What eats a cauliflower coral? An assessment of predation on the endangered temperate soft coral, Dendronepthya australis
H. Finlay-Jones A , V. Raoult
A C , D. Harasti B and T. F. Gaston A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
B Port Stephens Fisheries Instititute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach Road, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: vincent.raoult@newcastle.edu.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 73(3) 307-318 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21155
Submitted: 31 May 2021 Accepted: 7 October 2021 Published: 16 November 2021
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Temperate soft corals are found in many estuaries around the world and often form large habitats in these environments, yet the functional ecology of soft corals is poorly understood. To understand the functional role of a soft coral in temperate ecosystems, we examined the role of the endangered Dendronepthya australis cauliflower coral as habitat for fishes and invertebrates, and whether associated species used the soft coral as a food source. Using Bayesian stable isotope mixing models of δ13C and δ15N values of soft corals and a suite of potential invertebrate consumers, we found that five of eight soft-coral-associated invertebrates were all likely to be feeding almost exclusively on the soft corals. In situ feeding experiments conducted using baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) with soft coral cuttings as ‘bait’ did not identify any larger species as consumers. Fish assemblages studied using remote underwater video systems (RUVS) were diverse in the soft coral habitat and overlapped with assemblages of both sediment and seagrass environments. These results highlighted that these soft corals have a valuable trophic role in estuarine food webs through trophic transfer of nutrients via invertebrate consumers, and that soft coral habitats are used by commercially and recreationally important fishes.
Keywords: soft coral, functional ecology, estuary, habitat, trophic ecology, stable isotopes.
References
Abrantes, K., and Sheaves, M. (2009). Food web structure in a near-pristine mangrove area of the Australian wet tropics. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 82, 597–607.| Food web structure in a near-pristine mangrove area of the Australian wet tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allesina, S., Bodini, A., and Pascual, M. (2009). Functional links and robustness in food webs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 364, 1701–1709.
| Functional links and robustness in food webs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19451121PubMed |
Baillon, S., Hamel, J.-F., Wareham, V. E., and Mercier, A. (2012). Deep cold‐water corals as nurseries for fish larvae. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, 351–356.
| Deep cold‐water corals as nurseries for fish larvae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bertelli, C. M., and Unsworth, R. K. (2014). Protecting the hand that feeds us: seagrass (Zostera marina) serves as commercial juvenile fish habitat. Marine Pollution Bulletin 83, 425–429.
| Protecting the hand that feeds us: seagrass (Zostera marina) serves as commercial juvenile fish habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23998854PubMed |
Bloomfield, A., and Gillanders, B. (2005). Fish and invertebrate assemblages in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and non-vegetated habitats. Estuaries 28, 63–77.
| Fish and invertebrate assemblages in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and non-vegetated habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond, A. L., and Diamond, A. W. (2011). Recent Bayesian stable‐isotope mixing models are highly sensitive to variation in discrimination factors. Ecological Applications 21, 1017–1023.
| Recent Bayesian stable‐isotope mixing models are highly sensitive to variation in discrimination factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21774408PubMed |
Booth, D., Figueira, W., Gregson, M., Brown, L., and Beretta, G. (2007). Occurrence of tropical fishes in temperate south-eastern Australia: role of the East Australian Current. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72, 102–114.
| Occurrence of tropical fishes in temperate south-eastern Australia: role of the East Australian Current.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Briand, M. J., Bonnet, X., Guillou, G., and Letourneur, Y. (2016). Complex food webs in highly diversified coral reefs: Insights from δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes. Food Webs 8, 12–22.
| Complex food webs in highly diversified coral reefs: Insights from δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown, C. J., Brett, M. T., Adame, M. F., Stewart-Koster, B., and Bunn, S. E. (2018). Quantifying learning in biotracer studies. Oecologia 187, 597–608.
| Quantifying learning in biotracer studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29651662PubMed |
Cappo, M., Harvey, E., and Shortis, M. (2006). Counting and measuring fish with baited video techniques- an overview. In ‘AFSB Conference and Workshop: Cutting-edge Technologies in Fish and Fisheries Science’, 28–29 August 2006, Hobart, Tas., Australia. (Eds J. M. Lyle, D. M. Furlani, and C. D. Buxton.) pp. 101–114. (Australian Society for Fish Biology: Hobart, Tas., Australia.)
Coll, J. C., La Barre, S., Sammarco, P. W., Williams, W. T., and Bakus, G. J. (1982). Chemical defences in soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the great barrier reef: a study of comparative toxicities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 8, 271–278.
| Chemical defences in soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the great barrier reef: a study of comparative toxicities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook, S. R., Gelman, A., and Rubin, D. B. (2006). Validation of software for Bayesian models using posterior quantiles. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 15, 675–692.
| Validation of software for Bayesian models using posterior quantiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corry, M., Harasti, D., Gaston, T., Mazumder, D., Cresswell, T., and Moltschaniwskyj, N. (2018). Functional role of the soft coral Dendronephthya australis in the benthic food web of temperate estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 593, 61–72.
| Functional role of the soft coral Dendronephthya australis in the benthic food web of temperate estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, T. R., Harasti, D., and Smith, S. D. (2015). Extension of Dendronephthya australis soft corals in tidal current flows. Marine Biology 162, 2155–2159.
| Extension of Dendronephthya australis soft corals in tidal current flows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, T. R., Harasti, D., Kelaher, B., and Smith, S. D. (2016). Diversity surrogates for estuarine fish assemblages in a temperate estuary in New South Wales, Australia. Regional Studies in Marine Science 7, 55–62.
| Diversity surrogates for estuarine fish assemblages in a temperate estuary in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, T. R., Harasti, D., Kelaher, B., and Smith, S. D. (2017). Spatial and temporal variation in subtidal molluscan diversity amongst temperate estuarine habitats. Marine Ecology 38, e12428.
| Spatial and temporal variation in subtidal molluscan diversity amongst temperate estuarine habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, T. R., Harasti, D., and Smith, S. D. (2018). Responses of Dendronephthya australis to predation by Dermatobranchus sp. nudibranchs. Marine and Freshwater Research 69, 186–190.
| Responses of Dendronephthya australis to predation by Dermatobranchus sp. nudibranchs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Primary Industries (2008). Brisbane water. Available at https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/research/areas/aquatic-ecosystems/estuarine-habitats-maps/IINSW_EstMac_map35.pdf
deVries, M. S., del Rio, C. M., Tunstall, T. S., and Dawson, T. E. (2015). Isotopic incorporation rates and discrimination factors in mantis shrimp crustaceans. PLoS One 10, e0122334.
| Isotopic incorporation rates and discrimination factors in mantis shrimp crustaceans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25835953PubMed |
Dobson, A. (2009). Food-web structure and ecosystem services: insights from the Serengeti. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364, 1665–1682.
| Food-web structure and ecosystem services: insights from the Serengeti.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19451118PubMed |
Epstein, H. E., and Kingsford, M. J. (2019). Are soft coral habitats unfavourable? A closer look at the association between reef fishes and their habitat. Environmental Biology of Fishes 102, 479–497.
| Are soft coral habitats unfavourable? A closer look at the association between reef fishes and their habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernando, I. S., Sanjeewa, K. A., Kim, H.-S., Kim, S.-Y., Lee, S.-H., Lee, W. W., and Jeon, Y.-J. (2017). Identification of sterols from the soft coral Dendronephthya gigantea and their anti-inflammatory potential. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 55, 37–43.
| Identification of sterols from the soft coral Dendronephthya gigantea and their anti-inflammatory potential.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frederiksen, M., Edwards, M., Richardson, A. J., Halliday, N. C., and Wanless, S. (2006). From plankton to top predators: bottom‐up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 1259–1268.
| From plankton to top predators: bottom‐up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fry, B. (2006). ‘Stable Isotope Ecology.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.)
Garra, S., Hall, A., and Kingsford, M. J. (2020). The effects of predation on the condition of soft corals. Coral Reefs 39, 1329–1343.
| The effects of predation on the condition of soft corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glynn, P. W., Perez, M., and Gilchrist, S. L. (1985). Lipid decline in stressed corals and their crustacean symbionts. The Biological Bulletin 168, 276–284.
| Lipid decline in stressed corals and their crustacean symbionts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hadwen, W. L., Russell, G. L., and Arthington, A. H. (2007). Gut content-and stable isotope-derived diets of four commercially and recreationally important fish species in two intermittently open estuaries. Marine and Freshwater Research 58, 363–375.
| Gut content-and stable isotope-derived diets of four commercially and recreationally important fish species in two intermittently open estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hammerschlag, N., Barley, S. C., Irschick, D. J., Meeuwig, J. J., Nelson, E. R., and Meekan, M. G. (2018). Predator declines and morphological changes in prey: evidence from coral reefs depleted of sharks. Marine Ecology Progress Series 586, 127–139.
| Predator declines and morphological changes in prey: evidence from coral reefs depleted of sharks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harasti, D. (2016). Declining seahorse populations linked to loss of essential marine habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 546, 173–181.
| Declining seahorse populations linked to loss of essential marine habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harasti, D., Gallen, C., Malcolm, H., Tegart, P., and Hughes, B. (2014a). Where are the little ones: distribution and abundance of the threatened serranid Epinephelus daemelii (Günther, 1876) in intertidal habitats in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30, 1007–1015.
| Where are the little ones: distribution and abundance of the threatened serranid Epinephelus daemelii (Günther, 1876) in intertidal habitats in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harasti, D., Martin‐Smith, K., and Gladstone, W. (2014b). Ontogenetic and sex‐based differences in habitat preferences and site fidelity of White’s seahorse Hippocampus whitei. Journal of Fish Biology 85, 1413–1428.
| Ontogenetic and sex‐based differences in habitat preferences and site fidelity of White’s seahorse Hippocampus whitei.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25098708PubMed |
Harvey, E. S., Mclean, D., Frusher, S., Haywood, M. D. E., Newman, S. J., and Williams, A. (Eds) (2011). The use of BRUVs as a tool for assessing marine fisheries and ecosystems: a review of the hurdles and potentials. The University of Western Australia.
Haydon, T. D., Seymour, J. R., and Suggett, D. J. (2018). Soft corals are significant DMSP producers in tropical and temperate reefs. Marine Biology 165, 109.
| Soft corals are significant DMSP producers in tropical and temperate reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heaven, C. S., and Scrosati, R. A. (2008). Benthic community composition across gradients of intertidal elevation, wave exposure, and ice scour in Atlantic Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series 369, 13–23.
| Benthic community composition across gradients of intertidal elevation, wave exposure, and ice scour in Atlantic Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hewitt, D. E., Smith, T. M., Raoult, V., Taylor, M. D., and Gaston, T. F. (2020). Stable isotopes reveal the importance of saltmarsh-derived nutrition for two exploited penaeid prawn species in a seagrass dominated system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 236, 106622.
| Stable isotopes reveal the importance of saltmarsh-derived nutrition for two exploited penaeid prawn species in a seagrass dominated system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Houghton, J. (2016). Mapping new populations and evaluating the biological value of a estuarine soft coral in NSW. B.Sc.(Hons) Thesis, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
Hu, J., Yang, B., Lin, X., Zhou, X., Yang, X., Long, L., and Liu, Y. (2011). Chemical and biological studies of soft corals of the Nephtheidae family. Chemistry & Biodiversity 8, 1011–1032.
| Chemical and biological studies of soft corals of the Nephtheidae family.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jennings, S., and Van Der Molen, J. (2015). Trophic levels of marine consumers from nitrogen stable isotope analysis: estimation and uncertainty. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, 2289–2300.
| Trophic levels of marine consumers from nitrogen stable isotope analysis: estimation and uncertainty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiggins, R., Knott, N. A., and Davis, A. R. (2018). Miniature baited remote underwater video (mini-BRUV) reveals the response of cryptic fishes to seagrass cover. Environmental Biology of Fishes 101, 1717–1722.
| Miniature baited remote underwater video (mini-BRUV) reveals the response of cryptic fishes to seagrass cover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiljunen, M., Grey, J., Sinisalo, T., Harrod, C., Immonen, H., and Jones, R. I. (2006). A revised model for lipid-normalizing δ13C values from aquatic organisms, with implications for isotope mixing models. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 1213–1222.
| A revised model for lipid-normalizing δ13C values from aquatic organisms, with implications for isotope mixing models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Langlois, T., Goetze, J., Bond, T., Monk, J., Abesamis, R. A., Asher, J., Barrett, N., Bernard, A. T., Bouchet, P. J., and Birt, M. J. (2020). A field and video annotation guide for baited remote underwater stereo‐video surveys of demersal fish assemblages. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 11, 1401–1409.
| A field and video annotation guide for baited remote underwater stereo‐video surveys of demersal fish assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Larkin, M. F., Davis, T. R., Harasti, D., Cadiou, G., Poulos, D. E., and Smith, S. D. (2021). The rapid decline of an endangered temperate soft coral species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 255, 107364.
| The rapid decline of an endangered temperate soft coral species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee, S.-H. (2017). Developmental toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of the soft coral Dendronephthya gigantea collected from Jeju Island in zebrafish model. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20, 32.
| Developmental toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of the soft coral Dendronephthya gigantea collected from Jeju Island in zebrafish model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lester, E. K., Langlois, T. J., Simpson, S. D., McCormick, M. I., and Meekan, M. G. (2020). The hemisphere of fear: the presence of sharks influences the three dimensional behaviour of large mesopredators in a coral reef ecosystem. Oikos 129, 731–739.
| The hemisphere of fear: the presence of sharks influences the three dimensional behaviour of large mesopredators in a coral reef ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Libralato, S., Christensen, V., and Pauly, D. (2006). A method for identifying keystone species in food web models. Ecological Modelling 195, 153–171.
| A method for identifying keystone species in food web models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lowry, M., Folpp, H., Gregson, M., and Mckenzie, R. (2011). A comparison of methods for estimating fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59, 119–131.
| A comparison of methods for estimating fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lu, Z., Ma, L., and Gou, Q. (2001). Concepts of keystone species and species importance in ecology. Journal of Forestry Research 12, 250–252.
| Concepts of keystone species and species importance in ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Manning, C., Foster, S., and Vincent, A. (2019). A review of the diets and feeding behaviours of a family of biologically diverse marine fishes (family Syngnathidae). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 29, 197–221.
| A review of the diets and feeding behaviours of a family of biologically diverse marine fishes (family Syngnathidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norström, A. V., Nyström, M., Lokrantz, J., and Folke, C. (2009). Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral–macroalgal phase shifts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376, 295–306.
| Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral–macroalgal phase shifts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parnell, A. C., Inger, R., Bearhop, S., and Jackson, A. L. (2010). Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PLoS One 5, e9672.
| Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20300637PubMed |
Poulos, D. E., Harasti, D., Gallen, C., and Booth, D. J. (2013). Biodiversity value of a geographically restricted soft coral species within a temperate estuary. Aquatic Conservation 23, 838–849.
| Biodiversity value of a geographically restricted soft coral species within a temperate estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poulos, D. E., Gallen, C., Davis, T., Booth, D. J., and Harasti, D. (2016). Distribution and spatial modelling of a soft coral habitat in the Port Stephens–Great Lakes Marine Park: implications for management. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 256–265.
| Distribution and spatial modelling of a soft coral habitat in the Port Stephens–Great Lakes Marine Park: implications for management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pratchett, M. S. (2005). Dietary overlap among coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at lizard island, northern great barrier reef. Marine Biology 148, 373–382.
| Dietary overlap among coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at lizard island, northern great barrier reef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quaas, Z., Harasti, D., Gaston, T., Platell, M., and Fulton, C. J. (2019). Influence of habitat condition on shallow rocky reef fish community structure around islands and headlands of a temperate marine protected area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 626, 1–13.
| Influence of habitat condition on shallow rocky reef fish community structure around islands and headlands of a temperate marine protected area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raoult, V., Gaston, T. F., and Taylor, M. D. (2018). Habitat–fishery linkages in two major south-eastern Australian estuaries show that the C4 saltmarsh plant Sporobolus virginicus is a significant contributor to fisheries productivity. Hydrobiologia 811, 221–238.
| Habitat–fishery linkages in two major south-eastern Australian estuaries show that the C4 saltmarsh plant Sporobolus virginicus is a significant contributor to fisheries productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roy, P. S., Williams, R. J., Jones, A. R., Yassini, I., Gibbs, P. J., Coates, B., West, R. J., Scanes, P. R., Hudson, J. P., and Nichol, S. (2001). Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53, 351–384.
| Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Serrano, O., Serrano, L., Mateo, M. A., Colombini, I., Chelazzi, L., Gagnarli, E., and Fallaci, M. (2008). Acid washing effect on elemental and isotopic composition of whole beach arthropods: implications for food web studies using stable isotopes. Acta Oecologica 34, 89–96.
| Acid washing effect on elemental and isotopic composition of whole beach arthropods: implications for food web studies using stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, S. D., and Edgar, R. J. (2014). Documenting the density of subtidal marine debris across multiple marine and coastal habitats. PLoS One 9, e94593.
| Documenting the density of subtidal marine debris across multiple marine and coastal habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24743690PubMed |
Smith, J. A., Mazumder, D., Suthers, I. M., and Taylor, M. D. (2013). To fit or not to fit: evaluating stable isotope mixing models using simulated mixing polygons. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, 612–618.
| To fit or not to fit: evaluating stable isotope mixing models using simulated mixing polygons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
St John Glew, K., Graham, L. J., McGill, R. A. R., and Trueman, C. N. (2019). Spatial models of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope distributions (isoscapes) across a shelf sea: an inla approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10, 518–531.
| Spatial models of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope distributions (isoscapes) across a shelf sea: an inla approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steinberg, R. K., Dafforn, K. A., Ainsworth, T., and Johnston, E. L. (2020). Know thy anemone: a review of threats to octocorals and anemones and opportunities for their restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science 7, 590.
| Know thy anemone: a review of threats to octocorals and anemones and opportunities for their restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stock, B. C., Jackson, A. L., Ward, E. J., Parnell, A. C., Phillips, D. L., and Semmens, B. X. (2018). Analyzing mixing systems using a new generation of Bayesian tracer mixing models. PeerJ 6, e5096.
| Analyzing mixing systems using a new generation of Bayesian tracer mixing models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29942712PubMed |
Unsworth, R. K., Nordlund, L. M., and Cullen‐Unsworth, L. C. (2019). Seagrass meadows support global fisheries production. Conservation Letters 12, e12566.
| Seagrass meadows support global fisheries production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Urrutia-Cordero, P., Ekvall, M. K., and Hansson, L.-A. (2016). Local food web management increases resilience and buffers against global change effects on freshwaters. Scientific Reports 6, 29542.
| Local food web management increases resilience and buffers against global change effects on freshwaters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27386957PubMed |
van Lier, J. R., Harasti, D., Laird, R., Noble, M. M., and Fulton, C. J. (2017). Importance of soft canopy structure for labrid fish communities in estuarine mesohabitats. Marine Biology 164, 45.
| Importance of soft canopy structure for labrid fish communities in estuarine mesohabitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warton, D. I., Wright, T. W., and Wang, Y. (2012). Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3, 89–101.
| Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitmarsh, S. K., Fairweather, P. G., and Huveneers, C. (2017). What is Big BRUVver up to? Methods and uses of baited underwater video. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27, 53–73.
| What is Big BRUVver up to? Methods and uses of baited underwater video.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Winder, M., and Jassby, A. D. (2011). Shifts in zooplankton community structure: implications for food web processes in the upper San Francisco estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 34, 675–690.
| Shifts in zooplankton community structure: implications for food web processes in the upper San Francisco estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
York, P. H., Booth, D. J., Glasby, T. M., and Pease, B. C. (2006). Fish assemblages in habitats dominated by Caulerpa taxifolia and native seagrasses in south-eastern Australia Marine Ecology Progress Series 312, 223–234.
| Fish assemblages in habitats dominated by Caulerpa taxifolia and native seagrasses in south-eastern AustraliaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
