Female age and parity in horses: how and why does it matter?
Emilie Derisoud A B , Juliette Auclair-Ronzaud C , Eric Palmer D , Morgane Robles A B E and Pascale Chavatte-Palmer A B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
B Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
C Plateau technique de la station expérimentale de Chamberet, IFCE, 19370 Chamberet, France.
D Académie d’Agriculture de France, 75007 Paris, France.
E INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, QC, Canada.
* Correspondence to: pascale.chavatte-palmer@inrae.fr
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 34(2) 52-116 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD21267
Published online: 15 November 2021
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the IETS
Abstract
Although puberty can occur as early as 14–15 months of age, depending on breed and use, the reproductive career of mares may continue to advanced ages. Once mares are used as broodmares, they will usually produce foals once a year until they become unfertile, and their productivity can be enhanced and/or prolonged through embryo technologies. There is a general consensus that old mares are less fertile, but maternal age and parity are confounding factors because nulliparous mares are usually younger and older mares are multiparous in most studies. This review shows that age critically affects cyclicity, folliculogenesis, oocyte and embryo quality as well as presence of oviductal masses and uterine tract function. Maternal parity has a non-linear effect. Primiparity has a major influence on placental and foal development, with smaller foals at the first gestation that remain smaller postnatally. After the first gestation, endometrial quality and uterine clearance capacities decline progressively with increasing parity and age, whilst placental and foal birthweight and milk production increase. These combined effects should be carefully balanced when breeding mares, in particular when choosing and caring for recipients and their foals.
Keywords: embryo, fertility, foal, follicle, lactation, mare, oocyte, ovary, placenta, puberty, reproduction, uterus.
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