Comparison of fire-produced gases from wind tunnel and small field experimental burns
David R. Weise
A * , Wei Min Hao B , Stephen Baker B , Marko Princevac C , Amir-Hessam Aminfar C , Javier Palarea-Albaladejo D E , Roger D. Ottmar F , Andrew T. Hudak G , Joseph Restaino H and Joseph J. O’Brien I
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
B USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA.
C Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
D Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
E Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
F USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA, USA.
G USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID, USA.
H California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fire and Resource Assessment Program, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA.
I USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA, USA.
* Correspondence to: david.weise@usda.gov
International Journal of Wildland Fire 31(4) 409-434 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF21141
Submitted: 2 June 2021 Accepted: 15 February 2022 Published: 20 April 2022
© 2022. Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees as part of their official duties and accordingly, their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Abstract
Composition of pyrolysis gases for wildland fuels is often determined using ground samples heated in non-oxidising environments. Results are applied to wildland fires where fuels change spatially and temporally, resulting in variable fire behaviour with variable heating. Though historically used, applicability of traditional pyrolysis results to the wildland fire setting is unknown. Pyrolytic and flaming combustion gases measured in wind tunnel fires and prescribed burns were compared using compositional data techniques. CO2 was dominant in both. Other dominant gases included CO, H2 and CH4. Relative amounts of CO, CO2 and CH4 were similar between fire phases (pyrolysis, flaming combustion); relatively more H2 was observed in pyrolysis samples. All gas log-ratios with CO2 in pyrolysis samples were larger than in flaming combustion samples. Presence of live plants significantly affected gas composition. A logistic regression model correctly classified 76% of the wind tunnel samples as pyrolysis or flaming combustion based on gas composition. The model predicted 60% of the field samples originated from pyrolysis. Fire location (wind tunnel, field) and fire phase affected gas composition. The compositional approach enabled analysis and modelling of gas compositions, producing results consistent with the basic characteristics of the data.
Keywords: compositional data analysis, flaming combustion, gas composition, GC/FID, logistic model, Pinus palustris, prescribed burning, pyrolysis.
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