Decision-science navigates trade-offs between environmental and socio-economic objectives for marine debris mitigation
Jutta Beher A * , Brendan Wintle B and Eric Treml A C DA
B
C
D
Abstract
Marine litter is a growing global problem that impacts biodiversity and human societies alike. South-east Asia suffers significant impacts due to high biodiversity, dense human populations, and large volumes of plastics entering the marine environment, primarily through rivers.
Drawing on decision-theory principles, Structured Decision Making (SDM) can improve site selection for marine debris management by identifying the best options to reduce plastic exposure to species, ecosystems, and human populations in the marine and coastal environment, as well as an overall reduction of drifting plastic debris in the open ocean.
We combine an SDM framework with a plastic transport model and quantify benefits for environmental and social objectives across 542 locations covering 683 rivers along the coasts of south-east Asia in the biodiversity hotspot of the Coral Triangle. We modelled and quantified metrics for the reduction in volume and flow of plastics to all downstream coral reefs, key biodiversity areas, marine protected areas, and coastal communities.
No location is the best option across all objectives, but the multiple metrics help to navigate trade-offs across specific objectives. Despite 95% of all plastic debris remaining in circulation in the seascape after 2 months, several rivers contribute not only large volumes of plastic debris to the overall marine pollution but also large volumes of pollution downstream.
The increasing pollution of the marine environment with plastic debris can only be stopped by regulating and reducing the production of plastic products. However, as long as plastic debris is still circulating in the environment, the identification of these locations where the removal of plastic pollution will deliver the best outcomes for a set of important objectives will remain an important mitigation measure. The proposed framework effectively facilitates understanding existing trade-offs and can easily be adapted to include additional metrics or objectives. Using this framework enables decision-makers to develop a tailor-made prioritisation process for clean-up interventions in their unique socio-ecological contexts.
This new decision-science approach for identifying efficient spatial management strategies for plastic clean-up is transferable to any geography and has the capacity to enhance local-to-global plastic management.
Keywords: clean-up intervention, conservation planning, Coral Triangle, marine debris, plastic pollution, plastic transport model, river pollution, site selection, South-East Asia, Structured Decision Making.
References
Adams VM, Visconti P, Graham V, Possingham HP (2021) Indicators keep progress honest: a call to track both the quantity and quality of protected areas. One Earth 4, 901-906.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Alindayu RC, II, Licnachan LOC, Luzadas RL, Ignacio PSP, Onda DFL (2023) Moving towards open data, public access, and information sharing to combat marine plastics pollution in the Philippines and the Southeast Asian region. Ocean & Coastal Management 243, 106771.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Arifin Z, Falahudin D, Saito H, Mintarsih TH, Hafizt M, Suteja Y (2023) Indonesian policy and researches toward 70% reduction of marine plastic pollution by 2025. Marine Policy 155, 105692.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Avery-Gomm S, Provencher JF, Borrelle SB (2018a) Linking plastic ingestion research with marine wildlife conservation. Science of the Total Environment 637–638 1492-1495.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Avery-Gomm S, Provencher JF, Liboiron M, Poon FE, Smith PA (2018b) Plastic pollution in the Labrador Sea: an assessment using the seabird northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis as a biological monitoring species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 127, 817-822.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Barrett J, Chase Z, Zhang J, Holl MMB, Willis K, Williams A, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C (2020) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments from the great Australian bight. Frontiers in Marine Science 7, 576170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Basel Action Network (2021) Global export data, 2021 annual summary. Available at https://www.ban.org/plastic-waste-project-hub/trade-data/global-export-data-2021-annual-summary
Bauer-Civiello A, Critchell K, Hoogenboom M, Hamann M (2019) Input of plastic debris in an urban tropical river system. Marine Pollution Bulletin 144, 235-242.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Beaumont NJ, Aanesen M, Austen MC, Börger T, Clark JR, Cole M, Hooper T, Lindeque PK, Pascoe C, Wyles KJ (2019) Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142, 189-195.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Benioff Ocean Initiative (2019) River plastic pollution: considerations for addressing the leading source of marine debris. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345026035_RIVER_PLASTIC_POLLUTION_Considerations_for_addressing_the_leading_source_of_marine_debris
Bergmann M, Arp HPH, Carney Almroth B, Cowger W, Eriksen M, Dey T, Gündoğdu S, Helm RR, Krieger A, Syberg K, et al. (2023) Moving from symptom management to upstream plastics prevention: the fallacy of plastic cleanup technology. One Earth 6, 1439-1442.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Beyer HL, Kennedy EV, Beger M, Chen CA, Cinner JE, Darling ES, Eakin CM, Gates RD, Heron SF, Knowlton N, et al. (2018) Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters 11, e12587.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Borrelle SB, Ringma J, Law KL, Monnahan CC, Lebreton L, McGivern A, Murphy E, Jambeck J, Leonard GH, Hilleary MA, et al. (2020) Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science 369, 1515-1518.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Burgman M (2005) ‘Risks and decisions for conservation and environmental management.’ 1st edn. (Cambridge University Press) 10.1017/CBO9780511614279
Cable RN, Beletsky D, Beletsky R, Wigginton K, Locke BW, Duhaime MB (2017) Distribution and modeled transport of plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, the world’s largest freshwater resource. Frontiers in Environmental Science 5, 45.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Campbell ML, Peters L, McMains C, de Campos MCR, Sargisson RJ, Blackwell B, Hewitt CL (2019) Are our beaches safe? Quantifying the human health impact of anthropogenic beach litter on people in New Zealand. Science of The Total Environment 651, 2400-2409.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University (2017) Gridded population of the world, Version 4 (GPWv4): population density, Revision 11. Available at https://doi.org/10.7927/H49C6VHW
Chassignet EP, Hurlburt HE, Smedstad OM, Halliwell GR, Hogan PJ, Wallcraft AJ, Baraille R, Bleck R (2007) The HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) data assimilative system. Journal of Marine Systems 65, 60-83.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chollett I, Escovar-Fadul X, Schill SR, Croquer A, Dixon AM, Beger M, Shaver E, Pietsch McNulty V, Wolff NH (2022) Planning for resilience: incorporating scenario and model uncertainty and trade-offs when prioritizing management of climate refugia. Global Change Biology 28, 4054-4068.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Choy CA, Robison BH, Gagne TO, Erwin B, Firl E, Halden RU, Hamilton JA, Katija K, Lisin SE, Rolsky C, et al. (2019) The vertical distribution and biological transport of marine microplastics across the epipelagic and mesopelagic water column. Scientific Reports 9, 7843.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chubarenko I, Bagaev A, Zobkov M, Esiukova E (2016) On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 108, 105-112.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Chubarenko I, Esiukova E, Khatmullina L, Lobchuk O, Grave A, Kileso A, Haseler M (2020) From macro to micro, from patchy to uniform: analyzing plastic contamination along and across a sandy tide-less coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 156, 111198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
CIEL (2024) Plastics treaty talks in ottawa sacrifice ambition for compromise. Available at https://www.ciel.org/news/outcome-plastics-negotiations-inc4-ottawa/
Clark BL, Carneiro APB, Pearmain EJ, Rouyer M-M, Clay TA, Cowger W, Phillips RA, Manica A, Hazin C, Eriksen M, et al. (2023) Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. Nature Communications 14, 3665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Compa M, Alomar C, Wilcox C, van Sebille E, Lebreton L, Hardesty BD, Deudero S (2019) Risk assessment of plastic pollution on marine diversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Science of The Total Environment 678, 188-196.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Côté IM, Darling ES, Brown CJ (2016) Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, 20152592.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cowger W, Willis KA, Bullock S, Conlon K, Emmanuel J, Erdle LM, Eriksen M, Farrelly TA, Hardesty BD, Kerge K, et al. (2024) Global producer responsibility for plastic pollution. Science Advances 10, eadj8275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Critchell K, Hamann M, Wildermann N, Grech A (2019) Predicting the exposure of coastal species to plastic pollution in a complex island archipelago. Environmental Pollution 252, 982-991.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Csardi G, Nepusz T (2006) The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, Complex Systems 1695, 1-9.
| Google Scholar |
Danopoulos E, Twiddy M, West R, Rotchell JM (2022) A rapid review and meta-regression analyses of the toxicological impacts of microplastic exposure in human cells. Journal of Hazardous Materials 427, 127861.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Diana Z, Vegh T, Karasik R, Bering J, D. Llano Caldas J, Pickle A, Rittschof D, Lau W, Virdin J (2022a) The evolving global plastics policy landscape: an inventory and effectiveness review. Environmental Science & Policy 134, 34-45.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Diana Z, Reilly K, Karasik R, Vegh T, Wang Y, Wong Z, Dunn L, Blasiak R, Dunphy-Daly MM, Rittschof D, et al. (2022b) Voluntary commitments made by the world’s largest companies focus on recycling and packaging over other actions to address the plastics crisis. One Earth 5, 1286-1306.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Duncan EM, Broderick AC, Critchell K, Galloway TS, Hamann M, Limpus CJ, Lindeque PK, Santillo D, Tucker AD, Whiting S, et al. (2021) Plastic pollution and small juvenile marine turtles: a potential evolutionary trap. Frontiers in Marine Science 8, 699521.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Eisma-Osorio R-L (2021) Navigating in a sea of plastics: a critical reflection on the legal responses in the Philippines to marine plastic debris. Korea Legislation Research Institute’s KLRI Journal of Law Legislation 11, 63-96.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd (2016) Plastics in the marine environment. Available at www.eunomia.co.uk
Fauziah SH, Rizman-Idid M, Cheah W, Loh K-H, Sharma S, M.R N, Bordt M, Praphotjanaporn T, Samah AA, Sabaruddin JSB, et al. (2021) Marine debris in Malaysia: a review on the pollution intensity and mitigating measures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 167, 112258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Belgium (2019) Maritime boundaries geodatabase: maritime boundaries and exclusive economic zones (200NM). Available at https://doi.org/10.14284/386
Fossi MC, Coppola D, Baini M, Giannetti M, Guerranti C, Marsili L, Panti C, de Sabata E, Clò S (2014) Large filter feeding marine organisms as indicators of microplastic in the pelagic environment: the case studies of the Mediterranean basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Environmental Research 100, 17-24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Galaiduk R, Lebreton L, Techera E, Reisser J (2020) Transnational plastics: an Australian case for global action. Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, 115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Game ET, Kareiva P, Possingham HP (2013) Six common mistakes in conservation priority setting. Conservation Biology 27, 480-485.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances 3, e1700782.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gomez NCF, Cragg SM, Ghiglione J-F, Onda DFL (2023) Accumulation and exposure classifications of plastics in the different coastal habitats in the western Philippine archipelago. Environmental Pollution 337, 122602.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hall NM, Berry KLE, Rintoul L, Hoogenboom MO (2015) Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals. Marine Biology 162, 725-732.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Halpern BS, Klein CJ, Brown CJ, Beger M, Grantham HS, Mangubhai S, Ruckelshaus M, Tulloch VJ, Watts M, White C, et al. (2013) Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 6229-6234.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hardesty BD, Lawson TJ, van der Velde T, Lansdell M, Wilcox C (2017) Estimating quantities and sources of marine debris at a continental scale. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15, 18-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Harris PT, Westerveld L, Nyberg B, Maes T, Macmillan-Lawler M, Appelquist LR (2021) Exposure of coastal environments to river-sourced plastic pollution. Science of The Total Environment 769, 145222.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C (2017) Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Science of The Total Environment 586, 127-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Human Rights Watch (2022) ‘Its as if they are poisoning us’ – the health impacts of plastic recycling in Turkey. Available at https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/09/turkey0922web_0.pdf
Iskandar MR, Surinati D, Cordova MR, Siong K (2021) Pathways of floating marine debris in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 169, 112511.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Iskandar MR, Cordova MR, Park Y-G (2022) Pathways and destinations of floating marine plastic debris from 10 major rivers in Java and Bali, Indonesia: a Lagrangian particle tracking perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin 185, 114331.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347, 768-771.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Jones BT, Solow A, Ji R (2016) Resource allocation for Lagrangian tracking. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, 1225-1235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kamaruddin H, Maskun , Patittingi F, Assidiq H, Bachril SN, Al Mukarramah NH (2022) Legal aspect of plastic waste management in Indonesia and Malaysia: addressing marine plastic debris. Sustainability 14, 6985.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khatmullina L, Chubarenko I (2019) Transport of marine microplastic particles: why is it so difficult to predict? Anthropocene Coasts 2, 293-305.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lamb JB, Willis BL, Fiorenza EA, Couch CS, Howard R, Rader DN, True JD, Kelly LA, Ahmad A, Jompa J, et al. (2018) Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science 359, 460-462.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Law KL, Starr N, Siegler TR, Jambeck JR, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH (2020) The United States’ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean. Science Advances 6, eabd0288.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lebreton LCM, van der Zwet J, Damsteeg J-W, Slat B, Andrady A, Reisser J (2017) River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications 8, 15611.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lee J, Volvovici V (2024) Countries fail to reach agreement in UN plastic talks. Reuters. Available at https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/over-100-countries-back-plastic-treaty-caps-talks-reach-fierce-finish-2024-11-30/
Lestari P, Trihadiningrum Y (2019) The impact of improper solid waste management to plastic pollution in Indonesian coast and marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149, 110505.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liang Y, Tan Q, Song Q, Li J (2021) An analysis of the plastic waste trade and management in Asia. Waste Management 119, 242-253.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
MacLeod M, Arp HPH, Tekman MB, Jahnke A (2021) The global threat from plastic pollution. Science 373, 61-65.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Marks D, Miller MA, Vassanadumrongdee S (2020) The geopolitical economy of Thailand’s marine plastic pollution crisis. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 61, 266-282.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Martin C, Baalkhuyur F, Valluzzi L, Saderne V, Cusack M, Almahasheer H, Krishnakumar PK, Rabaoui L, Qurban MA, Arias-Ortiz A, et al. (2020) Exponential increase of plastic burial in mangrove sediments as a major plastic sink. Science Advances 6, eaaz5593.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Meijer LJJ, van Emmerik T, van der Ent R, Schmidt C, Lebreton L (2021) More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Science Advances 7, eaaz5803.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Moilanen A, Wintle BA, Elith J, Burgman M (2006) Uncertainty analysis for regional-scale reserve selection. Conservation Biology 20, 1688-1697.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Omeyer LCM, Duncan EM, Aiemsomboon K, Beaumont N, Bureekul S, Cao B, Carrasco LR, Chavanich S, Clark JR, Cordova MR, et al. (2022) Priorities to inform research on marine plastic pollution in Southeast Asia. Science of The Total Environment 841, 156704.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Onink V, Jongedijk CE, Hoffman MJ, van Sebille E, Laufkötter C (2021) Global simulations of marine plastic transport show plastic trapping in coastal zones. Environmental Research Letters 16, 064053.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Owens KA, Kamil PI (2020) Adapting coastal collection methods for river assessment to increase data on global plastic pollution: examples from India and Indonesia. Frontiers in Environmental Science 7, 208.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pinheiro HT, MacDonald C, Santos RG, Ali R, Bobat A, Cresswell BJ, Francini-Filho R, Freitas R, Galbraith GF, Musembi P, et al. (2023) Plastic pollution on the world’s coral reefs. Nature 619, 311-316.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Purba NP, Handyman DIW, Pribadi TD, Syakti AD, Pranowo WS, Harvey A, Ihsan YN (2019) Marine debris in Indonesia: a review of research and status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 146, 134-144.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
R Core Team (2020) R: a language and environment computing. Available at https://www.r-project.org/
Ragusa A, Svelato A, Santacroce C, Catalano P, Notarstefano V, Carnevali O, Papa F, Rongioletti MCA, Baiocco F, Draghi S, et al. (2021) Plasticenta: first evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environment International 146, 106274.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rech S, Borrell Pichs YJ, García-Vazquez E (2018a) Anthropogenic marine litter composition in coastal areas may be a predictor of potentially invasive rafting fauna. PLoS ONE 13, e0191859.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rech S, Thiel M, Borrell Pichs YJ, García-Vazquez E (2018b) Travelling light: fouling biota on macroplastics arriving on beaches of remote Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 137, 119-128.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Regan HM, Colyvan M, Burgman MA (2002) A taxonomy and treatment of uncertainty for ecology and conservation biology. Ecological Applications 12, 618-628.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Reisser J, Slat B, Noble K, du Plessis K, Epp M, Proietti M, de Sonneville J, Becker T, Pattiaratchi C (2015) The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre. Biogeosciences 12, 1249-1256.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, et al. (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295, 1280-1284.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Roman L, Hardesty BD, Schuyler Q (2022) A systematic review and risk matrix of plastic litter impacts on aquatic wildlife: a case study of the Mekong and Ganges River Basins. Science of The Total Environment 843, 156858.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rose DC, Amano T, González-Varo JP, Mukherjee N, Robertson RJ, Simmons BI, Wauchope HS, Sutherland WJ (2019) Calling for a new agenda for conservation science to create evidence-informed policy. Biological Conservation 238, 108222.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rounsevell MDA, Arneth A, Brown C, Cheung WWL, Gimenez O, Holman I, Leadley P, Luján C, Mahevas S, Maréchaux I, et al. (2021) Identifying uncertainties in scenarios and models of socio-ecological systems in support of decision-making. One Earth 4, 967-985.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sarkar S (2012) Complementarity and the selection of nature reserves: algorithms and the origins of conservation planning, 1980–1995. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 66, 397-426.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Schernewski G, Radtke H, Hauk R, Baresel C, Olshammar M, Osinski R, Oberbeckmann S (2020) Transport and behavior of microplastics emissions from urban sources in the Baltic Sea. Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, 579361.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Schlaefer J, Carter A, Choukroun S, Coles R, Critchell K, Lambrechts J, Rasheed M, Tol S, Grech A (2022) Marine plant dispersal and connectivity measures differ in their sensitivity to biophysical model parameters. Environmental Modelling & Software 149, 105313.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Seo S, Park Y-G (2020) Destination of floating plastic debris released from ten major rivers around the Korean Peninsula. Environment International 138, 105655.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sherman P, van Sebille E (2016) Modeling marine surface microplastic transport to assess optimal removal locations. Environmental Research Letters 11, 014006.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Silva J, Morse M, Tamayo-Cañadas V (2021) Plastic waste capture in rivers: An inventory of current technologies. Benioff Ocean Initiative. Available at https://cleancurrentscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Plastic-Waste-Capture-in-Rivers_Benioff-Ocean-Initiative_2021_reduced.pdf
Simons RD, Siegel DA, Brown KS (2013) Model sensitivity and robustness in the estimation of larval transport: a study of particle tracking parameters. Journal of Marine Systems 119–120, 19-29.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Stoett P (2022) Plastic pollution: a global challenge in need of multi-level justice-centered solutions. One Earth 5, 593-596.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Suryawan IWK, Lee C-H (2024) Importance-performance dynamics and willingness to pay in coastal areas for climate-adaptive Marine Debris Management. Regional Studies in Marine Science 77, 103596.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Suryawan IWK, Sianipar IMJ, Lee C-H (2024a) Reshaping marine debris management post-COVID-19: integrating adaptive attributes for enhanced community engagement. Ocean & Coastal Management 253, 107149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Suryawan IWK, Suhardono S, Lee C-H (2024b) Boosting beach clean-up participation through community resilience hypothetical scenarios. Marine Pollution Bulletin 207, 116853.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Tessnow-von Wysocki I, Wang M, Morales-Caselles C, Woodall LC, Syberg K, Carney Almroth B, Fernandez M, Monclús L, Wilson SP, Warren M, et al. (2023) Plastics treaty text must center ecosystems. Science 382, 525-526.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
The Guardian (2022) NGO retracts ‘waste colonialism’ report blaming Asian countries for plastic pollution. The Guardian, 15 September. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/15/ocean-conservancy-ngo-retracts-2015-waste-colonialism-report-blaming-five-asian-countries-for-most-plastic-pollution
Treml EA, Roberts JJ, Chao Y, Halpin PN, Possingham HP, Riginos C (2012) Reproductive output and duration of the pelagic larval stage determine seascape-wide connectivity of marine populations. Integrative and Comparative Biology 52, 525-537.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Treml EA, Ford JR, Black KP, Swearer SE (2015) Identifying the key biophysical drivers, connectivity outcomes, and metapopulation consequences of larval dispersal in the sea. Movement Ecology 3, 17.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
UNEP (2022a) Draft resolution: end plastic pollution: towards an international legally binding instrument. Available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38522/k2200647_-_unep-ea-5-l-23-rev-1_-_advance.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
UNEP (2022b) Our planet is choking on plastic. Available at https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ [accessed 8 October 2022]
UNEP-WCMC, WorldFish, World Resources Institute, The Nature Conservancy (2010) Global Distribution of Coral Reefs. 1.33 GB. Available at https://doi.org/10.34892/t2wk-5t34
Urban D, Keitt T (2001) Landscape connectivity: a graph-theoretic perspective. Ecology 82, 1205-1218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
van Emmerik T, Loozen M, Van Oeveren K, Buschman F, Prinsen G (2019) Riverine plastic emission from Jakarta into the ocean. Environmental Research Letters 14, 084033.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
van Sebille E, Wilcox C, Lebreton L, Maximenko N, Hardesty BD, van Franeker JA, Eriksen M, Siegel D, Galgani F, Law KL (2015) A global inventory of small floating plastic debris. Environmental Research Letters 10, 124006.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
van Sebille E, Aliani S, Law KL, Maximenko N, Alsina JM, Bagaev A, Bergmann M, Chapron B, Chubarenko I, Cózar A, et al. (2020) The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris. Environmental Research Letters 15, 023003.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
VASI (Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands) (2020) National action plan for management of marine plastic debris by 2030. VASI, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at https://www.undp.org/vietnam/publications/national-action-plan-management-marine-plastic-litter-2030
Veettil BK, Hua NTA, Van DD, Quang NX (2023) Coastal and marine plastic pollution in Vietnam: problems and the way out. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 292, 108472.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Waruszewski M, Kühnlein C, Pawlowska H, Smolarkiewicz PK (2018) MPDATA: third-order accuracy for variable flows. Journal of Computational Physics 359, 361-379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Widis DC, BenDor TK, Deegan M (2015) Prioritizing wetland restoration sites: a review and application to a large-scale coastal restoration program. Ecological Restoration 33, 358-377.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wilcox C, Van Sebille E, Hardesty BD (2015) Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, 11899-11904.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Williams AT, Simmons SL (1997) Estuarine litter at the river/beach interface in the bristol channel, United Kingdom. Journal of Coastal Research 13, 1159-1165.
| Google Scholar |
Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS (2013) The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environmental Pollution 178, 483-492.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Wyborn C, Evans MC (2021) Conservation needs to break free from global priority mapping. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5, 1322-1324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yin R (2021) Legal practice and future prospects of marine plastic debris management in China. In ‘Marine plastic pollution and the rule of law’. (Eds LY Sulistiawati, R-L Eisma-Osorio) pp. 262–285. (Konrad Adenaeur Stiftung, Ltd., Korea Legislation Research Institute, Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law-National University of Singapore, and University of Cebu School of Law)