045790, GU045811. Hoheria ‘Tararua’, New Zealand, Wellington, Tararua Range, P. B. Heenan and P. J. de Lange, 1.v.2003, 3.3, CHR 565512, GU045787, GU045809. Hoheria ‘Tararua’, New Zealand, Wellington, Hikawera, P. J. de Lange 2202 and T. Silbery, 29.viii.1993, 9.52, CHR 497795A, GU045786, GU045812. Lawrencia glomerata Hook., Australia, South Australia, Lake Torrens Basin, Carrapateena Arm, Salt Ck, south of Archie Beavis Dam, J. Z. Weber 1321, 5.ix.1968, 9.70, CHR 380446A, AY591836, GU045815. Lawrencia helmsii (F.Muell. & Tate) Lander, Australia, Western Australia, Lake Austin, L. A. Craven 5033, 22.iv.1978, 9.68, CHR 380678, AY591852, GU045816. Lawrencia spicata Hook., Australia, Tasmania, Dorans Rd, near Lauderdale, A. M. Buchanan 4540, 28.xi.1984, 9.71, CHR 423878, AY591835, GU045817. Lawrencia squamata Miq., Australia, South Australia, Nullarbor Region, N. N. Donner 7196, 16.viii.1980, 9.67, CHR 411138, AY591853, GU045818. Plagianthus divaricatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., New Zealand, Canterbury, Banks Peninsula, Teddington, D. Banks 90/33 and P. Douglass, 16.xi.1990, 9.38, CHR 474070, GU045791, GU045819. Plagianthus regius (Poit.) Hochr., New Zealand, Canterbury, Summit Rd, sign of the Bellbird, R. Elder and J. Thompson, 27.xi.1988, 2.153, CHR 465352, GU045792, GU045820.
