Potential environmental effects of pack stock on meadow ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada, USA

References

Allen, B. H. (1987). Forest and meadow ecosystems in California. Rangelands 9, 125–128.

Allen-Diaz, B., McIlroy, S. K., Roche, L. M., Tate, K. W., and Lind, A. J. (2010). ‘Determining the effects of livestock grazing on Yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) and their habitat.’ Final report to USDA Forest Service Region 5. (USDA Forest Service: Vallejo, CA.)

Anderson, J., Beschta, R., Boehne, P., Bryson, D., Gill, R., Howes, S., McIntosh, B., Purser, M., Rhodes, J., and Zakel, J. (1993). A comprehensive approach to restoring habitat conditions needed to protect threatened salmon species in a severely degraded river – the upper Grande Ronde River anadromous fish habitat protection, restoration and monitoring plan. In: ‘Riparian Management: Common Threads and Shared Interests. USDA Rocky Mountain Forest and Rangeland Experimental Station General Technical Report 226’. pp. 175–179. (USDA Rocky Mountain Forest and Rangeland Experimental Station: Fort Collins, CO.)

Atwill, E. R., McDougald, N. K., and Perea, L. (2000). Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among pack stock in the Sierra Nevada Range. Equine Veterinary Journal 32, 247–252.
| Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among pack stock in the Sierra Nevada Range.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3psVCksg%3D%3D&md5=d330e44ff07f7231eed588d7f73684dbCAS | 10836481PubMed |

Bakker, E. S., Ritchie, M. E., Olff, H., Milchunas, D. G., and Knops, J. M. H. (2006). Herbivore impact on grassland plant diversity depends on habitat productivity and herbivore size. Ecology Letters 9, 780–788.
| Herbivore impact on grassland plant diversity depends on habitat productivity and herbivore size.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16796567PubMed |

Bartelt, P. E. (1998). Bufo boreas (western toad) mortality. Herpetological Review 29, 96.

Bates, G. H. (1938). Life forms of pasture plants in relation to treading. Journal of Ecology 26, 452–455.
| Life forms of pasture plants in relation to treading.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bauer, K., Berlow, E. L., and D’Antonio, C. M. (2002). Shrub expansion into montane meadows: the relationship between climate and Rothrock sagebrush colonization patterns. Journal of Range Management 55, 620–625.
| Shrub expansion into montane meadows: the relationship between climate and Rothrock sagebrush colonization patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Belsky, A. J. (1986). Does herbivory benefit plants? A review of the evidence. American Naturalist 127, 870–892.
| Does herbivory benefit plants? A review of the evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Belsky, A. J., Matzke, A., and Uselman, S. (1999). Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54, 419–431.

Berg, W. A., Brandford, J. A., and Sims, P. L. (1997). Long-term soil nitrogen and vegetation change on sandhill rangeland. Journal of Range Management 50, 482–486.
| Long-term soil nitrogen and vegetation change on sandhill rangeland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Berlow, E. L., D’Antonio, C. M., and Reynolds, S. A. (2002). Shrub expansion in montane meadows: the interaction of local-scale disturbance and site aridity. Ecological Applications 12, 1103–1118.
| Shrub expansion in montane meadows: the interaction of local-scale disturbance and site aridity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beschta, R. L. (1991). Stream habitat management for fish in north-western United States: the role of riparian vegetation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10, 53–58.

Best, R. J., and Arcese, P. (2009). Exotic herbivores directly facilitate the exotic grasses they graze: mechanisms for an unexpected positive feedback between invaders. Oecologia 159, 139–150.
| Exotic herbivores directly facilitate the exotic grasses they graze: mechanisms for an unexpected positive feedback between invaders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18941792PubMed |

Blossey, B., and Notzold, R. (1995). Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 83, 887–889.
| Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants: a hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Briske, D. D. (2011). ‘Conservation Benefits of Rangeland Practices: Assessment, Recommendations and Knowledge Gaps.’ (USDA, Natural Resources Commission: Washington, DC.)

Brooks, M. L. (2007). Effects of land management practices on plant invasions in wildland areas. In: ‘Biological Invasions. Ecological Studies, Vol. 193’. (Ed. W. Nentwig.) pp. 147–162. (Springer: Heidelberg, Germany.)

Brown, P. D., Wurtsbaugh, W., and Nydick, K. (2008). Lakes and forests as determinants of downstream nutrient concentrations in small mountain watersheds. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40, 462–469.
| Lakes and forests as determinants of downstream nutrient concentrations in small mountain watersheds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown, N. A., Ruckstuhl, K. E., Donelon, S., and Corbett, C. (2010). Changes in vigilance, grazing behaviour and spatial distribution of bighorn sheep due to cattle presence in Sheep River Provincial Park, Alberta. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 135, 226–231.
| Changes in vigilance, grazing behaviour and spatial distribution of bighorn sheep due to cattle presence in Sheep River Provincial Park, Alberta.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burke, M. J. W., and Grime, J. P. (1996). An experimental study of plant community invasibility. Ecology 77, 776–790.
| An experimental study of plant community invasibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cal-IPC (2006). ‘California Invasive Plant Inventory.’ Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02. (California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA.)

Campbell, J. E., and Gibson, D. J. (2001). The effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors. Plant Ecology 157, 23–35.
| The effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carilla, J., and Grau, H. R. (2010). 150 years of tree establishment, land use and climate change in montane grasslands, north-west Argentina. Biotropica 42, 49–58.
| 150 years of tree establishment, land use and climate change in montane grasslands, north-west Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carpenter, D., and Cappuccino, N. (2005). Herbivory, time since introduction and the invasiveness of exotic plants. Journal of Ecology 93, 315–321.
| Herbivory, time since introduction and the invasiveness of exotic plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clow, D. W., Forrester, H., Miller, B., Roop, H., Sickman, J. O., Ryu, H., and Domingo, J. S. (2013). Effects of stock use and backpackers on water quality in wilderness in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, USA. Environmental Management 52, 1400–1414.
| Effects of stock use and backpackers on water quality in wilderness in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24071726PubMed |

Colautti, R. I., Ricciardi, A., Grigorovich, I. A., and MacIsaac, H. J. (2004). Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis? Ecology Letters 7, 721–733.
| Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, D. N. (1983). ‘Campsite Conditions in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana.’ Research Paper INT-312. (Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Ogden, UT.)

Cole, D. N. (1987). Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in western Montana, USA. Biological Conservation 40, 219–244.
| Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in western Montana, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, D. N. (1995a). Experimental trampling of vegetation. I. Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 203–214.
| Experimental trampling of vegetation. I. Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, D. N. (1995b). Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 215–224.
| Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of resistance and resilience.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, D. N., and Landres, P. B. (1996). Threats to wilderness ecosystems: impacts and research needs. Ecological Applications 6, 168–184.
| Threats to wilderness ecosystems: impacts and research needs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cole, D. N., van Wagtendonk, J. W., McClaran, M. P., Moore, P. E., and McDougald, N. K. (2004). Response of mountain meadows to grazing by recreational pack stock. Rangeland Ecology and Management 57, 153–160.
| Response of mountain meadows to grazing by recreational pack stock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cooper, A., McCann, T., and Bunce, R. G. H. (2006). The influence of sampling intensity on vegetation classification and the implications for environmental management. Environmental Conservation 33, 118–127.

Cosyns, E., Bossuyt, B., Hoffmann, M., Vervaet, H., and Lens, L. (2006). Seedling establishment after endozoochory in disturbed and undisturbed grasslands. Basic and Applied Ecology 7, 360–369.
| Seedling establishment after endozoochory in disturbed and undisturbed grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Couvreur, M., Christiaen, B., Verheyen, K., and Hermy, M. (2004). Large herbivores as mobile links between isolated nature reserves through adhesive seed dispersal. Applied Vegetation Science 7, 229–236.
| Large herbivores as mobile links between isolated nature reserves through adhesive seed dispersal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Couvreur, M., Verheyen, K., and Hermy, M. (2005). Experimental assessment of plant seed retention times in fur of cattle and horse. Flora 200, 136–147.
| Experimental assessment of plant seed retention times in fur of cattle and horse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

D’Antonio, C. M., Berlow, E. L., and Haubensak, K. A. (2002). Invasive exotic plant species in Sierra Nevada ecosystems. In: ‘Proceedings from the Sierra Science Conference 2002: Science for Management and Conservation’. (Ed. U. F. Service.) pp. 175–184. (PSW Station: Albany, OR.)

Davis, M. A., Grime, J. P., and Thompson, K. (2000). Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory in invasibility. Journal of Ecology 88, 528–534.
| Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory in invasibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W. (2008). Backpacking in Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks and neighboring wilderness areas: how safe is the water to drink? Journal of Travel Medicine 15, 209–215.
| Backpacking in Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks and neighboring wilderness areas: how safe is the water to drink?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18666919PubMed |

Derlet, R. W., and Carlson, J. R. (2002). An analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail in Kings Canyon and Sequoia and Yosemite national parks. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 13, 113–118.
| An analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the John Muir Trail in Kings Canyon and Sequoia and Yosemite national parks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W., and Carlson, J. R. (2004). An analysis of wilderness water in Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Yosemite National Parks for coliform and pathological bacteria. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 15, 238–244.
| An analysis of wilderness water in Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Yosemite National Parks for coliform and pathological bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W., and Carlson, J. R. (2006). Coliform bacteria in Sierra Nevada wilderness lakes and streams: what is the impact of backpackers, pack animals, and cattle? Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 17, 15–20.
| Coliform bacteria in Sierra Nevada wilderness lakes and streams: what is the impact of backpackers, pack animals, and cattle?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W., Carlson, J. R., and Noponen, M. N. (2004). Coliform and pathologic bacteria in Sierra Nevada National forest wilderness area lakes and streams. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 15, 245–249.
| Coliform and pathologic bacteria in Sierra Nevada National forest wilderness area lakes and streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W., Ger, K. A., Richards, J. R., and Carlson, J. R. (2008). Risk factors for coliform bacteria in backcountry lakes and streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: a 5-year study. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 19, 82–90.
| Risk factors for coliform bacteria in backcountry lakes and streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: a 5-year study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Derlet, R. W., Richards, J. R., Tanaka, L. L., Hayden, C., Ger, K. A., and Goldman, C. R. (2012). Impact of summer cattle grazing on the Sierra Nevada watershed: aquatic algae and bacteria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012, 1–7.
| Impact of summer cattle grazing on the Sierra Nevada watershed: aquatic algae and bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dull, R. A. (1999). Palynological evidence for 19th century grazing-induced vegetation change in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. Journal of Biogeography 26, 899–912.
| Palynological evidence for 19th century grazing-induced vegetation change in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Edwards, J. (1985). Effects of herbivory by moose on flower and fruit production of Aralia nudicaulis. Journal of Ecology 73, 861–868.
| Effects of herbivory by moose on flower and fruit production of Aralia nudicaulis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Elton, C. (1939). On the nature of cover. The Journal of Wildlife Management 3, 332–338.
| On the nature of cover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fahnestock, J. T., and Detling, J. K. (2000). Morphological and physiological responses of perennial grasses to long-term grazing in the Pryor Mountains, Montana. American Midland Naturalist 143, 312–320.
| Morphological and physiological responses of perennial grasses to long-term grazing in the Pryor Mountains, Montana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Forde, K. N., Swinker, A. M., Traub-Dargatz, J. L., and Cheney, J. M. (1998). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium/Giardia in the trail horse population utilizing public lands in Colorado. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 18, 38–40.
| The prevalence of Cryptosporidium/Giardia in the trail horse population utilizing public lands in Colorado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Friedman, J., and Orshan, G. (1975). The distribution, emergence and survival of seedlings of Artemisia herba-alba Asso in the Negev desert of Israel in relation to distance from the adult plants. Journal of Ecology 63, 627–632.
| The distribution, emergence and survival of seedlings of Artemisia herba-alba Asso in the Negev desert of Israel in relation to distance from the adult plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gerlach, J. D., Jr, Moore, P. E., Johnson, B., Roy, D. G., Whitmarsh, P., Lubin, D. M., Graber, D. M., Haultain, S., Pfaff, A., and Keeley, J. E. (2003). ‘Alien plant species threat assessment and management prioritization for Sequoia-Kings Canyon and Yosemite national parks.’ U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02–170. (U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA.)

Gower, S. T. (2008). Are horses responsible for introducing non-native plants along forest trails in the eastern United States? Forest Ecology and Management 256, 997–1003.
| Are horses responsible for introducing non-native plants along forest trails in the eastern United States?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grant, W. E., Birney, E. C., French, N. R., and Swift, D. M. (1982). Structure and productivity of grassland small mammal communities related to grazing-induced changes in vegetative cover. Journal of Mammalogy 63, 248–260.
| Structure and productivity of grassland small mammal communities related to grazing-induced changes in vegetative cover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gross, K. L., Mittelbach, G. G., and Reynolds, H. L. (2005). Grassland invasibility and diversity: responses to nutrients, seed input, and disturbance. Ecology 86, 476–486.
| Grassland invasibility and diversity: responses to nutrients, seed input, and disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gudmundsson, O., and Dyrmundsson, O. R. (1994). Horse grazing under cold and wet conditions: a review. Livestock Production Science 40, 57–63.
| Horse grazing under cold and wet conditions: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hayden, C., Derlet, R. W., and Goldman, C. R. (2010). Periphyton in alpine lakes and streams along the John Muir trail in the Sierra Nevada: relationship to human impact. Journal of Mountain Medicine and Ecology 2, 2–16.

Helms, J. A., and Ratliff, R. D. (1987). Germination and establishment of Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Pinaceae) in mountain meadows of Yosemite National Park, California. Madrono 34, 77–90.

Hobbs, R. J., and Atkins, L. (1988). Effect of disturbance and nutrient addition on native and introduced annuals in plant communities in the western Australian wheatbelt. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 171–179.
| Effect of disturbance and nutrient addition on native and introduced annuals in plant communities in the western Australian wheatbelt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holmquist, J. G., Schmidt-Gengenbach, J., and Haultain, S. A. (2010). Does long-term grazing by pack stock in sub-alpine wet meadows result in lasting effects on arthropod assemblages? Wetlands 30, 252–262.
| Does long-term grazing by pack stock in sub-alpine wet meadows result in lasting effects on arthropod assemblages?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holmquist, J. G., Schmidt-Gengenbach, J., and Haultain, S. A. (2013a). Effects of a long-term disturbance on arthropods and vegetation in sub-alpine wetlands: manifestations of pack stock grazing in early versus mid-season. PLoS ONE 8, e54109.
| Effects of a long-term disturbance on arthropods and vegetation in sub-alpine wetlands: manifestations of pack stock grazing in early versus mid-season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFaksb4%3D&md5=39c7f40ef71918e2825459438e3c7119CAS | 23308297PubMed |

Holmquist, J. G., Schmidt-Gengenbach, J., and Haultain, S. A. (2013b). Equine grazing in managed sub-alpine wetlands: effects on arthropods and plant structure as a function of habitat. Environmental Management 52, 1474–1486.
| Equine grazing in managed sub-alpine wetlands: effects on arthropods and plant structure as a function of habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24000111PubMed |

Holmquist, J. G., Schmidt-Gengenbach, J., and Ballenger, E. A. (2014). Patch-scale effects of equine disturbance on arthropod assemblages and vegetation structure in subalpine wetlands. Environmental Management 53, 1109–1118.
| Patch-scale effects of equine disturbance on arthropod assemblages and vegetation structure in subalpine wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24715003PubMed |

Hopkinson, P., Hammond, M., Bartolome, J., Brooks, M., Berlow, E. L., Klinger, R., Matchet, J. R., Moore, P., Ostoja, S., Soulard, C., Joppa, L., Williams, R., Alvarez, O., Guo, Q., Haultain, S., Frenzel, E., and Saah, D. (2013). A natural resource condition assessment for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: Appendix 13 – Meadows. Natural Resource Report NPS/SEKI/NRR–2013/665.13. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Huber, S. A., Judkins, M. B., Krysl, L. J., Svejcar, T. J., Hess, B. W., and Holcombe, D. W. (1995). Cattle grazing a riparian mountain meadow: effects of low and moderate stocking density on nutrition, behavior, diet selection, and plant growth response. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3752–3765.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XptFWgtQ%3D%3D&md5=59fdb12fbda207a6007a453f166fa894CAS | 8655452PubMed |

Jennings, M. R. (1996). Status of amphibians. In: ‘Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress. Vol. II’. (Centres for Wildlands and Water Resources, University of California: Davis, CA.)

Johnson, E., Atwill, E. R., Filkins, M. E., and Kalush, J. (1997). The prevalence of shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. based on a single fecal sample collection from each of 91 horses used for back country recreation. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, 56–60.
| The prevalence of shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. based on a single fecal sample collection from each of 91 horses used for back country recreation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3kt12ntA%3D%3D&md5=c5c21682c64186357941b1f19e009dcdCAS | 9087926PubMed |

Jones, J. R. (2011). Patterns of floristic diversity in wet meadows and fens of the southern Sierra Nevada, California USA. MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Jutila, H. M., and Grace, J. B. (2002). Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: a test of the competitive release hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 90, 291–302.
| Effects of disturbance on germination and seedling establishment in a coastal prairie grassland: a test of the competitive release hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kauffman, J. B., and Krueger, W. C. (1984). Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications: a review. Journal of Range Management 37, 430–438.
| Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Keane, R. M., and Crawley, M. J. (2002). Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 164–170.
| Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kie, J. G., and Boroski, B. B. (1996). Cattle distribution, habitats, and diets in the Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Range Management 49, 482–488.
| Cattle distribution, habitats, and diets in the Sierra Nevada of California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kirchner, J. W., Micheli, L., and Farrington, J. D. (1998). ‘Effects of herbaceous riparian vegetation on streambank stability.’ Technical Completion Report, Project #W-872, University of California Berkeley Water Resources Centre. (University of California Berkeley Water Resources Centre: Berkeley, CA.)

Knapp, R. A., and Matthews, K. R. (1996). Livestock grazing, Golden Trout, and streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: impacts and management implications. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16, 805–820.
| Livestock grazing, Golden Trout, and streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: impacts and management implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S., and Hasson, O. (1991). Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation. Ecology 72, 2249–2260.
| Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kuss, R. F., and Hall, C. N. (1991). Ground flora trampling studies: five years after closure. Environmental Management 15, 715–727.
| Ground flora trampling studies: five years after closure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Larson, L. L., and Larson, S. L. (1996). Riparian shade and stream temperature: a perspective. Rangelands 18, 149–152.

Levine, J. M., Adler, P. B., and Yelenik, S. G. (2004). A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecology Letters 7, 975–989.
| A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liddle, M. J. (1975a). A selective review of the ecological effects of human trampling on natural ecosystems. Biological Conservation 7, 17–36.
| A selective review of the ecological effects of human trampling on natural ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liddle, M. J. (1975b). A theoretical relationship between the primary productivity of vegetation and its ability to tolerate trampling. Biological Conservation 8, 251–255.
| A theoretical relationship between the primary productivity of vegetation and its ability to tolerate trampling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liddle, M. J. (1991). Recreation ecology: effects of trampling on plants and corals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, 13–17.
| Recreation ecology: effects of trampling on plants and corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7hsVaqug%3D%3D&md5=698a017887cbd64324eb53fbc44931b1CAS |

Liddle, M. J., and Greig-Smith, P. J. (1975). A survey of tracks and paths in a sand dune ecosystem. II Vegetation. Journal of Applied Ecology 12, 909–930.
| A survey of tracks and paths in a sand dune ecosystem. II Vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loft, E. R., Menke, J. W., and Kie, J. G. (1991). Habitat shifts by mule deer: the influence of cattle grazing. The Journal of Wildlife Management 55, 16–26.
| Habitat shifts by mule deer: the influence of cattle grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loheide, S. P., and Lundquist, J. D. (2009). Snowmelt-induced diel fluxes through the hyporheic zone. Water Resources Research 45, W07404.
| Snowmelt-induced diel fluxes through the hyporheic zone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Magnússon, S. H., and Magnússon, B. (1990). Studies in the grazing of a drained lowland fen in Iceland. l. Plant preferences of horses during summer. Icelandic Agricultural Sciences 4, 109–124.

Magnússon, B., and Magnússon, S. H. (1994). Grazing effects and plant preferences of horses on a drained mire in Iceland: Agricultural Research Institute, Keldnaholt, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland. Livestock Production Science 40, 81–82.
| Grazing effects and plant preferences of horses on a drained mire in Iceland: Agricultural Research Institute, Keldnaholt, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maloney, S. B., Tiedemmann, A. R., Higgins, D. A., Quigley, T. M., and Marx, D. B. (1999). ‘Influence of stream characteristics and grazing intensity on stream temperatures in eastern Oregon.’ General Technical Report PNW-GTR-459. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Portland, OR.)

Martin, D. L. (2008). ‘Movement, Habitat Utilization and Survivorship of the Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus, Camp): an Endangered Anuran Endemic to the Sierra Nevada of California.’ (University of California: Santa Barbara, CA.)

Mayes, E., and Duncan, P. (1986). Temporal patterns of feeding behavior in free-ranging horses. Behavior 96, 105–129.
| Temporal patterns of feeding behavior in free-ranging horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mazzu, L. C. (1987). Compositional changes over time sampled by permanent meadow transects in Kings Canyon National Park. MS Thesis, Humboldt State University, CA, USA.

McClaran, M. P. (1989). Recreational pack stock management in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Rangelands 11, 3–8.

McClaran, M. P., and Cole, D. N. (1993). ‘Pack stock in wilderness: use, impacts, monitoring, and management.’ General Technical Report INT-301. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: Ogden, UT.)

McLean, A., Nicholson, H. H., and Van Ryswyk, A. L. (1963). Growth productivity and chemical composition of a sub-alpine meadow in interior British Columbia. Journal of Range Management 16, 235–240.
| Growth productivity and chemical composition of a sub-alpine meadow in interior British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXktVOms78%3D&md5=364872a102037cf4dc2b3b01bf3cff77CAS |

Meehan, W. R., Swanson, F. J., and Sedell, J. R. (1977). Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystem with particular reference to salmonid fishes and their food supply. In: ‘Importance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat’. USDA Forest Service General. Technical Report RM-43. pp. 137–643. (USDA Rocky Mountain Forest and Rangeland Experimental Station: Fort Collins, CO.)

Millar, C. I., Westfall, R. D., Delany, D. L., King, J. C., and Graumlich, L. J. (2004). Response of sub-alpine conifers in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., to 20th-century warming and decadal climate variability. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 36, 181–200.
| Response of sub-alpine conifers in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., to 20th-century warming and decadal climate variability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Miller, R. F., and Donart, G. B. (1981). Response of Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. to season of defoliation. Journal of Range Management 34, 91–94.
| Response of Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. to season of defoliation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Miller, E. A., and Halpern, C. B. (1998). Effects of environment and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 265–282.
| Effects of environment and grazing disturbance on tree establishment in meadows of the central Cascade Range, Oregon, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FmsFSisg%3D%3D&md5=7d23b5baa3002a8268b2b1c5f57734c3CAS |

Norman, S. P., and Taylor, A. H. (2005). Pine forest expansion along a forest-meadow ecotone in northeastern California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 215, 51–68.
| Pine forest expansion along a forest-meadow ecotone in northeastern California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Odion, D. C., Dudley, T. L., and D’Antonio, C. M. (1988). Cattle grazing in south-eastern Sierran meadows: ecosystem change and prospects for recovery. In: ‘Plant Biology of Eastern California. Natural History of the White-Inyo Range Symposium. Vol. 2’. (Eds C. A. Hall and V. D. Jones.) pp. 277–292. (University of California, White Mountain Research Station: Los Angeles, CA.)

Oesterheld, M., and Sala, O. E. (1990). Grazing effect upon seedling establishment: the role of seed and safe-site availability. Journal of Vegetation Science 1, 353–358.
| Grazing effect upon seedling establishment: the role of seed and safe-site availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Olson-Rutz, K. M., Marlow, C. B., Hansen, K., Gagnon, L. C., and Rossi, R. J. (1996a). Pack horse grazing behavior and immediate impact on a timberline meadow. Journal of Range Management 49, 546–550.
| Pack horse grazing behavior and immediate impact on a timberline meadow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Olson-Rutz, K. M., Marlow, C. B., Hansen, K., Gagnon, L. C., and Rossi, R. J. (1996b). Recovery of a high elevation plant community after pack horse grazing. Journal of Range Management 49, 541–545.
| Recovery of a high elevation plant community after pack horse grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Parker, J. D., Burkepile, D. E., and Hay, M. E. (2006). Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions. Science 311, 1459–1461.
| Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVyjsLg%3D&md5=0f3c49a5f03017792c5246760ee8c8a1CAS | 16527979PubMed |

Pearce, R. A., Trlica, M. J., Leininger, W. C., Mergen, D. E., and Frasier, G. (1998). Sediment movement through riparian vegetation under simulated rainfall and overland flow. Journal of Range Management 51, 301–308.
| Sediment movement through riparian vegetation under simulated rainfall and overland flow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pierce, S., Luzzaro, A., Caccianiga, M., Ceriani, R. M., and Cerabolini, B. (2007). Disturbance is the principal alpha-scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community. Journal of Ecology 95, 698–706.
| Disturbance is the principal alpha-scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Platts, W. S. (1991). Livestock grazing. In: ‘Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonoid Fishes and Their Habitats’. (Ed. W. R. Meehan.) pp. 389–423. (American Fishery Society: Bethesda, MD.)

Pond, F. W. (1961). Effect of three intensities of clipping on the density and production of meadow vegetation. Journal of Range Management 14, 34–38.
| Effect of three intensities of clipping on the density and production of meadow vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Powers, B., Johnson, M. D., LaManna, J. A., and Rich, A. (2011). The influence of cattle grazing on pocket gophers in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California: Potential implications for great gray owls. Northwestern Naturalist 92, 13–18.
| The influence of cattle grazing on pocket gophers in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California: Potential implications for great gray owls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pradhan, P., and Tripathi, R. S. (1983). Competition between Trifolium repens and Paspalum dilatatum as related to trampling. Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Plantarum 4, 345–353.

Pryor, P. J. (1985). The effects of disturbance on open Juncus trifidus health in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. In: ‘The Ecological Impacts of Outdoor Recreation on Mountain Areas in Europe and North America’. Recreation Ecology Research Group No. 9. (Eds N. G. Bayfield and G. C. Barrow.) pp. 53–62. (ITE: Banchory, UK.)

Quinn, L. D., Kolipinski, M., Coelho, V. R., Davis, B., Vianney, J., Batjargal, O., Alas, M., and Ghosh, S. (2008). Germination of invasive plant seeds after digestion by horses in California. Natural Areas Journal 28, 356–362.
| Germination of invasive plant seeds after digestion by horses in California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ratliff, R. D. (1985). ‘Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California: state of knowledge.’ General Technical. Report GTR-PSW-84. (Pacific South-west Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: Berkeley, CA.)

Reiner, R. J., and Urness, P. J. (1982). Effect of grazing horses managed as manipulators of big game winter range. Journal of Range Management 35, 567–571.
| Effect of grazing horses managed as manipulators of big game winter range.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roath, L. R., and Kruger, W. C. (1982). Cattle grazing influence on a mountain riparian zone. Journal of Range Management 35, 100–104.
| Cattle grazing influence on a mountain riparian zone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roche, L. M., Allen-Diaz, B., Eastburn, D. J., and Tate, K. W. (2012a). Cattle grazing and Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus Camp) breeding habitat in Sierra Nevada meadows. Rangeland Ecology and Management 65, 56–65.
| Cattle grazing and Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus Camp) breeding habitat in Sierra Nevada meadows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roche, L. M., Latimer, A. M., Eastburn, D. J., and Tate, K. W. (2012b). Cattle grazing and conservation of a meadow-dependent amphibian species in the Sierra Nevada. PLoS ONE 7, e35734.
| Cattle grazing and conservation of a meadow-dependent amphibian species in the Sierra Nevada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmvFSms7g%3D&md5=a99147776720982d8106741c3089fe1dCAS | 22558211PubMed |

Roche, L. M., Kromschroeder, L., Atwill, E. R., Dahlgren, R. A., and Tate, K. W. (2013). Water quality conditions associated with cattle grazing and recreation on national forest lands. PLoS ONE 8, e68127.
| Water quality conditions associated with cattle grazing and recreation on national forest lands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFahsL%2FN&md5=046633a81ba5afa4098cf53052ad3a96CAS | 23826370PubMed |

Rothstein, S. I., Verner, J., and Stevens, E. (1980). Range expansion and diurnal changes in dispersion of the brown-headed cowbird in the Sierra Nevada. The Auk 97, 253–267.

Rothstein, S. I., Verner, J., and Stevens, E. (1984). Radio tracking confirms a unique diurnal pattern of spatial occurrence in the parasitic brown-headed cowbird. Ecology 65, 77–88.
| Radio tracking confirms a unique diurnal pattern of spatial occurrence in the parasitic brown-headed cowbird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schoenherr, A. A. (1995). ‘A Natural History of California.’ Reprint edn. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.)

Sharsmith, C. W. (1961). ‘A Report on the Status, Changes and Comparative Ecology of Selected Back Country Meadow Areas in Yosemite National Park That Receive Heavy Visitor Use.’ (National Park Service: Yosemite, CA.)

Smith, M. D., and Knapp, A. K. (1999). Exotic plant species in a C4-dominated grassland: invasibility, disturbance, and community structure. Oecologia 120, 605–612.
| Exotic plant species in a C₄-dominated grassland: invasibility, disturbance, and community structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stohlgren, T. J. (1986). Vegetation and soil recovery in wilderness campsites closed to visitor use. Environmental Management 10, 375–380.
| Vegetation and soil recovery in wilderness campsites closed to visitor use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stohlgren, T. J., DeBenedetti, S. H., and Parsons, D. J. (1989). Effects of herbage removal on productivity of selected high Sierra meadow community types. Environmental Management 13, 485–491.
| Effects of herbage removal on productivity of selected high Sierra meadow community types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stohlgren, T. J., Binkley, D., Chong, G. W., Kalkhan, M. A., Schell, L. D., Bull, K. A., Otsuki, Y., Newman, G., Bashkin, M., and Son, Y. (1999). Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity. Ecological Monographs 69, 25–46.
| Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thomas, J. W., Maser, C., and Rodiek, J. E. (1979). ‘Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands – The Great Basin of south-eastern Oregon.’ General Technical Report PNW-80. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Portland, OR.)

Thurow, T. L. (1991). Hydrology and erosion. In: ‘Grazing Management: an Ecological Perspective’. (Eds R. K. Heitschmidt and J. W. Stuth.) pp. 141–159. (Timber Press: Portland, OR.)

Torre, I., Diaz, M., Martinez-Padilla, J., Bonal, R., Vinuela, J., and Fargallo, J. A. (2007). Cattle grazing, raptor abundance and small mammal communities in Mediterranean grasslands. Basic and Applied Ecology 8, 565–575.
| Cattle grazing, raptor abundance and small mammal communities in Mediterranean grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Trimble, S. W., and Mendel, A. C. (1995). The cow as a geomorphic agent – a critical review. Geomorphology 13, 233–253.
| The cow as a geomorphic agent – a critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turner, C. L., Seastedt, T. R., and Dyer, M. I. (1993). Maximization of above-ground grassland production – the role of defoliation frequency, intensity, and history. Ecological Applications 3, 175–186.
| Maximization of above-ground grassland production – the role of defoliation frequency, intensity, and history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ursem, C., Evans, C. S., Ger, K. A., Richards, J. R., and Derlet, R. W. (2009). Surface water quality along the Central John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: coliforms and algae. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 10, 349–355.
| Surface water quality along the Central John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: coliforms and algae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

USCA (2004). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California: High Sierra Hikers et al. (Plaintiffs-Appellants) v. Jack A. Blackwell et al. (Defendants-Appellees), National Forest Recreation Association et al. (Intervenors) No. 02-15504 D.C. No. CV-00-01239 EDL (EMC); High Sierra Hikers et al. (Plaintiffs-Appellees) v. Jack A. Blackwell et al. (Defendants-Appellants), National Forest Recreation Association et al. (Intervenors) No. 02-15505 D.C. No. CV-00-01239 EDL (EMC) OPINION; High Sierra Hikers et al. (Plaintiffs-Appellees) v. Jack A. Blackwell et al. (Defendants), National Forest Recreation Association et al. (Intervenors-Appellants) No. 02-15574 D.C. No. CV-00-01239 EDL (EMC) OPINION; Argued and Submitted May 12, 2003; filed August 25, 2004.

USDC (2008). United States District Court for the Northern District of California: High Sierra Hikers Association et al. (Plaintiffs) v. Randy Moore et al. (Defendants); National Forest Recreation Ass’n, et al., (Intervenors) No. C-00-01239-EDL, May 8, 2008.

USDI (1986). ‘U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service: Stock Use and Meadow Management Plan.’ (Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: Three Rivers, CA.)

USFWS (2014). ‘Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for the Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog and the Northern Distinct Population Segment of the Mountain Yellow-legged Frog, and Threatened Status for the Yosemite Toad.’ 50 CFR Part 17 – Vol. 79, No. 82. (United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Washington, DC.)

Vale, T. R. (1987). Vegetation change and park purposes in the high elevations of Yosemite-National-Park, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77, 1–18.
| Vegetation change and park purposes in the high elevations of Yosemite-National-Park, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vallentine, J. F. (1990). ‘Grazing Management.’ (Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, CA.)

Vankat, J. L., and Major, J. (1978). Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California. Journal of Biogeography 5, 377–402.
| Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Viers, J. H., Purdy, S. E., and Peek, R. A., Fryioff-Hung, A., Santos, N. R., Katz, J. V. E., Emmons, J. D., Dolan, D. V., and Yarnell, S. M. (2013). Montane meadows in the Sierra Nevada: changing hydroclimatic conditions and concepts for vulnerability assessment. Centre for Watershed Sciences Technical Report (CWS-2013-01). University of California, Davis, CA.

Wambolt, C. L., Walton, T. P., and White, R. S. (1989). Seed dispersal characteristics of plains silver sagebrush. The Prairie Naturalist 21, 113–118.

Weaver, T., and Dale, D. (1978). Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and horses in meadows and forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 15, 451–457.
| Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and horses in meadows and forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wedin, W. F., and Huff, D. R. (1996). Bluegrass. In: ‘Cool-season Forage Grasses’. (Eds L. E. Moser, D. R. Buxton and M. D. Casler.) pp. 665–590. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI.)

Weixelman, D. A., Hill, B., Cooper, D. J., Berlow, E. L., Viers, J. H., Purdy, S. E., Merrill, A. G., and Gross, S. E. (2011). ‘A Field Key to Meadow Hydro-geomorphic Types for the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Ranges in California.’ General Technical Report R5-TP-034. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region: Vallejo, CA.)

Wells, F. H., and Lauenroth, W. K. (2007). The potential for horses to disperse alien plants along recreational trails. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60, 574–577.
| The potential for horses to disperse alien plants along recreational trails.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Willms, W. D., and Quinton, D. A. (1995). Grazing effects on germinable seeds on the fescue prairie. Journal of Range Management 48, 423–430.
| Grazing effects on germinable seeds on the fescue prairie.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Winegar, H. H. (1977). Camp Creek channel fencing – plant, wildlife, soil, and water response. Rangeman’s Journal 4, 10–12.

Wood, S. H. (1975). Holocene stratigraphy and chronology of mountain meadows, Sierra Nevada, California. Earth Resources Monograph 4, 1–180.