Food source as a factor determining birds’ exposure to hazardous organic pollutants and egg contamination
Andrzej R. Reindl A B and Lucyna Falkowska A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography Gdansk University, Pilsudskiego 46 Avenue, PL-81-387 Gdynia, Poland.
B Corresponding author. Email: andrzej.reindl@ug.edu.pl
Marine and Freshwater Research 71(4) 557-568 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19159
Submitted: 14 October 2018 Accepted: 29 May 2019 Published: 6 September 2019
Abstract
Alimentary exposure is the main factor determining halogenated organic compound pollution of wildlife, with birds’ eggs recognised as bioindicators of these contaminants and often used as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Comparisons of bird species from two aquatic environments, namely a marine coastal area (Gdansk Bay) and an inland reservoir (Włocławek Dam on the Vistula River), indicated significant differences in egg contamination. Herring gull eggs from Włocławek Dam had high concentrations of highly chlorinated dioxin (i.e. octachlorodibenzodioxin, which accounted for 37% of all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo furans, PCDD/Fs). In contrast, eggs from terns feeding along the coastal area of the Southern Baltic contained high concentrations of lowly chlorinated furans (i.e. pentachlorodibezofuran, which accounted for 46 and 45% of all PCDD/Fs in eggs from the sandwich tern and common tern respectively). The congener patterns in terns’ eggs were similar to those reported previously for Baltic fish. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 180 had the highest concentrations among the mono-ortho chlorinated biphenyls, whereas concentrations of non-dioxin-like chlorinated biphenyls were 10-fold higher than those of the other congeners analysed, but the congener pattern in eggs from both species (sandwich and common tern) was similar to that reported in other studies. Among the hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers, α-HBCD dominated in all eggs analysed (accounting for >97% of all HBCDs). The total HBCD concentration in gulls’ eggs from the inland reservoir was approximately half that in eggs from the common and sandwich terns (mean ± s.d. 47.33 ± 33.22 v. 97.98 ± 59.69 and 104.00 ± 63.66 ng g–1 lipid weight respectively).
Additional keywords: eggs, herring gull, terns, HBCD, hexabromocyclododecane isomers, PCBs, PCDFs, PCDDs, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, southern Baltic Sea, Włocławek Dam.
References
Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjödin, A., and Bergman, A. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International 29, 683–689.| An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12850087PubMed |
Alonso-Magdalena, P. I., and Quesada, A. (2011). Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 7, 346–353.
| Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bignert, A., Danielsson, S., Faxneld, S., and Nyberg, E. (2016). Comments concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2016. Report number 5:2016. (Swedish Museum of Natural History: Stockholm, Sweden.) Available at https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:908725/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Verified 16 July 2019].
Braune, B. M., Donaldson, G. M., and Hobson, K. A. (2001). Contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic. Part I. Temporal trends 1975–1998. Environmental Pollution 114, 39–54.
| Contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic. Part I. Temporal trends 1975–1998.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11444005PubMed |
Braune, B. M., Mallory, M. L., Gilchrist, H. G., Letcher, R. J., and Drouillard, K. G. (2007). Levels and trends of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in ivory gull eggs from the Canadian Arctic, 1976 to 2004. The Science of the Total Environment 378, 403–417.
| Levels and trends of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in ivory gull eggs from the Canadian Arctic, 1976 to 2004.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17412396PubMed |
Buckman, A. H., Norstrom, R. J., Hobson, K. A., Karnovsky, N. J., Duffe, J., and Fisk, A. T. (2004). Organochlorine contaminants in seven species of Arctic seabirds from northern Baffin Bay. Environmental Pollution 128, 327–338.
| Organochlorine contaminants in seven species of Arctic seabirds from northern Baffin Bay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14720475PubMed |
Burreau, S., Zebühr, Y., Broman, D., and Ishaq, R. (2006). Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Ocean. The Science of the Total Environment 366, 659–672.
| Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16580050PubMed |
Bustnes, J. O., Yoccoz, N. G., Bangjord, G., Polder, A., and Skaare, J. U. (2007). Temporal trends (1986–2004) of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in tawny owl eggs from northern Europe. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 8491–8497.
| Temporal trends (1986–2004) of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in tawny owl eggs from northern Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bustnes, J. O., Bangjord, G., and Yoccoz, N. G. (2015). Variation in concentrations of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants among eggs in abandoned clutches of a terrestrial raptor. Chemosphere 118, 357–360.
| Variation in concentrations of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants among eggs in abandoned clutches of a terrestrial raptor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25463262PubMed |
Carlsson, P., Herzke, D., Wedborg, M., and Gabrielsen, G. W. (2011). Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). Chemosphere 82, 1286–1292.
| Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Champoux, L., and Boily, M. (2017). Temporal trends of mercury and organohalogen contaminants in great blue heron eggs from the St. Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, 1991–2011, and relationships with tracers of feeding ecology. The Science of the Total Environment 609, 1270–1285.
| Temporal trends of mercury and organohalogen contaminants in great blue heron eggs from the St. Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, 1991–2011, and relationships with tracers of feeding ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28797142PubMed |
Chessa, G., Cossu, M., Fiori, G., Ledda, G., Piras, P., Sanna, A., and Brambilla, G. (2019). Occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in fish and seafood from the sea of Sardinia – FAO 37.1.3 area: their impact on human health within the European Union marine framework strategy directive. Chemosphere 228, 249–257.
| Occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in fish and seafood from the sea of Sardinia – FAO 37.1.3 area: their impact on human health within the European Union marine framework strategy directive.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31035162PubMed |
Choi, J. W., Matsuda, M., Kawano, M., Wakimoto, T., Iseki, N., Masunaga, S., Hayama, S., and Watanuki, Y. (2001). Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) from Hokkaido, Japan. Chemosphere 44, 1375–1382.
| Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) from Hokkaido, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11513115PubMed |
Chu, S., Covaci, A., and Schepens, P. (2003). Levels and chiral signatures of persistent organochlorine pollutants in human tissues from Belgium. Environmental Research 93, 167–176.
| Levels and chiral signatures of persistent organochlorine pollutants in human tissues from Belgium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12963401PubMed |
Cole, D. W., Cole, R., Gaydos, S. J., Gray, J., Hyland, G., Jacques, M. L., and Au, W. W. (2009). Aquaculture: environmental, toxicological, and health issues. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 212, 369–377.
| Aquaculture: environmental, toxicological, and health issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18790671PubMed |
Covaci, A., Gerecke, A. C., Law, R. J., Voorspoels, S., Kohler, M., Heeb, N. V., Leslie, H., Allchin, C. R., and de Boer, J. (2006). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in the environment and humans: a review. Environmental Science & Technology 40, 3679–3688.
| Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in the environment and humans: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Covaci, A., Roosens, L., Dirtu, A. C., Waegeneers, N., Van Overmeire, I., Neels, H., and Goeyens, L. (2009). Brominated flame retardants in Belgian home-produced eggs: levels and contamination sources. The Science of the Total Environment 407, 4387–4396.
| Brominated flame retardants in Belgian home-produced eggs: levels and contamination sources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18986684PubMed |
de Boer, J., Leonards, P. E., Kwadijk, C. J., Kruijt, A. W., Brandsma, S. H., and Allchin, C. R. (2003). Screening and time trend study of decabromodiphenylether in birds. RIVO Report Number C051/03, RIVO-Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research, Netherlands.
de Wit, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 46, 583–624.
| An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11999784PubMed |
de Wit, C. A., Herzke, D., and Vorkamp, K. (2010). Brominated flame retardants in the arctic environment – trends and new candidates. The Science of the Total Environment 408, 2885–2918.
| Brominated flame retardants in the arctic environment – trends and new candidates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19815253PubMed |
Esslinger, S., Becker, R., Jung, C., Schröter-Kermani, C., Bremser, W., and Nehls, I. (2011). Temporal trend (1988–2008) of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in herring gull eggs from the German coastal region. Chemosphere 83, 161–167.
| Temporal trend (1988–2008) of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in herring gull eggs from the German coastal region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21216435PubMed |
Falandysz, J., and Szefer, P. (1984). Chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish-eating birds wintering in the Gdańsk Bay, 1981–82 and 1982–83. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15, 298–301.
| Chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish-eating birds wintering in the Gdańsk Bay, 1981–82 and 1982–83.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falandysz, J., Yamashita, N., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R., Rucińska, L., Mizera, T., and Jakuczun, B. (1994). Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in white-tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus albicilla collected in Poland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26, 13–22.
| Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in white-tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus albicilla collected in Poland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falandysz, J., Strandberg, L., Mizera, T., and Kalisińska, E. (2000). The contamination of white-tailed sea eagles with organochlorines in Poland. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 51, 7–13.
| 10846931PubMed |
Falandysz, J., Wyrzykowska, B., Puzyn, T., Strandberg, L., and Rappe, C. (2002). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congener-specific accumulation in edible fish from the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea. Food Additives and Contaminants 19, 779–795.
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congener-specific accumulation in edible fish from the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12227942PubMed |
Falkowska, L., and Reindl, A. R. (2015). Dietary exposure to, and internal organ transfer of, selected halogenated organic compounds in birds eating fish from the Southern Baltic. Journal of Environmental Science and Health – A. Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control 50, 1029–1039.
Falkowska, L., Reindl, A. R., Grajewska, A., and Lewandowska, A. U. (2016). Organochlorine contaminants in the muscle, liver and brain of seabirds (Larus) from the coastal area of the Southern Baltic. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 133, 63–72.
| Organochlorine contaminants in the muscle, liver and brain of seabirds (Larus) from the coastal area of the Southern Baltic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27414257PubMed |
Faroon, O., Jones, D., and de Rosa, C. (2000). Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the nervous system. Toxicology and Industrial Health 16, 305–333.
| Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the nervous system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11693948PubMed |
Fingerhut, M. A., Halperin, W. E., Marlow, D. A., Piacitelli, L. A., Honchar, P. A., Sweeney, M. H., and Suruda, A. J. (1991). Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The New England Journal of Medicine 324, 212–218.
| Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1985242PubMed |
Fliedner, A., Rüdel, H., Jürling, H., Müller, J., Neugebauer, F., and Schröter-Kermani, C. (2012). Levels and trends of industrial chemicals (PCBs, PFCs, PBDEs) in archived herring gull eggs from German coastal regions. Environmental Sciences Europe 24, 7.
| Levels and trends of industrial chemicals (PCBs, PFCs, PBDEs) in archived herring gull eggs from German coastal regions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Furness, R. W., and Greenwood, J. J. D. (Eds) (1993) Birds as monitors of pollutants. In ‘Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change’. pp. 86–143. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands.)
Gauthier, L. T., Hebert, C. E., Weseloh, D. C., and Letcher, R. J. (2007). Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 4561–4567.
| Current-use flame retardants in the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grajewska, A., Falkowska, L., Szumiło-Pilarska, E., Hajdrych, J., Szubska, M., Frączek, T., and Brauze, T. (2015). Mercury in the eggs of aquatic birds from the Gulf of Gdansk and Włocławek Dam (Poland). Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22, 9889–9898.
| Mercury in the eggs of aquatic birds from the Gulf of Gdansk and Włocławek Dam (Poland).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25649391PubMed |
Grove, R. A., Henny, C. J., and Kaiser, J. L. (2009). Osprey: worldwide sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental contamination in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health – B. Critical Reviews 12, 25–44.
| Osprey: worldwide sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental contamination in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19117208PubMed |
Haukås, M., Hylland, K., Nygård, T., Berge, J. A., and Mariussen, E. (2010). Diastereomer-specific bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a coastal food web, western Norway. The Science of the Total Environment 408, 5910–5916.
| Diastereomer-specific bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in a coastal food web, western Norway.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20828788PubMed |
Helgason, L. B., Polder, A., Føreid, S., Bæk, K., Lie, E., Gabrielsen, G. W., Barrett, R. T., and Skaare, J. U. (2009). Levels and temporal trends (1983–2003) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in seabird eggs from North Norway. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 1096–1103.
| Levels and temporal trends (1983–2003) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in seabird eggs from North Norway.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19102583PubMed |
Hites, R. A. (2011). Dioxins: an overview and history. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 16–20.
| Dioxins: an overview and history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoogenboom, R., Traag, W., Fernandes, A., and Rose, M. (2015). European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain. Food Control 50, 670–683.
| European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hu, X., Adamcakova-Dodd, A., Lehmler, H. J., Hu, D., Kania-Korwel, I., Hornbuckle, K. C., and Thorne, P. S. (2010). Time course of congener uptake and elimination in rats after short-term inhalation exposure to an airborne polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture. Environmental Science & Technology 44, 6893–6900.
| Time course of congener uptake and elimination in rats after short-term inhalation exposure to an airborne polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Janák, K., Sellström, U., Johansson, A. K., Becher, G., de Wit, C. A., Lindberg, P., and Helander, B. (2008). Enantiomer-specific accumulation of hexabromocyclododecanes in eggs of predatory birds. Chemosphere 73, S193–S200.
| Enantiomer-specific accumulation of hexabromocyclododecanes in eggs of predatory birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18440589PubMed |
Jaspers, V., Covaci, A., Maervoet, J., Dauwe, T., Voorspoels, S., Schepens, P., and Eens, M. (2005). Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene noctua) from Belgium. Environmental Pollution 136, 81–88.
| Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene noctua) from Belgium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15809110PubMed |
Jiménez, B., Merino, R., Abad, E., Rivera, J., and Olie, K. (2007). Evaluation of organochlorine compounds (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs) in two raptor species inhabiting a Mediterranean island in Spain. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 14, 61–68.
| Evaluation of organochlorine compounds (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs) in two raptor species inhabiting a Mediterranean island in Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johansson, A. K., Sellström, U., Lindberg, P., Bignert, A., and De Wit, C. A. (2009). Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 9–17.
| Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18717624PubMed |
Jorissen, J. (2007). Literature review. Outcomes associated with postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via breast milk. Advances in Neonatal Care 7, 230–237.
| Literature review. Outcomes associated with postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via breast milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18049149PubMed |
Jörundsdóttir, H., Bignert, A., Svavarsson, J., Nygård, T., Weihe, P., and Bergman, Å. (2009). Assessment of emerging and traditional halogenated contaminants in guillemot (Uria aalge) egg from north-western Europe and the Baltic Sea. The Science of the Total Environment 407, 4174–4183.
| Assessment of emerging and traditional halogenated contaminants in guillemot (Uria aalge) egg from north-western Europe and the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19395067PubMed |
Jörundsdóttir, H., Löfstrand, K., Svavarsson, J., Bignert, A., and Bergman, Å. (2013). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in seven different marine bird species from Iceland. Chemosphere 93, 1526–1532.
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in seven different marine bird species from Iceland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23987577PubMed |
Kajiwara, N., Sueoka, M., Ohiwa, T., and Takigami, H. (2009). Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles. Chemosphere 74, 1485–1489.
| Determination of flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in textiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19124143PubMed |
Kakimoto, K., Akutsu, K., Konishi, Y., and Tanaka, Y. (2008). Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women. Chemosphere 71, 1110–1114.
| Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18076970PubMed |
Kannan, K., Hilscherova, K., Imagawa, T., Yamashita, N., Williams, L. L., and Giesy, J. P. (2001). Polychlorinated naphthalenes, -biphenyls, -dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -dibenzofurans in double-crested cormorants and herring gulls from Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology 35, 441–447.
| Polychlorinated naphthalenes, -biphenyls, -dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -dibenzofurans in double-crested cormorants and herring gulls from Michigan waters of the Great Lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kannan, K., Kumar, K. S., Nakata, H., Falandysz, J., Oehme, G., and Masunaga, S. (2003). Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and p,p′-DDE in livers of white-tailed sea eagles from eastern Germany, 1979–1998. Environmental Science & Technology 37, 1249–1255.
| Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and p,p′-DDE in livers of white-tailed sea eagles from eastern Germany, 1979–1998.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kogevinas, M. (2001). Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects. APMIS 109, S223–S232.
| Human health effects of dioxins: cancer, reproductive and endocrine system effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koistinen, J., Koivusaari, J., Nuuja, I., and Paasivirta, J. (1995). PCDEs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in black guillemots and white-tailed sea eagles from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 30, 1671–1684.
| PCDEs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in black guillemots and white-tailed sea eagles from the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koistinen, J., Kiviranta, H., Ruokojärvi, P., Parmanne, R., Verta, M., Hallikainen, A., and Vartiainen, T. (2008). Organohalogen pollutants in herring from the northern Baltic Sea: concentrations, congener profiles and explanatory factors. Environmental Pollution 154, 172–183.
| Organohalogen pollutants in herring from the northern Baltic Sea: concentrations, congener profiles and explanatory factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18055079PubMed |
Köppen, R., Becker, R., Jung, C., and Nehls, I. (2008). On the thermally induced isomerisation of hexabromocyclododecane stereoisomers. Chemosphere 71, 656–662.
| On the thermally induced isomerisation of hexabromocyclododecane stereoisomers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18093636PubMed |
Korpinen, S., Laamanen, M., Andersen, J. H., Asplund, L., Berger, U., Bignert, A., Boalt, E., Broeg, K., Brzozowska, A., Cato, I., Durkin, M., Garnaga, G., Gustavson, K., Haarich, M., Hedlund, B., Köngäs, P., Lang, T., Larsen, M. M., Lehtonen, K., Mannio, J., Mehtonen, J., Murray, C., Nielsen, S., Nyström, B., Pazdro, K., Ringeltaube, P., Schiedek, D., Schneider, R., Stankiewicz, M., Strand, J., Sundelin, B., Söderström, M. T., Vallius, H., Vanninen, P., Verta, M., Vieno, N., Vuorinen, P. J., and Zahharov, A. (2010). ‘Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea: an Integrated Thematic Assessment of Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea.’ (Eds S. Korpinen and M. Laamanen.) Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings, number 120B. (Helsinki Commission: Helsinki, Finland.)
Kuiper, R. V., Canton, R. F., Leonards, P. E. G., Jenssen, B. M., Dubbeldam, M., Wester, P. W., van den Berg, M., Vos, J. G., and Vethaak, A. D. (2007). Long-term exposure of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to the flame-retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67, 349–360.
| Long-term exposure of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to the flame-retardants tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17258806PubMed |
Law, R. J., Allchin, C. R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C. A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187–208.
| Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16434081PubMed |
Lindberg, P., Sellström, U., Häggberg, L., and De Wit, C. A. (2004). Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 93–96.
| Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lundstedt-Enkel, K., Asplund, L., Nylund, K., Bignert, A., Tysklind, M., Olsson, M., and Örberg, J. (2006). Multivariate data analysis of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in Baltic Sea guillemot (Uria aalge) egg and muscle. Chemosphere 65, 1591–1599.
| Multivariate data analysis of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in Baltic Sea guillemot (Uria aalge) egg and muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16674995PubMed |
Malmvärn, A., Marsh, G., Kautsky, L., Athanasiadou, M., Bergman, Å., and Asplund, L. (2005). Hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in the red algae Ceramium tenuicorne and blue mussels from the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 2990–2997.
| Hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in the red algae Ceramium tenuicorne and blue mussels from the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meissner, W., Staniszewska, J., and Bzoma, S. (2007). Liczebność oraz struktura gatunkowa i wiekowa mew Laridae w regionie Zatoki Gdańskiej w okresie pozalęgowym. Notatki Ornitologiczne 48, 67–81.
Miljeteig, C., Strøm, H., Gavrilo, M. V., Volkov, A., Jenssen, B. M., and Gabrielsen, G. W. (2009). High levels of contaminants in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from the Russian and Norwegian Arctic. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 5521–5528.
| High levels of contaminants in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from the Russian and Norwegian Arctic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, A., Hedman, J. E., Nyberg, E., Haglund, P., Cousins, I. T., Wiberg, K., and Bignert, A. (2013). Temporal trends in dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 73, 220–230.
| Temporal trends in dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Baltic herring (Clupea harengus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23806670PubMed |
Miller, A., Nyberg, E., Danielsson, S., Faxneld, S., Haglund, P., and Bignert, A. (2014). Comparing temporal trends of organochlorines in guillemot eggs and Baltic herring: advantages and disadvantage for selecting sentinel species for environmental monitoring. Marine Environmental Research 100, 38–47.
| Comparing temporal trends of organochlorines in guillemot eggs and Baltic herring: advantages and disadvantage for selecting sentinel species for environmental monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24680644PubMed |
Ming-ch’eng Adams, C. I., Baker, J. E., and Kjellerup, B. V. (2016). Toxicological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on freshwater turtles in the United States. Chemosphere 154, 148–154.
| Toxicological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on freshwater turtles in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27043381PubMed |
Morales, L., Martrat, M. G., Olmos, J., Parera, J., Vicente, J., Bertolero, A., Abalos, M., Lacorte, S., Santos, F. J., and Abad, E. (2012). Persistent organic pollutants in gull eggs of two species (Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii) from the Ebro delta Natural Park. Chemosphere 88, 1306–1316.
| Persistent organic pollutants in gull eggs of two species (Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii) from the Ebro delta Natural Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22564454PubMed |
Morales, L., Martrat, M. G. R., Parera, J., Bertolero, A., Ábalos, M., Santos, F. J., Lacorte, S., and Abad, E. (2016). Dioxins and dl-PCBs in gull eggs from Spanish Natural Parks (2010–2013). The Science of the Total Environment 550, 114–122.
| Dioxins and dl-PCBs in gull eggs from Spanish Natural Parks (2010–2013).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26808402PubMed |
Morris, S., Allchin, C. R., Zegers, B. N., Haftka, J. J., Boon, J. P., Belpaire, C., Leonards, P. E. G., van Leeuwen, S. P. J., and de Boer, J. (2004). Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 5497–5504.
| Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nordlöf, U., Helander, B., Zebühr, Y., Bignert, A., and Asplund, L. (2012). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho-PCBs in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles collected along the Swedish coast in the Baltic Sea. The Science of the Total Environment 438, 166–173.
| Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho-PCBs in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles collected along the Swedish coast in the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23000468PubMed |
Park, H. Y., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Sovcikova, E., Kocan, A., Drobna, B., and Trnovec, T. (2010). Neurodevelopmental toxicity of prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by chemical structure and activity: a birth cohort study. Environmental Health 9, 51.
| Neurodevelopmental toxicity of prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by chemical structure and activity: a birth cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20731829PubMed |
Pastor, D., Ruiz, X., Barceló, D., and Albaigés, J. (1995). Dioxins, furans and AHH-active PCB congeners in eggs of two gull species from the western Mediterranean. Chemosphere 31, 3397–3411.
| Dioxins, furans and AHH-active PCB congeners in eggs of two gull species from the western Mediterranean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8528648PubMed |
Pearce, E. N., and Braverman, L. E. (2009). Environmental pollutants and the thyroid. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 23, 801–813.
| Environmental pollutants and the thyroid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peck, L. E., Gilchrist, H. G., Mallory, C. D., Braune, B. M., and Mallory, M. L. (2016). Persistent organic pollutant and mercury concentrations in eggs of ground-nesting marine birds in the Canadian high Arctic. The Science of the Total Environment 556, 80–88.
| Persistent organic pollutant and mercury concentrations in eggs of ground-nesting marine birds in the Canadian high Arctic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26971212PubMed |
Polder, A., Venter, B., Skaare, J. U., and Bouwman, H. (2008). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and HBCD in bird eggs of South Africa. Chemosphere 73, 148–154.
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and HBCD in bird eggs of South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18466951PubMed |
Polder, A., Müller, M. B., Brynildsrud, O. B., De Boer, J., Hamers, T., Kamstra, J. H., and Sandvik, M. (2016). Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and brominated flame retardants in free-range chicken eggs from peri-urban areas in Arusha, Tanzania: levels and implications for human health. The Science of the Total Environment 551–552, 656–667.
| Dioxins, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and brominated flame retardants in free-range chicken eggs from peri-urban areas in Arusha, Tanzania: levels and implications for human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26897409PubMed |
Quinn, L. P., Roos, C., Pieters, R., Løken, K., Polder, A., Skaare, J. U., and Bouwman, H. (2013). Levels of PCBs in wild bird eggs: considering toxicity through enzyme induction potential and molecular structure. Chemosphere 90, 1109–1116.
| Levels of PCBs in wild bird eggs: considering toxicity through enzyme induction potential and molecular structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23062940PubMed |
Reindl, A. R., and Falkowska, L. (2015). Flame retardants at the top of a simulated Baltic marine food web – a case study concerning African penguins from the Gdansk Zoo. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 68, 259–264.
| Flame retardants at the top of a simulated Baltic marine food web – a case study concerning African penguins from the Gdansk Zoo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25224990PubMed |
Reindl, A. R., Falkowska, L., and Grajewska, A. (2015). Chlorinated herbicides in fish, birds and mammals in the Baltic Sea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 226, 276.
| Chlorinated herbicides in fish, birds and mammals in the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26246644PubMed |
Reindl, A. R., Falkowska, L., and Grajewska, A. (2019). Halogenated organic compounds in the eggs of aquatic birds from the Gulf of Gdansk and Wloclawek Dam (Poland). Chemosphere 237, 124463.
| Halogenated organic compounds in the eggs of aquatic birds from the Gulf of Gdansk and Wloclawek Dam (Poland).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31382198PubMed |
Rice, C. P., O’Keefe, P., and Kubiak, T. (2003) Sources, pathways, and effects of PCBs, dioxins, and dibenzofurans. In ‘Handbook of Ecotoxicology’. (Eds D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton Jr, and J. Cairns Jr.) pp. 501–573. (Lewis Publishers: London, UK.)
Rigét, F., Vorkamp, K., Bossi, R., Sonne, C., Letcher, R. J., and Dietz, R. (2016). Twenty years of monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in Greenland biota. A review. Environmental Pollution 217, 114–123.
| Twenty years of monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in Greenland biota. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26640153PubMed |
Roscales, J. L., Vicente, A., Muñoz-Arnanz, J., Morales, L., Abad, E., Aguirre, J. I., and Jiménez, B. (2016). Influence of trophic ecology on the accumulation of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mediterranean gulls (Larus michahellis and L. audouinii): a three-isotope approach. Environmental Pollution 212, 307–315.
| Influence of trophic ecology on the accumulation of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mediterranean gulls (Larus michahellis and L. audouinii): a three-isotope approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26854700PubMed |
Schantz, S. L., Widholm, J. J., and Rice, D. C. (2003). Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 357–376.
| Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12611666PubMed |
Schröter-Kermani, C., Schmolz, E., Herrmann, T., and Päpke, O. (2005). PCDD, PCDF, and dioxin-like PCB in herring gull eggs from the North Sea and Baltic Sea: levels, patterns and, temporal trends. Organohalogen Compounds 67, 1295–1299.
Sellström, U., Bignert, A., Kierkegaard, A., Häggberg, L., De Wit, C. A., Olsson, M., and Jansson, B. (2003). Temporal trend studies on tetra-and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in guillemot egg from the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science & Technology 37, 5496–5501.
| Temporal trend studies on tetra-and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in guillemot egg from the Baltic Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shelepchikov, A. A., Shenderyuk, V. V., Brodsky, E. S., Feshin, D., Baholdina, L. P., and Gorogankin, S. K. (2008). Contamination of Russian Baltic fish by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like biphenyls. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 25, 136–143.
| Contamination of Russian Baltic fish by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like biphenyls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21783849PubMed |
Suzuki, K., Nakai, K., Sugawara, T., Nakamura, T., Ohba, T., Shimada, M., and Murata, K. (2010). Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku study of child development. Environmental Research 110, 699–704.
| Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku study of child development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20673887PubMed |
Thyen, S., Becker, P. H., and Behmann, H. (2000). Organochlorine and mercury contamination of little terns (Sterna albifrons) breeding at the western Baltic Sea, 1978–96. Environmental Pollution 108, 225–238.
| Organochlorine and mercury contamination of little terns (Sterna albifrons) breeding at the western Baltic Sea, 1978–96.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15092953PubMed |
Turyk, M. E., Anderson, H. A., and Persky, V. W. (2007). Relationships of thyroid hormones with polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, and DDE in adults. Environmental Health Perspectives 115, 1197.
| Relationships of thyroid hormones with polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, and DDE in adults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17687447PubMed |
van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L., Bosveld, A. T., Brunström, B., Cook, P., Feeley, M., Giesy, J. P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S. W., Kubiak, T., Larsen, J. C., van Leeuwen, F. X., Liem, A. K., Nolt, C., Reterson, R. E., Poellinger, L., Safe, S., Schrenk, D., Rillitt, D., Thysklind, M., Younes, M., Waern, F., and Zacharewski, T. (1998). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives 106, 775–792.
| Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9831538PubMed |
van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L. S., Denison, M., De Vito, M., Farland, W., Feeley, M., Fiedler, H., Hakansson, H., Hanberg, A., Haws, L., Rose, M., Safe, S., Schrenk, D., Tohyama, C., Tritscher, A., Tuomisto, J., Tysklind, M., Walker, N., and Peterson, R. E. (2006). The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences 93, 223–241.
| The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16829543PubMed |
van den Berg, M., Denison, M. S., Birnbaum, L. S., DeVito, M. J., Fiedler, H., Falandysz, J., Rose, M., Schrenk, D., Safe, S., Tohyama, C., Tritscher, A., Tysklind, M., and Peterson, R. E. (2013). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls: inclusion in the toxicity equivalency factor concept for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences 133, 197–208.
| Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls: inclusion in the toxicity equivalency factor concept for dioxin-like compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23492812PubMed |
Van den Steen, E., Pinxten, R., Jaspers, V. L., Covaci, A., Barba, E., Carere, C., and Kempenaers, B. (2009). Brominated flame retardants and organochlorines in the European environment using great tit eggs as a biomonitoring tool. Environment International 35, 310–317.
| Brominated flame retardants and organochlorines in the European environment using great tit eggs as a biomonitoring tool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18804864PubMed |
Verreault, J., Gebbink, W. A., Gauthier, L. T., Gabrielsen, G. W., and Letcher, R. J. (2007). Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 4925–4931.
| Brominated flame retardants in glaucous gulls from the Norwegian Arctic: more than just an issue of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verta, M., Salo, S., Korhonen, M., Assmuth, T., Kiviranta, H., Koistinen, J., Ruokojärvi, P., Isosaari, P., Bergqvist, P., Tysklind, M., Cato, I., Vikelsøe, J., and Larsen, M. M. (2007). Dioxin concentrations in sediments of the Baltic Sea – a survey of existing data. Chemosphere 67, 1762–1775.
| Dioxin concentrations in sediments of the Baltic Sea – a survey of existing data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17223167PubMed |
Vieira, P. M., Vieira, A. V., Sanders, E. J., Steyrer, E., Nimpf, J., and Schneider, W. J. (1995). Chicken yolk contains bona fide high density lipoprotein particles. Journal of Lipid Research 36, 601–610.
| 7775871PubMed |
Vilaplana, F., Ribes-Greusb, A., and Karlssona, S. (2009). Microwave-assisted extraction for qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated flame retardants in styrenic plastic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Talanta 78, 33–39.
| Microwave-assisted extraction for qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated flame retardants in styrenic plastic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19174199PubMed |
Vorkamp, K., Thomsen, M., Falk, K., Leslie, H., Møller, S., and Sørensen, P. B. (2005). Temporal development of brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from South Greenland (1986–2003). Environmental Science & Technology 39, 8199–8206.
| Temporal development of brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from South Greenland (1986–2003).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, Y., Lam, J. C., So, M. K., Yeung, L. W., Cai, Z., Hung, C. L., and Lam, P. K. (2012). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in waterbird eggs of Hong Kong, China. Chemosphere 86, 242–247.
| Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in waterbird eggs of Hong Kong, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22024097PubMed |
Wohlfahrt-Veje, C., Audouze, K., Brunak, S., Antignac, J. P., le Bizec, B., Juul, A., and Main, K. M. (2014). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls (PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs) in breast milk and early childhood growth and IGF1. Reproduction 147, 391–399.
| Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls (PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs) in breast milk and early childhood growth and IGF1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24586095PubMed |
Zicus, M. C., and Rave, D. P. (2004). DDE, PCB, and mercury residues in Minnesota common goldeneye and hooded merganser eggs: a follow-up. Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 129, 1–196.
