Spatial heterogeneity of the seed bank at a peat lake in Australia
Joanne E. Ling
A * , Li Wen A , Ben Ellis B and Martin Krogh A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Biodiversity and Conservation Division, Department of Planning and Environment NSW, PO Box 29, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia.
B Biodiversity and Conservation Division, Department of Planning and Environment NSW, 4 Parramatta Square, 12 Darcy Street, Parramatta, NSW 2150, Australia.
Marine and Freshwater Research 73(6) 774-791 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21299
Submitted: 11 October 2021 Accepted: 24 February 2022 Published: 7 April 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Abstract
Context: In the face of global biodiversity decline, understanding the effects of potential climate change on the persistence of soil seed banks is critical, especially in wetland ecosystems. Although studies have explored the response of soil seed banks to changes in periodically inundated wetlands, little is understood about seed banks in peatlands.
Aims: We examined the spatial variability of soil seed banks during a recent drying event, the last of which occurred over 60 years ago.
Methods: We sampled the soil seed bank in three zones away from the centre of the dry lakebed at five depth intervals down to 50 cm.
Key results: Our study showed that the seed bank distribution in a peatland reflected the wetland plants examined at the time of the drying event. The distribution of seeds was along a flood gradient, suggesting an interaction between historical inundation intensity (Zone) and vertical (Depth) distribution of seeds, and correlated with the extant vegetation, as determined during a significant water drawdown period.
Conclusions and implications: This study shows that the ability of seeds to survive burial, either submerged or desiccated, even after long periods, may prove to have advantages for plant survival and establishment.
Keywords:
References
Abbott, LB, and Roundy, BA (2003). Available water influences field germination and recruitment of seeded grasses. Rangeland Ecology and Management 56, 56–64.| Available water influences field germination and recruitment of seeded grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alves Pagotto, M, de Moraes Lima Silveira, R, Nunes da Cunha, C, and Fantin‐Cruz, I (2011). Distribution of herbaceous species in the soil seed bank of a flood seasonality area, northern Pantanal, Brazil. International Review of Hydrobiology 96, 149–163.
| Distribution of herbaceous species in the soil seed bank of a flood seasonality area, northern Pantanal, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bakker JP, Bos AF, Hoogveld J, Muller HJ (1991) The role of the seed bank in restoration management of semi-natural grasslands. In ‘Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems: perturbation and recovery’. (Ed. O Ravera) pp. 449–455. (Ellis Horwood: New York, NY, USA)
Bakker, JP, Poschlod, P, Strykstra, RJ, Bekker, RM, and Thompson, K (1996). Seed banks and seed dispersal: important topics in restoration ecology. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 45, 461–490.
| Seed banks and seed dispersal: important topics in restoration ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bao, F, Pott, A, Ferreira, FA, and Arruda, R (2014). Soil seed bank of floodable native and cultivated grassland in the Pantanal wetland: effects of flood gradient, season and species invasion. Brazilian Journal of Botany 37, 239–250.
| Soil seed bank of floodable native and cultivated grassland in the Pantanal wetland: effects of flood gradient, season and species invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bao, F, Elsey-Quirk, T, de Assis, MA, and Pott, A (2018). Seed bank of seasonally flooded grassland: experimental simulation of flood and post-flood. Aquatic Ecology 52, 93–105.
| Seed bank of seasonally flooded grassland: experimental simulation of flood and post-flood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bao, F, de Assis, MA, and Pott, A (2021). Maintenance of wetland plant communities: the role of the seed bank in regeneration of native plants. Acta Botanica Brasílica 35, 70–78.
| Maintenance of wetland plant communities: the role of the seed bank in regeneration of native plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baskin CC, Baskin JM (2001) ‘Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.’ (Elsevier)
Bekker, RM, Bakker, JP, Grandin, U, Kalamees, R, Milberg, P, Poschlod, P, et al. (1998). Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity. Functional Ecology 12, 834–842.
| Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bernhardt, KG (1995). Seed burial by soil burrowing beetles. Nordic Journal of Botany 15, 257–260.
| Seed burial by soil burrowing beetles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Black, MP, Mooney, SD, and Martin, HA (2006). A 43,000-year vegetation and fire history from Lake Baraba, New South Wales, Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 3003–3016.
| A 43,000-year vegetation and fire history from Lake Baraba, New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bossuyt, B, and Honnay, O (2008). Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 19, 875–884.
| Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boulton A, Brock M, Robson B, Ryder D, Chambers J, Davis J (2014) ‘Australian freshwater ecology: processes and management.’ (Wiley)
Britton, DL, and Brock, MA (1994). Seasonal germination from wetland seed banks. Marine and Freshwater Research 45, 1445–1457.
| Seasonal germination from wetland seed banks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brock, MA (2011). Persistence of seed banks in Australian temporary wetlands. Freshwater Biology 56, 1312–1327.
| Persistence of seed banks in Australian temporary wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brock MA, Casanova MT (1997) 15 Plant life at the edge of wetlands: ecological responses to wetting and drying. In ‘Frontiers in Ecology: Building the Links’. (Eds NI Klomp, ID Lunt) pp. 181–192. (Elsevier Science) https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1620015
Brock, MA, and Rogers, KH (1998). The regeneration potential of the seed bank of an ephemeral floodplain in South Africa. Aquatic Botany 61, 123–135.
| The regeneration potential of the seed bank of an ephemeral floodplain in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brock, MA, Nielsen, DL, Shiel, RJ, Green, JD, and Langley, JD (2003). Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands. Freshwater Biology 48, 1207–1218.
| Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bürkner, PC (2017). brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software 80, 1–28.
| brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Capon, SJ, and Brock, MA (2006). Flooding, soil seed bank dynamics and vegetation resilience of a hydrologically variable desert floodplain. Freshwater Biology 51, 206–223.
| Flooding, soil seed bank dynamics and vegetation resilience of a hydrologically variable desert floodplain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Casanova, MT (2005). An overview of Chara L. in Australia (Characeae, Charophyta). Australian Systematic Botany 18, 25–39.
| An overview of Chara L. in Australia (Characeae, Charophyta).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Casanova, MT (2011). Using water plant functional groups to investigate environmental water requirements. Freshwater Biology 56, 2637–2652.
| Using water plant functional groups to investigate environmental water requirements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Casanova, MT, and Brock, MA (1990). Charophyte germination and establishment from the seed bank of an Australian temporary lake. Aquatic Botany 36, 247–254.
| Charophyte germination and establishment from the seed bank of an Australian temporary lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Casanova, MT, and Brock, MA (2000). How do depth, duration and frequency of flooding influence the establishment of wetland plant communities? Plant Ecology 147, 237–250.
| How do depth, duration and frequency of flooding influence the establishment of wetland plant communities?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chang, ER, Jefferies, RL, and Carleton, TJ (2001). Relationship between vegetation and soil seed banks in an arctic coastal marsh. Journal of Ecology 89, 367–384.
| Relationship between vegetation and soil seed banks in an arctic coastal marsh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, S, Johnson, F, Drummond, C, and Glamore, W (2020). A new method to improve the accuracy of remotely sensed data for wetland water balance estimates. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 29, 100689.
| A new method to improve the accuracy of remotely sensed data for wetland water balance estimates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, S, Johnson, F, and Glamore, W (2021). Integrating remote sensing and numerical modeling to quantify the water balance of climate-induced intermittent wetlands. Water Resources Research 57, e2020WR029310.
| Integrating remote sensing and numerical modeling to quantify the water balance of climate-induced intermittent wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christoffoleti, PJ, and Caetano, RSX (1998). Soil seed banks. Scientia Agrícola 55, 74–78.
| Soil seed banks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Correa, SB, Arujo, JK, Penha, J, Nunes da Cunha, C, Bobier, KE, and Anderson, JT (2016). Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 283, 20161267.
| Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowley, KL, and Fryirs, KA (2020). Forgotten peatlands of eastern Australia: An unaccounted carbon capture and storage system. The Science of the Total Environment 730, 139067.
| Forgotten peatlands of eastern Australia: An unaccounted carbon capture and storage system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32388379PubMed |
Denton, M, and Ganf, GG (1994). Response of juvenile Melaleuca halmaturorum to flooding: management implications for a seasonal wetland, Bool Lagoon, South Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 45, 1395–1408.
| Response of juvenile Melaleuca halmaturorum to flooding: management implications for a seasonal wetland, Bool Lagoon, South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doody, TM, Holland, KL, Benyon, RG, and Jolly, ID (2009). Effect of groundwater freshening on riparian vegetation water balance. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal 23, 3485–3499.
| Effect of groundwater freshening on riparian vegetation water balance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finlayson CM (2018) Ramsar Convention typology of wetlands. In ‘The Wetland Book’. (Eds CM Finlayson, M Everard, K Irvine, RJ McInnes, BA Middleton, AA van Dam, NC Davidson) (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9659-3_339
Forbes, M, Cohen, T, Jacobs, Z, Marx, S, Barber, E, Dodson, J, et al. (2021). Comparing interglacials in eastern Australia: a multi-proxy investigation of a new sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 252, 106750.
| Comparing interglacials in eastern Australia: a multi-proxy investigation of a new sedimentary record.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gomez, JM, Valladares, F, and Puerta-Pinero, C (2004). Differences between structural and functional environmental heterogeneity caused by seed dispersal. Functional Ecology 18, 787–792.
| Differences between structural and functional environmental heterogeneity caused by seed dispersal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goodson, JM, Gurnell, AM, Angold, PG, and Morrissey, IP (2002). Riparian seed banks along the lower River Dove, UK: their structure and ecological implications. Geomorphology 47, 45–60.
| Riparian seed banks along the lower River Dove, UK: their structure and ecological implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goud, EM, Watt, C, and Moore, TR (2018). Plant community composition along a peatland margin follows alternate successional pathways after hydrologic disturbance. Acta Oecologica 91, 65–72.
| Plant community composition along a peatland margin follows alternate successional pathways after hydrologic disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grant JD (1983) The activities of earthworms and the fates of seeds. In ‘Earthworm ecology’. pp. 107–122. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Green, AJ, Jenkins, KM, Bell, D, Morris, PJ, and Kingsford, RT (2008). The potential role of waterbirds in dispersing invertebrates and plants in arid Australia. Freshwater Biology 53, 380–392.
Harper JL (1977) ‘Population Biology of Plants.’ (Academic Press: London, UK)
Harper, JL, Williams, JT, and Sagar, GR (1965). The behaviour of seeds in soil: I. The heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed. Journal of Ecology 53, 273–286.
| The behaviour of seeds in soil: I. The heterogeneity of soil surfaces and its role in determining the establishment of plants from seed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hölzel, N, and Otte, A (2001). The impact of flooding regime on the soil seed bank of flood‐meadows. Journal of Vegetation Science 12, 209–218.
| The impact of flooding regime on the soil seed bank of flood‐meadows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes, JW, and Cass, WB (1997). Pattern and process of a floodplain forest, Vermont, USA: predicted responses of vegetation to perturbation. Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 594–612.
| Pattern and process of a floodplain forest, Vermont, USA: predicted responses of vegetation to perturbation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IPCC (2021) Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate. In ‘Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’. (Eds V Masson-Delmotte, P Zhai, A Pirani, SL Connors, C Péan, S Berger, N Caud, Y Chen, L Goldfarb, MI Gomis, M Huang, K Leitzell, E Lonnoy, JBR Matthews, TK Maycock, T Waterfield, O Yelekçi, R Yu, B Zhou) (Cambridge University Press) Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/
James, CS, Capon, SJ, White, MG, Rayburg, SC, and Thoms, MC (2007). Spatial variability of the soil seed bank in a heterogeneous ephemeral wetland system in semi-arid Australia. Plant Ecology 190, 205–217.
| Spatial variability of the soil seed bank in a heterogeneous ephemeral wetland system in semi-arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jensen, PK (2010). Longevity of seeds of Poa trivialis and Vulpia myuros as affected by simulated soil tillage practices and straw disposal technique. Grass and Forage Science 65, 76–84.
| Longevity of seeds of Poa trivialis and Vulpia myuros as affected by simulated soil tillage practices and straw disposal technique.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Junk, WJ, Bayley, PB, and Sparks, RE (1989). The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106, 110–127.
Karlin, MS (2016). Soil–plant relationships in the Sabkhat of America. In ‘Sabkha Ecosystem V: The Americas’. (Eds MA Khan, B Boer, M-C Godt, S Breckle, B Gul, M Ozturk) pp. 329–347. (Springer)
| Crossref |
Kelleway, JJ, Iles, JA, Kobayashi, T, and Ling, JE (2021). Resilience of a native soil seed bank in a floodplain lake subjected to cropping, grazing and extended drought. Marine and Freshwater Research 72, 787–799.
| Resilience of a native soil seed bank in a floodplain lake subjected to cropping, grazing and extended drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kjellsson, G (1992). Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests: species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil. Ecography 15, 86–100.
| Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests: species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kleyheeg, E, Fiedler, W, Safi, K, Waldenström, J, Wikelski, M, and van Toor, ML (2019). A comprehensive model for the quantitative estimation of seed dispersal by migratory mallards. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, 40.
| A comprehensive model for the quantitative estimation of seed dispersal by migratory mallards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kobayashi, T, Krogh, M, Ii, H, Shiel, RJ, Segers, H, Ling, J, et al. (2020). Zooplankton species richness and abiotic conditions in Thirlmere Lakes, New South Wales, Australia, with reference to water-level fluctuations. Australian Zoologist 41, 107–123.
| Zooplankton species richness and abiotic conditions in Thirlmere Lakes, New South Wales, Australia, with reference to water-level fluctuations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leck MA (1989) Wetland seed banks. In ‘Ecology of Soil Seed Banks’. (Eds MA Leck, VT Parker, RL Simpson) pp. 283–305. (Academic Press: London, UK)
Leck, MA, and Brock, MA (2000). Ecological and evolutionary trends in wetlands: evidence from seeds and seed banks in New South Wales, Australia and New Jersey, USA. Plant Species Biology 15, 97–112.
| Ecological and evolutionary trends in wetlands: evidence from seeds and seed banks in New South Wales, Australia and New Jersey, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leck, MA, and Schütz, W (2005). Regeneration of Cyperaceae, with particular reference to seed ecology and seed banks. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7, 95–133.
| Regeneration of Cyperaceae, with particular reference to seed ecology and seed banks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leck, MA, and Simpson, RL (1994). Tidal freshwater wetland zonation: seed and seedling dynamics. Aquatic Botany 47, 61–75.
| Tidal freshwater wetland zonation: seed and seedling dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Legendre, P, and Anderson, MJ (1999). Distance‐based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecological Monographs 69, 1–24.
| Distance‐based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Levey, DJ, Tewksbury, JJ, and Bolker, BM (2008). Modelling long‐distance seed dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes. Journal of Ecology 96, 599–608.
| Modelling long‐distance seed dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, EH, Liu, GH, Li, W, Yuan, LY, and Li, SC (2008). The seed-bank of a lakeshore wetland in Lake Honghu: implications for restoration. Plant Ecology 195, 69–76.
| The seed-bank of a lakeshore wetland in Lake Honghu: implications for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ling, J, and Jacobs, S (2011). Testing and developing a wetland assessment index in southeast Australia using aquatic plants. Telopea 13, 257–275.
| Testing and developing a wetland assessment index in southeast Australia using aquatic plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ling, JE, Casanova, MT, Shannon, I, and Powell, M (2019). Development of a wetland plant indicator list to inform the delineation of wetlands in New South Wales. Marine and Freshwater Research 70, 322–344.
| Development of a wetland plant indicator list to inform the delineation of wetlands in New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long JS, Long JS (1997) ‘Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Vol. 7.’ (Sage)
Lunt, ID (1997). Germinable soil seed banks of anthropogenic native grasslands and grassy forest remnants in temperate south-eastern Australia. Plant Ecology 130, 21–34.
| Germinable soil seed banks of anthropogenic native grasslands and grassy forest remnants in temperate south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGraw, JB (1980). Seed bank size and distribution of seeds in cottongrass tussock tundra, Eagle Creek, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 58, 1607–1611.
| Seed bank size and distribution of seeds in cottongrass tussock tundra, Eagle Creek, Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGraw, JB (1987). Seed-bank properties of an Appalachian sphagnum bog and a model of the depth distribution of viable seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 65, 2028–2035.
| Seed-bank properties of an Appalachian sphagnum bog and a model of the depth distribution of viable seeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Middleton BA (1999) ‘Wetland restoration, flood pulsing, and disturbance dynamics.’ (Wiley)
Middleton, BA (2003). Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 1025–1034.
| Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Middleton, B, van Diggelen, R, and Jensen, K (2006). Seed dispersal in fens. Applied Vegetation Science 9, 279–284.
| Seed dispersal in fens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moles, AT, Hodson, DW, and Webb, CJ (2000). Seed size and shape and persistence in the soil in the New Zealand flora. Oikos 89, 541–545.
| Seed size and shape and persistence in the soil in the New Zealand flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
National Parks and Wildlife Service NSW (1997) Thirlmere Lakes National Park: new plan of management. (NSW NPWS) Available at https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Parks-plans-of-management/thirlmere-lakes-national-park-plan-of-management-970127.pdf [Verified September 2019]
Nicol, JM, Ganf, GG, and Pelton, GA (2003). Seed banks of a southern Australian wetland: the influence of water regime on the final floristic composition. Plant Ecology 168, 191–205.
| Seed banks of a southern Australian wetland: the influence of water regime on the final floristic composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nilsson, C, Andersson, E, Merritt, DM, and Johansson, ME (2002). Differences in riparian flora between riverbanks and river lakeshores explained by dispersal traits. Ecology 83, 2878–2887.
| Differences in riparian flora between riverbanks and river lakeshores explained by dispersal traits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NSW Department of Planning and Environment (2020) The Biodiversity Assessment Method. (Department of Planning and Environment) Available at https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/biodiversity-offsets-scheme/accredited-assessors/biodiversity-assessment-method-2020 [Verified 30 June 2021]
NSW Department of Planning and Environment (2021) Thirlmere Lakes – A Synthesis of Current Research. Edited by Martin Krogh, Science, Economics and Insights Division, NSW DPE, July 2021.
NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (2019) National Parks Wildlife Service. Thirlmere Lakes National Park: Plan of Management. (Office of Environment and Heritage: Sydney NSW, Australia) Available at https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Parks-plans-of-management/thirlmere-lakes-national-park-plan-of-management-190545.pdf [Verified30 May 2020]
O’Donnell, J, Fryirs, K, and Leishman, MR (2014). Digging deep for diversity: riparian seed bank abundance and species richness in relation to burial depth. Freshwater Biology 59, 100–113.
| Digging deep for diversity: riparian seed bank abundance and species richness in relation to burial depth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ooi, MKJ (2012). Seed bank persistence and climate change. Seed Science Research 22, S53–S60.
| Seed bank persistence and climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pegman, APM, and Ogden, J (2005). Productivity‐decomposition dynamics of Typha orientalis at Kaitoke Swamp, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 43, 779–789.
| Productivity‐decomposition dynamics of Typha orientalis at Kaitoke Swamp, Great Barrier Island, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pegman, APM, Perry, GLW, and Clout, MN (2017). Size-based fruit selection by a keystone avian frugivore and effects on seed viability. New Zealand Journal of Botany 55, 118–133.
| Size-based fruit selection by a keystone avian frugivore and effects on seed viability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Petersen MA, Cendón DI, Hughes CE, Hankin S, Crawford J, Meredith K, Dimovski C (2021) TLRP5: environmental isotopes investigations into periodic and recent water losses from Thirlmere Lakes Report number ANSTO/C1690.
Rose, S, and Martin, HA (2007). The vegetation history of the Holocene at Dry Lake, Thirlmere, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 128, 15–55.
Salisbury EJ (1942) ‘The reproductive capacity of plants. Studies in quantitative biology.’ (Bell and Sons: London, UK)
Schütz, W (2000). Ecology of seed dormancy and germination in sedges (Carex). Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3, 67–89.
| Ecology of seed dormancy and germination in sedges (Carex).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seabloom, EW, and van der Valk, AG (2003). The development of vegetative zonation patterns in restored prairie pothole wetlands. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 92–100.
| The development of vegetative zonation patterns in restored prairie pothole wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sivertsen D (2009) Native Vegetation Interim Type Standard, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, Sydney. Available at https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Research/Maps-and-data/native-vegetation-interim-type-standard-100060.pdf [Verified 20 July 2019]
Soons, MB (2006). Wind dispersal in freshwater wetlands: knowledge for conservation and restoration. Applied Vegetation Science 9, 271–278.
| Wind dispersal in freshwater wetlands: knowledge for conservation and restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, K, and Grime, JP (1979). Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology 67, 893–921.
| Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, K, Band, SR, and Hodgson, JG (1993). Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Functional Ecology 7, 236–241.
| Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, K, Green, A, and Jewels, AM (1994). Seeds in soil and worm casts from a neutral grassland. Functional Ecology 8, 29–35.
| Seeds in soil and worm casts from a neutral grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ungar, IA, and Woodell, SRJ (1996). Similarity of seed banks to aboveground vegetation in grazed and ungrazed salt marsh communities on the Gower Peninsula, South Wales. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157, 746–749.
| Similarity of seed banks to aboveground vegetation in grazed and ungrazed salt marsh communities on the Gower Peninsula, South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Valk, AG (1981). Succession in wetlands: a gleasonian approach. Ecology 62, 688–696.
| Succession in wetlands: a gleasonian approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Valk, AG (2005). Water-level fluctuations in North American prairie wetlands. Hydrobiologia 539, 171–188.
| Water-level fluctuations in North American prairie wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Valk, AG, and Davis, CB (1978). The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes. Ecology 59, 322–335.
| The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Valk, AG, and Davis, CB (1979). A reconstruction of the recent vegetational history of a prairie marsh, Eagle Lake, Iowa, from its seed bank. Aquatic Botany 6, 29–51.
| A reconstruction of the recent vegetational history of a prairie marsh, Eagle Lake, Iowa, from its seed bank.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vehtari, A, Gelman, A, and Gabry, J (2017). Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC. Statistics and Computing 27, 1413–1432.
| Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White PS, Pickett STA (1985) Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. In ‘The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics’. (Eds STA Pickett, PS White) pp. 3–13. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA)
Willems, JH, and Huijsmans, KGA (1994). Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach. Ecography 17, 124–130.
| Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, L, Reich, P, Capon, SJ, and Raulings, E (2008). Soil seed banks of degraded riparian zones in southeastern Australia and their potential contribution to the restoration of understorey vegetation. River Research and Applications 24, 1002–1017.
| Soil seed banks of degraded riparian zones in southeastern Australia and their potential contribution to the restoration of understorey vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhou, D, Luan, Z, Guo, X, and Lou, Y (2012). Spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants in relation to environmental gradient in the Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China. Journal of Geographical Sciences 22, 57–70.
| Spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants in relation to environmental gradient in the Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
