Arid Australia as a source of plant diversity: the origin and climatic evolution of Ptilotus (Amaranthaceae)
Timothy A. Hammer
A B C G , Michael Renton A D , Ladislav Mucina E F and Kevin R. Thiele A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C State Herbarium of South Australia, Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Hackney Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
D School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
E Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
F Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
G Corresponding author. Email: timothy.hammer@adelaide.edu.au
Australian Systematic Botany 34(6) 570-586 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB21012
Submitted: 13 April 2021 Accepted: 18 August 2021 Published: 14 September 2021
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the chronological and geographic origins of the mostly arid Australian Ptilotus (Amaranthaceae) and its close relatives (i.e. the ‘aervoids’) by reconstructing a dated phylogeny with near-comprehensive sampling for Ptilotus and estimating ancestral geographic ranges. We investigated climatic niche evolution within Ptilotus and identified likely climatic origins and subsequent niche shifts by reconstructing ancestral states of climatic variables on the phylogeny, which was visualised using a phyloecospace approach. Geospatial analyses were employed to identify probable diversification hotspots within Australia. We inferred that the aervoids originated in Oligocene Africa–Asia and that Ptilotus arrived in northern Australia by dispersal in the Early Miocene. Subsequent diversification of Ptilotus was rapid, giving rise to all major clades in the western Eremaean by the time of an aridification pulse in the Middle Miocene. Climatic niche shifts from the arid Eremaean into monsoonal northern and temperate southern Australia are apparent for multiple independent species groups. Our analyses support the hypothesis that a pre-adaptation to aridity and early arrival in an aridifying Australia were integral to the success of Ptilotus, and that the Eremaean has been a source of biodiversity in the genus and for independent radiations into neighbouring climatic zones.
Keywords: Amaranthaceae, Australia, ecology, molecular dating, phylogeography.
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