A tropical bird with a short breeding season and high rates of nesting success: the breeding ecology of the Star-throated Antwren (Rhopias gularis: Thamnophilidae) in subtropical Brazil
André Magnani Xavier de Lima A B D and James Joseph Roper A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
B Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
C Graduate Program in Ecosystem Ecology, Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES 29100-020, Brazil.
D Corresponding author. Email: andremxlima@gmail.com
Emu 116(4) 411-422 https://doi.org/10.1071/MU15120
Submitted: 10 November 2015 Accepted: 23 June 2016 Published: 19 September 2016
Abstract
We studied nesting in marked pairs of Star-throated Antwrens (Rhopias gularis) over 3 years to examine whether breeding traits in subtropical Brazil are more similar to temperate patterns of breeding than is typical of the patterns observed within the mostly tropical Thamnophilidae. This Antwren is socially monogamous and permanently territorial, as are all Thamnophilidae, and has a long incubation period (18 days) and shorter nestling period (13 days). Its breeding season is relatively short (<4 months) and nesting success high (36%) compared with those traits of tropical antbirds. Daily nest-survival rate (DSR) during incubation was fairly low and declined throughout the breeding season, whereas DSR was greater and constant during the nestling period. Thus, early nests were more successful and, after hatching, nestlings had a very high probability of fledging (up to 90%). Only males built nests, which can be reused, apparently reducing reproductive demand on females. Pairs did not re-nest in the same season after a successful nesting attempt. Average fecundity was 1.0 ± 0.3 fledglings female–1 year–1, similar to that of tropical thamnophilids. We argue that the timing of breeding and reproductive effort are adjusted to reduce breeding costs in a subtropical climate, resulting in a unique combination of life-history traits for a bird of tropical origin.
Additional keywords: behavioural ecology, passerines, population, productivity, South American birds.
References
Aitken, K. E. H., Wiebe, K. L., and Martin, K. (2002). Nest-site reuse patterns for a cavity-nesting bird community in interior British Columbia. Auk 119, 391–402.| Nest-site reuse patterns for a cavity-nesting bird community in interior British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Altamirano, T., Ibarra, J., de la Maza, M., Navarrete, S., and Bonacic, C. (2015). Reproductive life-history variation in a secondary cavity-nester across an elevational gradient in Andean temperate ecosystems. Auk 132, 826–835.
| Reproductive life-history variation in a secondary cavity-nester across an elevational gradient in Andean temperate ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Auer, S. K., Bassar, R., Fontaine, J. J., and Martin, T. E. (2007). Breeding biology of passerines in a sub-tropical montane forest in northwestern Argentina. Condor 109, 321–333.
| Breeding biology of passerines in a sub-tropical montane forest in northwestern Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baker, J. R. (1939). The relation between latitude and breeding seasons in birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London A108, 557–582.
| The relation between latitude and breeding seasons in birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Batalha-Filho, H., and Miyaki, C. Y. (2016). Late Pleistocene divergence and postglacial expansion in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: multilocus phylogeography of Rhopias gularis (Aves:Passeriformes). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 54, 137–147.
| Late Pleistocene divergence and postglacial expansion in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: multilocus phylogeography of Rhopias gularis (Aves:Passeriformes).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bears, H., Martin, K., and White, G. C. (2009). Breeding in high-elevation habitat results in shift to slower life history strategy within a single species. Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 365–375.
| Breeding in high-elevation habitat results in shift to slower life history strategy within a single species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3it1Glsg%3D%3D&md5=9527cbda2dc00b6864006aaf2e3ccf0eCAS | 19007385PubMed |
Beebe, K., Bentley, G. E., and Hau, M. (2005). A seasonally breeding tropical bird lacks absolute photorefractoriness in the wild, despite high photoperiodic sensitivity. Functional Ecology 19, 505–512.
| A seasonally breeding tropical bird lacks absolute photorefractoriness in the wild, despite high photoperiodic sensitivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Behling, H. (1998). Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 99, 143–156.
| Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belmonte-Lopes, R., Bravo, G. A., Bornschein, M. R., Maurício, G. N., Pie, M. R., and Brumfield, R. T. (2012). Genetic and morphological data support placement of Myrmotherula gularis (Spix) in the monotypic genus Rhopias Cabanis and Heine (Aves:Passeriformes:Thamnophilidae). Zootaxa 3451, 1–16.
Bergin, T. M. (1997). Nest reuse by Western Kingbirds. Wilson Bulletin 109, 735–737.
Bernardon, B., Nóbrega, P. F. A., and Pinho, J. B. (2014). Reproductive biology and nest-site selection of the Mato Grosso Antbird Cercomacra melanaria in the Brazilian Pantanal. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22, 270–277.
Böhning-Gaese, K., Halbe, B., Lemoine, N., and Oberrath, R. (2000). Factors influencing the clutch size, number of broods and annual fecundity of North American and European land birds. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2, 823–839.
Borgmann, K. L., Conway, C. J., and Morrison, M. L. (2013). Breeding phenology of birds: mechanisms underlying seasonal declines in the risk of nest predation. PLoS One 8, e65909.
| Breeding phenology of birds: mechanisms underlying seasonal declines in the risk of nest predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVanu73M&md5=fcf04735532d631f3b06e476d56bf040CAS | 23776566PubMed |
Bornschein, M. R., Pizo, M. A., Sobotka, D. D., Belmonte-Lopes, R., Golec, C., Souza, T. M., Pie, M. R., and Reinert, B. L. (2015). Longevity records and signs of aging in Marsh Antwren Formicivora acutirostris (Thamnophilidae). Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127, 98–102.
| Longevity records and signs of aging in Marsh Antwren Formicivora acutirostris (Thamnophilidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brawn, J. D., Angehr, G., Davros, N., Robinson, W. D., Styrsky, J. N., and Tarwater, C. E. (2011). Sources of variation in the nesting success of understory tropical birds. Journal of Avian Biology 42, 61–68.
| Sources of variation in the nesting success of understory tropical birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. R., and Huyvaert, K. P. (2011). AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, 23–35.
| AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Calenge, C. (2006). The package “adehabitat” for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecological Modelling 197, 516–519.
| The package “adehabitat” for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carnaval, A. C., Waltari, E., Rodrigues, M. T., Rosauer, D., VanDerWal, J., Damasceno, R., Prates, I., Strangas, M., Spanos, Z., Rivera, D., Pie, M. R., Firkowski, C. R., Bornschein, M. R., Ribeiro, L. F., and Moritz, C. (2014). Prediction of phylogeographic endemism in an environmentally complex biome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, 20141461.
| Prediction of phylogeographic endemism in an environmentally complex biome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25122231PubMed |
Cavitt, J. F., Pearse, A. T., and Miller, T. A. (1999). Brown Thrasher nest reuse: a time saving resource, protection from search-strategy predators, or cues for nest-site selection. Condor 101, 859–862.
| Brown Thrasher nest reuse: a time saving resource, protection from search-strategy predators, or cues for nest-site selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chalfoun, A. D., and Martin, T. E. (2010). Facultative nest patch shifts in response to nest predation risk in the Brewer’s Sparrow: a “win-stay, lose-switch” strategy? Oecologia 163, 885–892.
| Facultative nest patch shifts in response to nest predation risk in the Brewer’s Sparrow: a “win-stay, lose-switch” strategy?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20535497PubMed |
Chaparro-Herrera, S., and Ruiz-Ovalle, J. M. (2014). Anidación del Hormiguerito de Cherrie (Myrmotherula cherriei) en Colombia, con una revisión de los nidos y huevos en Myrmotherula. Ornitología Colombiana 14, 136–144.
De la Peña, M. R. (2013). Nidos y reproducción de las aves argentinas. Serie Naturaleza, Conservación y Sociedad N° 8, Ediciones Biológica, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Di Giacomo, A. G., and Lanús, B. M. L. (1998). Aportes sobre la nidificación de veinte especies de aves del noroeste Argentino. El Hornero 15, 29–38.
Du, B., Liu, C. J., Yang, M., Bao, S. J., Guan, M. M., and Liu, N. F. (2014). Horned Larks on the Tibetan Plateau adjust the breeding strategy according to the seasonal changes in the risk of nest predation and food availability. Journal of Avian Biology 45, 466–474.
| Horned Larks on the Tibetan Plateau adjust the breeding strategy according to the seasonal changes in the risk of nest predation and food availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enemar, A., and Arheimer, O. (1980). Trans-illumination of passerine bird eggs in field studies on clutch-size and incubation. Ornis Scandinavica 11, 223–227.
| Trans-illumination of passerine bird eggs in field studies on clutch-size and incubation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fontaine, J. J., and Martin, T. E. (2006). Parent birds assess nest predation risk and adjust their reproductive strategies. Ecology Letters 9, 428–434.
| Parent birds assess nest predation risk and adjust their reproductive strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283jsFKmsw%3D%3D&md5=503cf3cc1741a36859d92271f58c2ccfCAS | 16623728PubMed |
Ghalambor, C. K., and Martin, T. E. (2001). Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds. Science 292, 494–497.
| Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVenurw%3D&md5=a61e9c1e2648c527814ee466efd4cad2CAS | 11313493PubMed |
Ghalambor, C. K., Peluc, S. I., and Martin, T. E. (2013). Plasticity of parental care under the risk of predation: how much should parents reduce care? Biology Letters 9, 20130154.
| Plasticity of parental care under the risk of predation: how much should parents reduce care?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23760165PubMed |
Gill, S. A., and Haggerty, T. M. (2012). A comparison of life-history and parental care in temperate and tropical wrens. Journal of Avian Biology 43, 461–471.
| A comparison of life-history and parental care in temperate and tropical wrens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grant, T. A., Shaffer, T. L., Madden, E. M., and Pietz, P. J. (2005). Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: new insights into old questions. Auk 122, 661–672.
| Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: new insights into old questions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greenberg, R., and Gradwohl, J. (1997). Adult survival, and dispersal in the Checker-throated Antwren in Panama. Journal of Avian Biology 28, 103–110.
| Adult survival, and dispersal in the Checker-throated Antwren in Panama.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greeney, H. F., Sanchez, C., Sanchez, J. E., and Carman, E. (2013). A review of nest and egg descriptions for the genus Myrmeciza, with the first description of nests and eggs of the Dull-mantled Antbird (M. laemosticta). Journal für Ornithologie 154, 1049–1056.
| A review of nest and egg descriptions for the genus Myrmeciza, with the first description of nests and eggs of the Dull-mantled Antbird (M. laemosticta).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griebeler, E. M., Caprano, T., and Böhning-Gaese, K. (2010). Evolution of avian clutch size along latitudinal gradients: do seasonality, nest predation or breeding season length matter? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23, 888–901.
| Evolution of avian clutch size along latitudinal gradients: do seasonality, nest predation or breeding season length matter?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvpt12gtQ%3D%3D&md5=301247758a341f317ffafcd1883f01eeCAS | 20210827PubMed |
Grüebler, M. U., and Naef-Daenzer, B. (2010). Survival benefits of post-fledging care: experimental approach to a critical part of avian reproductive strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 79, 334–341.
| Survival benefits of post-fledging care: experimental approach to a critical part of avian reproductive strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20059611PubMed |
Hille, S. M., and Cooper, C. B. (2015). Elevational trends in life histories: revising the pace-of-life framework. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 90, 204–213.
| Elevational trends in life histories: revising the pace-of-life framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24673806PubMed |
Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (2015). Médias climáticas históricas dos municípios do Paraná. Available at www.iapar.br/arquivos/Image/monitoramento/Medias_Historicas/Morretes.htm [Verified 15 October 2015].
Instituto Nacional de Meterologia (2015). Banco de dados meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa. Available at http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=bdmep/bdmep [Verified 2 August 2016].
Jetz,, W., Sekercioglu, C. H., and Böhning-Gaese, K. (2008). The worldwide variation in avian clutch size across species and space. PLoS Biology 6, e303.
| The worldwide variation in avian clutch size across species and space.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, 259–263.
| World map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification updated.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laake, J. L. (2013). RMark: an R interface for analysis of capture–recapture data with MARK. AFSC Processed Report 2013-01. Available at http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/ProcRpt/PR2013-01.pdf [Verified 2016].
Lara, K. M., Pinho, J. B., and Silveira, R. M. L. (2012). Biologia reprodutiva de Taraba major (Aves, Thamnophilidae) na região do Pirizal, Porção Norte do Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 52, 349–359.
Lens, L., Wauters, L. A., and Dhondt, A. A. (1994). Nest-building by Crested Tit Parus cristatus males: an analysis of costs and benefits. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35, 431–436.
| Nest-building by Crested Tit Parus cristatus males: an analysis of costs and benefits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lima, A. M. X., and Roper, J. J. (2009). Population dynamics of the Black-cheeked Gnateater (Conopophaga melanops, Conopophagidae) in southern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, 605–613.
| Population dynamics of the Black-cheeked Gnateater (Conopophaga melanops, Conopophagidae) in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lloyd, P., Abadi, F., Altwegg, R., and Martin, T. E. (2014). South temperate birds have higher apparent adult survival than tropical birds in Africa. Journal of Avian Biology 45, 493–500.
| South temperate birds have higher apparent adult survival than tropical birds in Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maack, R. (2002). ‘Geografia Física do Estado do Paraná.’ (Imprensa Oficial do Paraná: Curitiba, Brazil.)
Marques, M. C. M., Roper, J. J., and Salvalaggio, A. P. B. (2004). Phenological patterns among plant life-forms in a subtropical forest in southern Brazil. Plant Ecology 173, 203.
| Phenological patterns among plant life-forms in a subtropical forest in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marques, O. A. V., Muniz-da-Silva, D. F., Barbo, F. E., Cardoso, S. R. T., Maia, D. C., and Almeida-Santos, S. M. (2014). Ecology of the colubrid snake Spilotes pullatus from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica 70, 407–416.
| Ecology of the colubrid snake Spilotes pullatus from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, T. E. (1996). Life history evolution in tropical and south temperate birds: what do we really know? Journal of Avian Biology 27, 263–272.
| Life history evolution in tropical and south temperate birds: what do we really know?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, T. E. (2004). Avian life-history evolution has an eminent past: does it have a bright future? Auk 121, 289–301.
| Avian life-history evolution has an eminent past: does it have a bright future?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, T. E. (2014). A conceptual framework for clutch-size evolution in songbirds. American Naturalist 183, 313–324.
| A conceptual framework for clutch-size evolution in songbirds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24561596PubMed |
Martin, T. E. (2015). Age-related mortality explains life history strategies of tropical and temperate songbirds. Science 349, 966–970.
| Age-related mortality explains life history strategies of tropical and temperate songbirds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVSlsr3N&md5=632da59b2da689bfd6f0c935ce5d0415CAS | 26315435PubMed |
Martin, T. E., and Guepel, G. R. (1993). Nest-monitoring plots: methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64, 507–519.
Martin, T. E., Martin, P. R., Olson, C. R., Heidinger, B. J., and Fontaine, J. J. (2000a). Parental care and clutch sizes in North and South American birds. Science 287, 1482–1485.
| Parental care and clutch sizes in North and South American birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsV2qt7c%3D&md5=a031d49f910dc567f61c6fb40a0a8d8bCAS | 10688796PubMed |
Martin, T. E., Scott, J., and Menge, C. (2000b). Nest predation increases with parental activity: separating nest site and parental activity effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 267, 2287–2293.
| Nest predation increases with parental activity: separating nest site and parental activity effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzltFSltg%3D%3D&md5=955efa402b74812d1444e84cccdf3893CAS | 11413645PubMed |
Martin, T. E., Oteyza, J. C., Boyce, A. J., Lloyd, P., and Ton, R. (2015). Adult mortality probability and nest predation rates explain parental effort in warming eggs with consequences for embryonic development time. American Naturalist 186, 223–236.
| Adult mortality probability and nest predation rates explain parental effort in warming eggs with consequences for embryonic development time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26655151PubMed |
Mayfield, H. F. (1975). Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson Bulletin 87, 456–466.
Mezquida, E. T., and Marone, L. (2001). Factors afecting nesting success of a bird assembly in the central Monte Desert, Argentina. Journal of Avian Biology 32, 287–296.
| Factors afecting nesting success of a bird assembly in the central Monte Desert, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore, I. T., Bonier, F., and Wingfield, J. C. (2005). Reproductive asynchrony and population divergence between two tropical bird populations. Behavioral Ecology 16, 755–762.
| Reproductive asynchrony and population divergence between two tropical bird populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moreno, J., Lobato, E., González-Braojos, S., and Castañeda, R. R. D. (2010). Nest construction costs affect nestling growth: a field experiment in a cavity-nesting passerine. Acta Ornithologica 45, 139–145.
| Nest construction costs affect nestling growth: a field experiment in a cavity-nesting passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morton, E. S., and Stutchbury, B. J. M. (2000). Demography and reproductive success in the Dusky Antbird, a sedentary tropical passerine. Journal of Field Ornithology 71, 493–500.
| Demography and reproductive success in the Dusky Antbird, a sedentary tropical passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morton, E. S., Derrickson, K. C., and Stutchbury, B. J. M. (2000). Territory switching behavior in a sedentary tropical passerine, the Dusky Antbird (Cercomacra tyrannina). Behavioral Ecology 11, 648–653.
| Territory switching behavior in a sedentary tropical passerine, the Dusky Antbird (Cercomacra tyrannina).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oniki, Y. (1975). The behavior and ecology of Slaty Antshrikes (Thamnophilus punctatus) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 47, 477–515.
Oppel, S., Hilton, G. M., Allcorn, R., Fenton, C., Matthews, A. J., and Gibbons, D. W. (2013). The effects of rainfall on different components of seasonal fecundity in a tropical forest passerine. Ibis 155, 464–475.
| The effects of rainfall on different components of seasonal fecundity in a tropical forest passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Perrella, D. F., Biagolini-Júnior, C. H., Ribeiro-Silva, L., Zima, P. V. Q., Galetti-Jr, P. M., and Francisco, M. R. (2015). Nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Atlantic Forest endemic Star-throated Antwren (Rhopias gularis). Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127, 319–323.
| Nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Atlantic Forest endemic Star-throated Antwren (Rhopias gularis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pienaar, J., Ilany, A., Geffen, E., and Yom-Tov, Y. (2013). Macroevolution of life history traits in passerine birds: adaptation and phylogenetic inertia. Ecology Letters 16, 571–576.
| Macroevolution of life history traits in passerine birds: adaptation and phylogenetic inertia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23489254PubMed |
R Core Team (2013). ‘R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria.) Available at http://www.R-project.org/ [Verified 16 October 2015].
Redmond, L. J., Murphy, M. T., and Dolan, A. C. (2007). Nest reuse by Eastern Kingbirds: adaptive behavior or ecological constraint? Condor 109, 463–468.
| Nest reuse by Eastern Kingbirds: adaptive behavior or ecological constraint?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reichert, B. E., Cattau, C. E., Fletcher-Jr, R. J., Kendall, W. L., and Kitchens, W. E. (2012). Extreme weather and experience influence reproduction in an endangered bird. Ecology 93, 2580–2589.
| Extreme weather and experience influence reproduction in an endangered bird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23431589PubMed |
Reinert, B. L. (2008). Ecologia e comportamento do bicudinho-do-brejo (Stymphalornis acutirostris Bornschein, Reinert and Teixeira, 1995 – Aves, Thamnophilidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, Brazil.
Reinert, B. L., Belmonte-Lopes, R., Bornschein, M. R., Sobotka, D. D., Corrêa, L., Pie, M. R., and Pizo, M. A. (2012). Nest and eggs of the Marsh Antwren (Stymphalornis acutirostris): the only marsh-dwelling thamnophilid. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124, 286–291.
| Nest and eggs of the Marsh Antwren (Stymphalornis acutirostris): the only marsh-dwelling thamnophilid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Remeš, V., Matysiokova, B., and Cockburn, A. (2012). Long-term and large-scale analyses of nest predation patterns in Australian songbirds and a global comparison of nest predation rates. Journal of Avian Biology 43, 435–444.
| Long-term and large-scale analyses of nest predation patterns in Australian songbirds and a global comparison of nest predation rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Repenning, M., and Fontana, C. S. (2011). Seasonality of breeding, moult and fat deposition of birds in subtropical lowlands of southern Brazil. Emu 111, 268–280.
| Seasonality of breeding, moult and fat deposition of birds in subtropical lowlands of southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricklefs, R. E. (1969). An analysis of nesting mortality in birds. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 9, 1–48.
| An analysis of nesting mortality in birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricklefs, R. E. (2000). Density dependence, evolutionary optimization, and the diversification of avian life histories. Condor 102, 9–22.
| Density dependence, evolutionary optimization, and the diversification of avian life histories.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricklefs, R. E. (2002). Splendid isolation: historical ecology of the South American passerine fauna. Journal of Avian Biology 33, 207–211.
| Splendid isolation: historical ecology of the South American passerine fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricklefs, R. E. (2010). Parental investment and avian reproductive rate: Williams’s principle reconsidered. American Naturalist 175, 350–361.
| Parental investment and avian reproductive rate: Williams’s principle reconsidered.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20109060PubMed |
Ricklefs, R. E., and Bloom, G. (1977). Components of avian breeding productivity. Auk 94, 86–96.
Ricklefs, R. E., and Brawn, J. (2013). Nest attentiveness in several neotropical suboscine passerine birds with long incubation periods. Journal für Ornithologie 154, 145–154.
| Nest attentiveness in several neotropical suboscine passerine birds with long incubation periods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricklefs, R. E., and Wikelski, M. (2002). The physiology/life history nexus. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 462–468.
| The physiology/life history nexus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ridgely, R. S., and Tudor, G. (1994a). ‘The Birds of South America. Vol. 1: The Oscine Passerines.’ (University of Texas Press: Austin, TX.)
Ridgely, R. S., and Tudor, G. (1994b). ‘The Birds of South America. Vol. 2: The Suboscine Passerines.’ (University of Texas Press: Austin, TX.)
Robertson, E. P., and Olsen, B. J. (2015). Behavioral plasticity in nest building increases fecundity in marsh birds. Auk 132, 37–45.
| Behavioral plasticity in nest building increases fecundity in marsh birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robinson, W. D., Robinson, T. R., Robinson, S. K., and Brawn, J. D. (2000). Nesting success of understory forest birds in lowland Panama. Journal of Avian Biology 31, 151–164.
| Nesting success of understory forest birds in lowland Panama.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roper, J. J. (2005). Try and try again: nest predation favors persistence in a tropical bird. Ornitologia Neotropical 16, 253–262.
Roper, J. J., and Goldstein, R. R. (1997). A test of the Skutch hypothesis: does activity at nests increase nest predation risk? Journal of Avian Biology 28, 111–116.
| A test of the Skutch hypothesis: does activity at nests increase nest predation risk?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roper, J. J., Sullivan, K. A., and Ricklefs, R. E. (2010). Avoid nest predation when predation rates are low, and other lessons: testing the tropical–temperate nest predation paradigm. Oikos 119, 719–729.
| Avoid nest predation when predation rates are low, and other lessons: testing the tropical–temperate nest predation paradigm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rose, A. P., and Lyon, B. E. (2013). Day length, reproductive effort, and the avian latitudinal clutch size gradient. Ecology 94, 1327–1337.
| Day length, reproductive effort, and the avian latitudinal clutch size gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23923496PubMed |
Russell, E. M. (2000). Avian life histories: is extended parental care the southern secret? Emu 100, 377–399.
| Avian life histories: is extended parental care the southern secret?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sæther, B. E., and Bakke, O. (2000). Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to the population growth rate. Ecology 81, 642–653.
| Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to the population growth rate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Santos, E. S. A., and Nakagawa, S. (2012). The costs of parental care: a meta-analysis of the trade-off between parental effort and survival in birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25, 1911–1917.
| The costs of parental care: a meta-analysis of the trade-off between parental effort and survival in birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38fivVOgtQ%3D%3D&md5=ced72f3a32f073f81c7b7096ce555675CAS |
Santos, F. M., Braga, T. V., Wischhoff, U., and Roper, J. J. (2016). Breeding biology of passerines in the subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ornitologia Neotropical 26, 363–374.
Segura, L. N., and Reboreda, J. C. (2012). Nest survival rates of Red-crested Cardinals increase with nest age in south-temperate forests of Argentina. Journal of Field Ornithology 83, 343–350.
| Nest survival rates of Red-crested Cardinals increase with nest age in south-temperate forests of Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Skutch, A. F. (1949). Do tropical birds rear as many young as they can nourish? Ibis 91, 430–455.
| Do tropical birds rear as many young as they can nourish?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Skutch A. F. (1969). ‘Life Histories of Central American birds. Vol. III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae.’ Pacific Coast Avifauna 35. (Cooper Ornithological Society: Berkeley, CA.)
Skutch, A. F. (1985). Clutch size, nesting sucess, and predation on nests of neotropical birds, reviewed. Ornithological Monographs 36, 575–594.
| Clutch size, nesting sucess, and predation on nests of neotropical birds, reviewed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sousa, N. O. M., and Marini, M. Â. (2013). A negative trade-off between current reproductive effort and reproductive success: an experiment with clutch-size in a tropical bird. Emu 113, 8–18.
| A negative trade-off between current reproductive effort and reproductive success: an experiment with clutch-size in a tropical bird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stouffer, P. C., Johnson, E. I., and Bierregaard-Jr, R. O. (2013). Breeding seasonality in central Amazonian rainforest birds. Auk 130, 529–540.
| Breeding seasonality in central Amazonian rainforest birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stutchbury, B. J. M., and Morton, E. S. (2001). ‘Behavioral Ecology of Tropical Birds.’ (Academic Press: San Diego, CA)
Styrsky, J. N. (2005). Influence of predation on nest-site reuse by an open-cup nesting neotropical passerine. Condor 107, 133–137.
| Influence of predation on nest-site reuse by an open-cup nesting neotropical passerine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Styrsky, J. N., and Brawn, J. D. (2011). Annual fecundity of a neotropical bird during years of high and low rainfall. Condor 113, 194–199.
| Annual fecundity of a neotropical bird during years of high and low rainfall.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tarwater, C. E., and Brawn, J. D. (2010). The post-fledging period in a tropical bird: patterns of parental care and survival. Journal of Avian Biology 41, 479–487.
| The post-fledging period in a tropical bird: patterns of parental care and survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Uejima, A. M. K. (2004). Estudo experimental de tamanho do fragmento, predação nos ninhos e alimento na reprodução de Thamnophilus caerulescens (Vieillot, 1816) (Passeriformes:Thamnophilidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
Villellas, J., Doak, D. F., Garcia, M. B., and Morris, W. F. (2015). Demographic compensation among populations: what is it, how does it arise and what are its implications? Ecology Letters 18, 1139–1152.
| Demographic compensation among populations: what is it, how does it arise and what are its implications?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White, G. C., and Burnham, K. P. (1999). Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46, S120–S139.
| Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wiersma, P., Muñoz-García, A., Walker, A., and Williams, J. B. (2007). Tropical birds have a slow pace of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 9340–9345.
| Tropical birds have a slow pace of life.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlehsL0%3D&md5=f52473be6040ce110c3427443910469bCAS | 17517640PubMed |
Wiersma, P., Nowak, B., and Williams, J. B. (2012). Small organ size contributes to the slow pace of life in tropical birds. Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 1662–1669.
| Small organ size contributes to the slow pace of life in tropical birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22539733PubMed |
Wikelski, M., Hau, M., and Wingfield, J. C. (2000). Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird. Ecology 81, 2458–2472.
| Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willis, E. O. (1983). Myrmotherula antwrens (Aves, Formicariidae) as army ant followers. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 2, 153–158.
| Myrmotherula antwrens (Aves, Formicariidae) as army ant followers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woltmann, S., and Sherry, T. W. (2011). High apparent survival and stable territory dynamics of Chestnut-backed Antbird (Myrmeciza exsul) in a large rain forest preserve. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123, 15–23.
| High apparent survival and stable territory dynamics of Chestnut-backed Antbird (Myrmeciza exsul) in a large rain forest preserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wyndham, E. (1986). Length of birds’ breeding seasons. American Naturalist 128, 155–164.
| Length of birds’ breeding seasons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yanes, M., and Suárez, F. (1997). Nest predation and reproductive traits in small passerines: a comparative approach. Acta Oecologica 18, 413–426.
| Nest predation and reproductive traits in small passerines: a comparative approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yom-Tov, Y., Christie, M. I., and Iglesias, G. J. (1994). Clutch size in passerines of southern South America. Condor 96, 170–177.
| Clutch size in passerines of southern South America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zimmer, K., and Isler, M. L. (2016). Star-throated Antwren (Myrmotherula gularis). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, E. de Juana.) (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.) Available at http://www.hbw.com/node/56720 [Verified 14 December 2014].
Zimmer, K. and Isler, M. L. (2016). Typical Antbirds (Thamnophilidae). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie. E. de Juana.) (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.) Available at http://www.hbw.com/node/52291 [Verified 29 July 2016].
Zyskowski, K., Mittermeier, J. C., and Stowe, E. S. (2013). First description of the nest of the Band-tailed Antshrike Thamnophilus melanothorax. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 16, 246–249.