Australia’s wetlands – learning from the past to manage for the future
G. Bino A B , R. T. Kingsford A and K. Brandis A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: gilad.bino@unsw.edu.au
Pacific Conservation Biology 22(2) 116-129 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC15047
Submitted: 7 December 2015 Accepted: 8 April 2016 Published: 27 May 2016
Abstract
Australia has diverse wetlands with multiple threats. We reviewed knowledge about the extent of wetlands, representativeness, impacts and threats to integrity and options for effective conservation. Natural Australian wetlands cover an estimated 33 266 245 ha (4.4%), with 55% palustrine (floodplains and swamps), followed by 31% lakes, 10% estuarine systems, and 5% rivers and creeks. The Lake Eyre (1.1%), Murray–Darling (0.73%), Tanami–Timor Sea Coast (0.71%) and the Carpentaria Coast (0.55%) drainage divisions have more wetlands, also reflected in the distributions among states and territories. Ramsar sites and wetlands in protected areas were generally biased towards the southern continent. Overall representation of mapped wetlands was good for lacustrine (40.6%) and estuarine (34.4%), fair for riverine (16.8%), but inadequate for palustrine (10.8%) wetlands. Within drainage divisions, representation varied considerably, with shortfalls from the Aichi target of 17%. Agriculture, urbanisation, pollution and invasive species have degraded or destroyed wetlands, particularly in the developed south-east, south-west and north-east of the continent. Water resource developments, primarily the building of dams, diversion of water and development of floodplains, seriously threaten Australian wetlands, with all threats exacerbated by climate change impacts of rising sea levels and high temperatures. Management and policy for wetlands is dependent on data on distribution, type and extent of wetlands, a key national constraint. Some States are well advanced (e.g. Queensland) and others lack any comprehensive data on the distribution of wetlands. Mitigation of increasing development (e.g. northern Australia) will be critical for conservation, along with increased representativeness in protected areas and restoration, particularly with environmental flows.
Additional keywords: classification, conservation, floodplains, representativeness, water resource development.
References
Adam, P. (1995). Urbanization and transport. In ‘Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions’. (Eds R. Bradstock, T. D. Auld, D. A. Keith, R. T. Kingsford, D. Lunney, and D. Sivertsen.) pp. 55–75. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)AETG (2012). Aquatic Ecosystems Toolkit. Module 2 Interim Australian National Aquatic Ecosystems (ANAE) Classification Framework. Aquatic Ecosystems Task Group, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra.
ARB (1997). Australia’s River Basins 1997. Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), AS/NZS ISO 19115:2005.
Arthington, A. H. (1991). Ecological and genetic impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 33–43.
| Ecological and genetic impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arthington, A. H. (2012). ‘Environmental Flows: Saving Rivers in the Third miLlennium.’ (University of California Press: Berkeley.)
Arthington, A. H., and Pusey, B. J. (2003). Flow restoration and protection in Australian rivers. River Research and Applications 19, 377–395.
| Flow restoration and protection in Australian rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arthington, A. H., Naiman, R. J., McClain, M. E., and Nilsson, C. (2010). Preserving the biodiversity and ecological services of rivers: new challenges and research opportunities. Freshwater Biology 55, 1–16.
| Preserving the biodiversity and ecological services of rivers: new challenges and research opportunities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
AWRA (2012). Australian Water Resources Assessment. Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government, Melbourne. Available at: www.bom.gov.au/water/awra/2012.
AWRC (1976). Review of Australian water resources, 1975. Page 23. Department of National Resources, Australian Water Resources Council, Canberra.
Ball, J., Donnelley, L., Erlanger, P., Evans, R., Kollmorgen, A., Neal, B., and Shirley, M. J. (2001). ‘Inland Waters. Australia State of the Environment Report 2001.’ Page 130. (CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra.)
Bino, G., Kingsford, R. T., and Porter, J. (2015). Prioritizing wetlands for waterbirds in a boom and bust system: waterbird refugia and breeding in the Murray-Darling Basin. PLoS One 10, e0132682.
| Prioritizing wetlands for waterbirds in a boom and bust system: waterbird refugia and breeding in the Murray-Darling Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26161652PubMed |
Boulton, A., Brock, M., Robson, B., Ryder, D., Chambers, J., and Davis, J. (2014). ‘Australian Freshwater Ecology: Processes and Management.’ (John Wiley & Sons.)
Bowling, L. C., and Baker, P. D. (1996). Major cyanobacterial bloom in the Barwon–Darling River, Australia, in 1991, and underlying limnological conditions. Marine and Freshwater Research 47, 643–657.
| Major cyanobacterial bloom in the Barwon–Darling River, Australia, in 1991, and underlying limnological conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmsVagt7g%3D&md5=efbecc128b445a3fdca3b96f6f92284eCAS |
Bowman, D. M., Prior, L. D., and De Little, S. C. (2010). Retreating Melaleuca swamp forests in Kakadu National Park: evidence of synergistic effects of climate change and past feral buffalo impacts. Austral Ecology 35, 898–905.
| Retreating Melaleuca swamp forests in Kakadu National Park: evidence of synergistic effects of climate change and past feral buffalo impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boys, C. (2015). Changes in fish and crustacean assemblages in tidal creeks of Hexham Swamp following the staged opening of Ironbark Creek floodgates. NSW DPI Fisheries Final Report Series No. 145.
CAPAD (2014). Collaborative Australia Protected Area Database. Department of the Environment, Australian Government, Canberra. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/land/nrs/science/capad
Catelotti, K., Kingsford, R., Bino, G., and Bacon, P. (2015). Inundation requirements for persistence and recovery of river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in semi-arid Australia. Biological Conservation 184, 346–356.
| Inundation requirements for persistence and recovery of river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in semi-arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CBD (2011). Conference of the Parties Decision X/2: Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020. Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=12268
Chiew, F. H. S., Kirono, D. G. C., Kent, D. M., Frost, A. J., Charles, S. P., Timbal, B., Nguyen, K. C., and Fu, G. (2010). Comparison of runoff modelled using rainfall from different downscaling methods for historical and future climates. Journal of Hydrology 387, 10–23.
| Comparison of runoff modelled using rainfall from different downscaling methods for historical and future climates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CoAG (1994). ‘Water Reform Framework’, The Council of Australian Governments, Canberra.
Cook, G., Setterfield, S., and Maddison, J. (1996). Shrub invasion of a tropical wetland: implications for weed management. Ecological Applications 6, 531–537.
| Shrub invasion of a tropical wetland: implications for weed management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Naeem, S., Limburg, K., Paruelo, J., and O’Neill, R. V. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260.
| The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtlShtbs%3D&md5=dfb49b09d64b2baa7b9e77c2023cb34dCAS |
Cowardin, L. M., and Golet, F. C. (1995). US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: a review. Vegetatio 118, 139–152.
| US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C., and LaRoe, E. T. (1979). Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. US Department of the Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service.
Coysh, J., S. Nichols, J. Simpson, R. Norris, L. Barmuta, B. Chessman, and P. Blackman. (2000). AUStralian RIVer Assessment System (AusRivAS) national river health program predictive model manual. Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.
Crossman, S., and Li, O. (2015). Surface Hydrology Points (National). Geoscience Australia, Canberra.
Cullen, P. (2003). Challenges to the conservation of Australian freshwater biodiversity: an epilogue. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 6, 97–101.
| Challenges to the conservation of Australian freshwater biodiversity: an epilogue.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davidson, N. C. (2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research 65, 934–941.
| How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davies, P., Harris, J., Hillman, T., and Walker, K. (2010). The sustainable rivers audit: assessing river ecosystem health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 764–777.
| The sustainable rivers audit: assessing river ecosystem health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptFGrs7Y%3D&md5=fcc4d13343c7e50f4a7798ec8416fc8eCAS |
Department of the Environment (2015). Ramsar wetlands of Australia. Department of the Environment, Canberra.
DIRA (2015). Our north, our future: white paper on developing Northern Australia. The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Australia, Canberra.
Donato, D. B., Nichols, O., Possingham, H., Moore, M., Ricci, P. F., and Noller, B. N. (2007). A critical review of the effects of gold cyanide-bearing tailings solutions on wildlife. Environment International 33, 974–984.
| A critical review of the effects of gold cyanide-bearing tailings solutions on wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXps1Wrsr8%3D&md5=7d83cb3feb8f4ea506cef5f310325fd9CAS | 17540445PubMed |
Dugan, P. J. (1990). Wetland conservation: a review of current issues and required action. IUCN.
Environment Australia (2001). ‘A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.’ 3rd edn. (Environment Australia: Canberra.)
Environment Australia (2006). A directory of important wetlands in Australia. [Fact sheet.] Environment Australia, Canberra.
ESRI (2010). ‘ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.’ (Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA.)
Fazey, I., Fazey, J. A., Salisbury, J. G., Lindenmayer, D. B., and Dovers, S. (2006). The nature and role of experiential knowledge for environmental conservation. Environmental Conservation 33, 1–10.
| The nature and role of experiential knowledge for environmental conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham, R. J., and Fairfax, R. J. (2003). Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management 11, 343–362.
| Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finlayson, C. M., and von Oertzen, I. (1993). Wetlands of Australia: northern (tropical) Australia. In ‘Wetlands of the World: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Volume I’. pp. 195–243. (Springer.)
Finlayson, C. M., Davis, J., Gell, P., Kingsford, R., and Parton, K. (2013). The status of wetlands and the predicted effects of global climate change: the situation in Australia. Aquatic Sciences 75, 73–93.
| The status of wetlands and the predicted effects of global climate change: the situation in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher, J., and Acreman, M. (2004). Wetland nutrient removal: a review of the evidence. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, 673–685.
| Wetland nutrient removal: a review of the evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsVyht7Y%3D&md5=03224f4227182b4079df065c22f478cfCAS |
Frissell, C. A., and Bayles, D. (1996). Ecosystem management and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 32, 229–240.
| Ecosystem management and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjtV2gsL4%3D&md5=3ccd027b65f93e4ccc51769cbaf64b4aCAS |
Georgiou, S., and Turner, R. K. (2012). ‘Valuing Ecosystem Services: the Case of Multi-functional Wetlands.’ (Routledge.)
Geoscience Australia (2004a). Australia’s river basins 1997: product user guide. Geoscience Australia, Canberra.
Geoscience Australia (2004b). Dams and water storages 1990. Geoscience Australia, Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, Canberra.
Geoscience Australia (2006). GEODATA TOPO 250K, Series 3. Canberra.
Goodrick, G. (1970). A survey of wetlands of coastal New South Wales. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research, Canberra.
Haines, P. (2013). Hydrological modelling of tidal re-inundation of an estuarine wetland in south-eastern Australia. Ecological Engineering 52, 79–87.
| Hydrological modelling of tidal re-inundation of an estuarine wetland in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hall, K., Baldwin, D. S., Rees, G., and Richardson, A. (2006). Distribution of inland wetlands with sulfidic sediments in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment 370, 235–244.
| Distribution of inland wetlands with sulfidic sediments in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpvF2ns70%3D&md5=baa28e9e72f82bd3bc37a270e9a39c5fCAS | 16930680PubMed |
Halse, S. A. (1989). Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain past and present. In ‘Swan coastal groundwater management conference – Proceedings’. (Ed. G. Lowe.) pp. 105–108. Western Australian Water Resources Council Publication No. 1/89. (Perth.)
Harding, J., Benfield, E., Bolstad, P., Helfman, G., and Jones, E. (1998). Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 14843–14847.
| Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXotVGmur0%3D&md5=4681d3d9d84f497004c064d05bd4788dCAS | 9843977PubMed |
Hermoso, V., Linke, S., Prenda, J., and Possingham, H. (2011). Addressing longitudinal connectivity in the systematic conservation planning of fresh waters. Freshwater Biology 56, 57–70.
| Addressing longitudinal connectivity in the systematic conservation planning of fresh waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hermoso, V., Kennard, M. J., and Linke, S. (2012). Integrating multidirectional connectivity requirements in systematic conservation planning for freshwater systems. Diversity & Distributions 18, 448–458.
| Integrating multidirectional connectivity requirements in systematic conservation planning for freshwater systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hutchinson, M., and Dowling, T. (1991). Continental hydrological assessment of a new grid-based digital elevation model of Australia. Hydrological Processes 5, 45–58.
| Continental hydrological assessment of a new grid-based digital elevation model of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jacobs, S., and Brock, M. A. (1993). Wetlands of Australia: southern (temperate) Australia. In ‘Wetlands of the World: Inventory, Ecology and Management. Volume I’. pp. 244–304. (Springer.)
Jansen, A., and Robertson, A. I. (2001). Relationships between livestock management and the ecological condition of riparian habitats along an Australian floodplain river. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 63–75.
| Relationships between livestock management and the ecological condition of riparian habitats along an Australian floodplain river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Junk, W. J., An, S., Finlayson, C. M., Gopal, B., Květ, J., Mitchell, S. A., Mitsch, W. J., and Robarts, R. D. (2013). Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis. Aquatic Sciences 75, 151–167.
| Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjtVagtw%3D%3D&md5=7ef4878663645b34ea7164845da4600aCAS |
Kerezsy, A., and Fensham, R. (2013). Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex. Marine and Freshwater Research 64, 851–863.
| Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khoury, M., Higgins, J., and Weitzell, R. (2011). A freshwater conservation assessment of the Upper Mississippi River basin using a coarse‐and fine‐filter approach. Freshwater Biology 56, 162–179.
| A freshwater conservation assessment of the Upper Mississippi River basin using a coarse‐and fine‐filter approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R. T. (1995). Ecological effects of river management in New South Wales. In Conserving Biodiversity; Threats and Solutions. (Eds R. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D. Sivertson) pp. 144–161. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney)
Kingsford, R. T. (2000). Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology 25, 109–127.
| Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R. T. (2006) Changing desert rivers. In Ecology of desert rivers (Ed. R.T. Kingsford), pp. 336–345. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Kingsford, R. T. (2011). Conservation management of rivers and wetlands under climate change – a synthesis. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 217–222.
| Conservation management of rivers and wetlands under climate change – a synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsVKksb0%3D&md5=5367cf1f870b539134d648eec4e67337CAS |
Kingsford, R. T. (2015). Conservation of floodplain wetlands – out of sight, out of mind? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 25, 727–732.
| Conservation of floodplain wetlands – out of sight, out of mind?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R., and Thomas, R. (1995). The Macquarie Marshes in arid Australia and their waterbirds: a 50-year history of decline. Environmental Management 19, 867–878.
| The Macquarie Marshes in arid Australia and their waterbirds: a 50-year history of decline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R., and Thomas, R. (2004). Destruction of wetlands and waterbird populations by dams and irrigation on the Murrumbidgee River in arid Australia. Environmental Management 34, 383–396.
| Destruction of wetlands and waterbird populations by dams and irrigation on the Murrumbidgee River in arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crkslGmtQ%3D%3D&md5=4ee854ad310c23b61b061aed56328778CAS | 15520895PubMed |
Kingsford, R. T., Thomas, R. F., and Curtin, A. L. (2001). Conservation of wetlands in the Paroo and Warrego catchments in arid Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 7, 21–33.
Kingsford, R. T., Brandis, K., Thomas, R., Crighton, P., Knowles, E., and Gale, E. (2003). The distribution of wetlands in New South Wales. Natural Heritage Trust, National Parks & Wildlife Service, Murray Darling Basin Commission.
Kingsford, R., Brandis, K., Thomas, R., Crighton, P., Knowles, E., and Gale, E. (2004). Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in New South Wales, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 55, 17–31.
| Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R., Watson, J., Lundquist, C., Venter, O., Hughes, L., Johnston, E., Atherton, J., Gawel, M., Keith, D., and Mackey, B. (2009). Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania. Conservation Biology 23, 834–840.
| Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MrgsVersQ%3D%3D&md5=e6e301d024b5dae01e27c324e973e238CAS | 19627315PubMed |
Kingsford, R., Biggs, H., and Pollard, S. (2011a). Strategic Adaptive Management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers. Biological Conservation 144, 1194–1203.
| Strategic Adaptive Management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R., Walker, K., Lester, R., Young, W., Fairweather, P., Sammut, J., and Geddes, M. (2011b). A Ramsar wetland in crisis – the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 255–265.
| A Ramsar wetland in crisis – the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsVKksbg%3D&md5=c8b375faaca1054742d6aade437bb127CAS |
Kingsford, R. T., Costelloe, J., and Sheldon, F. (2014). Lake Eyre Basin – challenges for managing the world’s most variable river system. In ‘River Basin Management in the Twenty-first Century’. (Eds V. R. Squires, H. M. Milner, and K. A. Daniell.) pp. 346–367. (CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL.)
Kingsford, R. T., Mac Nally, R., King, A., Walker, K. F., Bino, G., Thompson, R., Wassens, S., and Humphries, P. (2015). A commentary on ‘Long-term ecological trends of flow-dependent ecosystems in a major regulated river basin’, by Matthew J. Colloff, Peter Caley, Neil Saintilan, Carmel A. Pollino and Neville D. Crossman. Marine and Freshwater Research 66, 970–980.
| A commentary on ‘Long-term ecological trends of flow-dependent ecosystems in a major regulated river basin’, by Matthew J. Colloff, Peter Caley, Neil Saintilan, Carmel A. Pollino and Neville D. Crossman.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lake, P., Bond, N., and Reich, P. (2007). Linking ecological theory with stream restoration. Freshwater Biology 52, 597–615.
| Linking ecological theory with stream restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leblanc, M., Tweed, S., Van Dijk, A., and Timbal, B. (2012). A review of historic and future hydrological changes in the Murray–Darling Basin. Global and Planetary Change 80–81, 226–246.
| A review of historic and future hydrological changes in the Murray–Darling Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lehner, B., and Döll, P. (2004). Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands. Journal of Hydrology 296, 1–22.
| Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Linke, S., Turak, E., and Nel, J. (2011). Freshwater conservation planning: the case for systematic approaches. Freshwater Biology 56, 6–20.
| Freshwater conservation planning: the case for systematic approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Linke, S., Kennard, M. J., Hermoso, V., Olden, J. D., Stein, J., and Pusey, B. J. (2012). Merging connectivity rules and large-scale condition assessment improves conservation adequacy in river systems. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 1036–1045.
| Merging connectivity rules and large-scale condition assessment improves conservation adequacy in river systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lloyd, C. J., and Wales, N. S. (1988). Either drought or plenty: water development and management in New South Wales. Department of Water Resources, Sydney.
Lovejoy, T. E. (2006). Protected areas: a prism for a changing world. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 329–333.
| Protected areas: a prism for a changing world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maltby, E., and Barker, T. (2009). The Wetlands Handbook.’ Vols 1 & 2. (John Wiley & Sons.)
Micklin, P. (2007). The Aral Sea disaster. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35, 47–72.
| The Aral Sea disaster.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlKhtbg%3D&md5=f9e26331164687743f8aedd7edf6ca8dCAS |
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Mitsch, W. J., and Gosselink, J. G. (2007). ‘Wetlands.’ (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New Jersey.)
Moilanen, A., Leathwick, J., and Elith, J. (2008). A method for spatial freshwater conservation prioritization. Freshwater Biology 53, 577–592.
| A method for spatial freshwater conservation prioritization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mueller, N., Lewis, A., Roberts, D., Ring, S., Melrose, R., Sixsmith, J., Lymburner, L., McIntyre, A., Tan, P., Curnow, S., and Ip, A. (). Water observations from space: mapping surface water from 25 years of Landsat imagery across Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment 174, 341–352.
| Water observations from space: mapping surface water from 25 years of Landsat imagery across Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nel, J. L., Reyers, B., Roux, D. J., Dean Impson, N., and Cowling, R. M. (2011). Designing a conservation area network that supports the representation and persistence of freshwater biodiversity. Freshwater Biology 56, 106–124.
| Designing a conservation area network that supports the representation and persistence of freshwater biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nevill, J. C., Hancock, P. J., Murray, B. R., Humphreys, W. F., Phillips, M. L., and Groom, P. K. (2010). Groundwater-dependent ecosystems and the dangers of groundwater overdraft: a review and an Australian perspective. Pacific Conservation Biology 16, 187–208.
Norman, F., and Corrick, A. (1988). Wetlands in Victoria: a brief review. In ‘The Conservation of Australian Wetlands’. pp. 17–34.
Ogden, R. W. (2000). Modern and historical variation in aquatic macrophyte cover of billabongs associated with catchment development. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 497–512.
| Modern and historical variation in aquatic macrophyte cover of billabongs associated with catchment development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Onuoha, F. C. (2008). Environmental degradation, livelihood and conflicts: a focus on the implications of the diminishing water resources of Lake Chad for north-eastern Nigeria. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 8, 35–61.
Pittock, J., and Finlayson, C. M. (2011). Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin: freshwater ecosystem conservation options in an era of climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 232–243.
| Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin: freshwater ecosystem conservation options in an era of climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsVKksbo%3D&md5=e600c682f3ddb9e59f61911125674184CAS |
Poff, N. L., and Zimmerman, J. K. H. (2010). Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshwater Biology 55, 194–205.
| Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Possingham, H. P., Wilson, K. A., Andelman, S. J., and Vynne, C. H. (2006). Protected areas: goals, limitations, and design. In ‘Principles of Conservation Biology’. (Eds M. J. Groom, G. K. Meefe, and C. R. Carroll.) pp. 509–533. (Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, MA.)
Pressey, R., and Middleton, M. (1982). Impact of flood mitigation works on coastal wetlands. Wetlands 2, 27–45.
Pressey, R., and Nicholls, A. (1989). Efficiency in conservation evaluation: scoring versus iterative approaches. Biological Conservation 50, 199–218.
| Efficiency in conservation evaluation: scoring versus iterative approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Price, J., Berney, P., Ryder, D., Whalley, R., and Gross, C. (2011). Disturbance governs dominance of an invasive forb in a temporary wetland. Oecologia 167, 759–769.
| Disturbance governs dominance of an invasive forb in a temporary wetland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3Mbht1ertg%3D%3D&md5=4019565b3cc31d265ac78850e6f8cdafCAS | 21643996PubMed |
Puckridge, J., Walker, K., and Costelloe, J. (2000). Hydrological persistence and the ecology of dryland rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 385–402.
| Hydrological persistence and the ecology of dryland rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramsar (1971). ‘Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat.’ UN Treaty Series. Iran. Available at: http://politicsofenvi.com/2014/11/09/ramsar-convention-1976/ [accessed 3 May 2016].
Ramsar (2013). ‘The Ramsar Convention Manual: a guide to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar,Iran, 1971)’, 6th ed. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland. http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/manual6-2013-e.pdf [accessed 3 May 2016].
Roggeri, H. (2013). ‘Tropical Freshwater Wetlands: a Guide to Current Knowledge and Sustainable Management.’ (Springer Science & Business Media.)
State of the Environment Committee (2011). Australia State of the Environment 2011: an independent report presented to the Australian Government Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
Steinfeld, C., and Kingsford, R. T. (2013). Disconnecting the floodplain: earthworks and their ecological effect on a dryland floodplain in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. River Research and Applications 29, 206–218.
| Disconnecting the floodplain: earthworks and their ecological effect on a dryland floodplain in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, G., Howse, R., Duivenvoorden, L., and Vincente-Beckett, V. (2002). Downstream flow event sampling of acid mine drainage from the historic Mt Morgan Mine. Water Science and Technology 45, 29–34.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVKju7Y%3D&md5=18ff16ed853cd474db372d7ca7d92807CAS | 12171362PubMed |
Thoms, M. C. (2003). Floodplain–river ecosystems: lateral connections and the implications of human interference. Geomorphology 56, 335–349.
| Floodplain–river ecosystems: lateral connections and the implications of human interference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tomlinson, M., and Boulton, A. (2008). Subsurface groundwater dependent ecosystems: a review of their biodiversity, ecological processes and ecosystem services. Waterlines Occasional Paper No. 8.
Turak, E., and Linke, S. (2011). Freshwater conservation planning: an introduction. Freshwater Biology 56, 1–5.
| Freshwater conservation planning: an introduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turak, E., Marchant, R., Barmuta, L. A., Davis, J., Choy, S., and Metzeling, L. (2011). River conservation in a changing world: invertebrate diversity and spatial prioritisation in south-eastern coastal Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 300–311.
| River conservation in a changing world: invertebrate diversity and spatial prioritisation in south-eastern coastal Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsVKktr4%3D&md5=a2bd1983e9a86ce77ec377eafcc9275bCAS |
Turner, R. K., Van Den Bergh, J. C., Söderqvist, T., Barendregt, A., van der Straaten, J., Maltby, E., and van Ierland, E. C. (2000). Ecological–economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and policy. Ecological Economics 35, 7–23.
| Ecological–economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walker, J., Bullen, F., and Williams, B. G. (1993). Ecohydrological changes in the Murray–Darling Basin. I. The number of trees cleared over two centuries. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, 265–273.
| Ecohydrological changes in the Murray–Darling Basin. I. The number of trees cleared over two centuries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
