Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Australian Journal of Primary Health Australian Journal of Primary Health Society
The issues influencing community health services and primary health care
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Within the boundary fence: an investigation into the perceptions of men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas of Australia

Lisa Patterson-Kane A C and Frances Quirk B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A UNE Psychology Clinic, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.

B School of Medicine and Dentistry, Douglas Campus, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: lpatter5@une.edu.au

Australian Journal of Primary Health 20(2) 162-166 https://doi.org/10.1071/PY12106
Submitted: 12 February 2012  Accepted: 18 January 2013   Published: 7 March 2013

Abstract

This is a study exploring perceptions of men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas of Australia. The purpose of this investigation was to generate ‘new’ information that can inform models of diagnosis and primary care for the treatment of depression in men in rural and remote areas. Men and women were recruited from two North Queensland sites to participate in semistructured interviews in both an individual and focus group format and completing a series of questionnaires. A combination of grounded theory and content analysis was adopted to analyse the qualitative data, and develop theory around men’s experience of depression in rural and remote areas. The findings of this study suggest that men’s experience of depression within a rural context is defined by a process of ‘internal compound’ whereupon emotional distress can represent itself in avoidant and dulling behaviours along with self-reliant attempts to ‘fix’ the situation. From this study a language has been provided to give explanation to the experience of depression in men in rural and remote areas. The findings of this study have implications for, and provide opportunity for reform in, how we approach the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of depression for men in rural and remote areas.


References

ABS (2000) ‘Suicides: 1921–1993.’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra)

Alston M (2012) Rural male suicide in Australia. Social Science & Medicine 74, 515–522.
Rural male suicide in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4, 561–571.
An inventory for measuring depression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2FgslKisg%3D%3D&md5=fa631059eb38a83b575aecf57b02e71fCAS |

Blazer DG, Kessler R, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS (1994) The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 15, 979–986.

Brownhill S, Wilhelm K, Eliovson G, Waterhouse M (2003) ‘For men only’: a mental health prompt list in primary care. Australian Family Physician 32, 443–450.

Brownhill S, Wilhelm K, Barclay L, Schmied V (2005) ‘Big build’: hidden depression in men. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, 921–931.

De Leo D, Klieve H, Milner A (2006) ‘Suicide in Queensland 2002–2004: mortality rates and related data.’ (Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention: Brisbane)

Duncan C, Jones K, Moon G (1993) Do places matter? A multi-level analysis of regional variations in health related behaviour in Britain. Social Science & Medicine 37, 725–733.
Do places matter? A multi-level analysis of regional variations in health related behaviour in Britain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FisVWgtQ%3D%3D&md5=9c4befaf6cd64c3e3af6b142d0e3addfCAS |

Felsten G (1998) Gender and coping: use of distinct strategies and associations with stress and depression. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 11, 289–309.
Gender and coping: use of distinct strategies and associations with stress and depression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fraser C, Judd F, Jackson H, Murray G, Humphreys J, Hodgins G (2002) Does one size really fit all? Why the mental health of rural Australians requires further research. The Australian Journal of Rural Health 10, 288–295.
Does one size really fit all? Why the mental health of rural Australians requires further research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fuller J, Edwards J, Procter N, Moss J (2002) Mental health in rural and remote Australia. In ‘The new rural health’. (Eds D Wilkinson, I Blue) pp. 171–185. (Oxford University Press: Melbourne)

Gorman D, Buikstra E, Hegney D, Pearce S, Rogers C, Weir J (2007) Rural men and mental health: their experiences and how they managed. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 16, 298–306.
Rural men and mental health: their experiences and how they managed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hart A (2001) ‘Unmasking male depression.’ (W Publishing Group: Nashville, TN)

Judd F, Cooper A, Fraser C, Davis J (2006) Rural suicide − people or place effects? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, 208–216.

Kercher K (1992) Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old: the PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging 14, 131–168.
Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old: the PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF (1995). ‘Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales.’ 2nd edn. (Psychology Foundation: Sydney)

Lynch J, Kilmartin C (1999) ‘The pain behind the mask: overcoming masculine depression.’ (The Haworth Press: Binghamton)

Nolen-Hoeksema S (1987) Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin 101, 259–282.
Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ns1Wrsw%3D%3D&md5=a6016066259de12909322e792163c180CAS |

Paykel ES (1991) Depression in women. The British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 22–29.

Pierce D, Shann C (2012) Rural Australians’ mental health literacy: identifying and addressing their knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education 2, 139–145.

Pollack W (1999) The tortures of the job: diagnosing and treating hidden depression in older men. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, 195–222.

Real T (1997) ‘I don’t want to talk about it: overcoming the secret legacy of male depression.’ (Newleaf: Dublin)

Scheier MF, Carver CS (1985) Optimism, coping and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology 4, 219–247.
Optimism, coping and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3osV2isg%3D%3D&md5=30ffea4e4ce9193b596dfb30ec967d13CAS |

Strauss AL, Corbin J (1998) ‘Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory.’ 2nd edn. (Sage Publications: Newbury Park, CA)

Watson D, Clark L, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, 1063–1070.
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3os1ersA%3D%3D&md5=dc6d1ad181b6617d3b15fe8c55cec624CAS |

Wells JE, Bushnell JA, Hornblow AR, Joyce PR, Oakley-Browne MA (1989) Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study. Part 1: methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 23, 315–326.
Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study. Part 1: methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2Fis1Srsg%3D%3D&md5=9629355b1b53bfca112261df25bb4148CAS |

Wilhelm K, Parker G (1994) Sex differences in lifetime depression rates: fact or artefact? Psychological Medicine 24, 97–111.
Sex differences in lifetime depression rates: fact or artefact?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3mvFanug%3D%3D&md5=720d9f52b1c00e00ae286dd7a4d07d7aCAS |