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Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of plants
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 19(3)

Australia’s wasp-pollinated flying duck orchids revised (Paracaleana: Orchidaceae)

Stephen D. Hopper A B D and Andrew P. Brown C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

B Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia.

C Department of Conservation and Land Management, Species and Communities Branch, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: steve.hopper@uwa.edu.au

Australian Systematic Botany 19(3) 211-244 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB05020
Submitted: 13 July 2005  Accepted: 18 April 2006   Published: 30 June 2006

Abstract

We uphold the generic rank of Paracaleana on the basis of its divergent pollination syndrome (sexual deception of male thynnid wasps compared with pollination of Caleana by male sawflies), recent DNA sequence data demonstrating monophyly, and nomenclatural stability. Ten of the 13 species recognised herein are new, all endemic to the South-west Australian Floristic Region: Paracaleana alcockii, P. brockmanii, P. dixonii, P. gracilicordata, P. granitica, P. hortiorum, P. lyonsii, P. parvula, P. terminalis and P. triens. Although some of these taxa have subtle morphological differences, primarily of labellum morphology, evidence from other Australian orchid genera whose flowers sexually deceive wasp pollinators indicates that reproductive isolation is probable among close sister taxa in Paracaleana. Moreover, phenological, ecological and geographical differences help separate morphologically close sister taxa. P. disjuncta D.L. Jones is considered to extend from Victoria and South Australia west into the South-west Australian Floristic Region, where James Drummond first collected the species, probably in 1838. Additional research is needed on pollinators, molecular phylogeny, possibly undescribed taxa within P. nigrita and on the few putative hybrids identified in the genus.


Acknowledgments

Pat Dundas and Sue Patrick completed the artwork presented in Figs 2, 6, 10, 12 and 21 respectively. Maps were derived and modified from the Australian Virtual Herbarium. This paper is based on field and herbarium research over more than two decades, and was conducted in collaboration with members of the Western Australian Native Orchid Study and Conservation Group. We are grateful to many colleagues for assistance in this work. Garry Brockman was especially helpful in pointing out possible new taxa, in making substantial collections, and in providing many photographs used above. Fred and Jean Hort, Mike Lyon, Kingsley Dixon and John Alcock drew our attention to new taxa. The late Sid Gibbings kindly provided approval to use his photograph of Paracaleana nigrita with pollinator (Fig. 1). For access to specimens we thank the Directors and staff of the following Australian and European Herbaria: AD, BRI, CANB, HO, KEW, MEL, NSW, PERTH, W. Successive Curators / Directors and staff of the Western Australian Herbarium have helped in numerous ways to make our research both productive and enjoyable. We record our thanks to Paul Wilson for providing the Latin translations of our diagnostic descriptions and for checking specific epithets used for new taxa.


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