Occurrence characteristics of harmful and non-harmful algal species related to coastal environments in the southern sea of Korea
Jin Ho Kim A , Minji Lee A , Young Kyun Lim A , Yun Ji Kim A and Seung Ho Baek A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Risk Assessment Research Center, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, South Korea.
B Corresponding author. Email: baeksh@kiost.ac.kr
Marine and Freshwater Research 70(6) 794-806 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18244
Submitted: 5 July 2018 Accepted: 1 December 2018 Published: 15 February 2019
Abstract
Because the phytoplankton community and blooms are regulated by various environmental factors, it is difficult to define the cause and occurrence of the phenomenon of harmful algal blooms (HABs). This study evaluated the phytoplankton community and occurrence characteristic of HAB species related to coastal environments in South Korea, 2016. In summer, because of strong upwelling event, the surface sweater temperature around Geoje Island was abnormally low (17°C), and an unusual high temperature (29°C) and low salinity (29 psu) were measured in offshore area. Diatoms and dinoflagellates showed contrasting occurrences during the survey period. Diatoms were dominant in the inshore area, whereas dinoflagellates occurred in the offshore area. The phytoplankton-community structures were established depending on different hydro-oceanographic characteristics. In statistical analysis, HABs of dinoflagellate Karenia appeared in upwelling areas with a high nutritional content, whereas Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium and Prorocentrum appeared in areas of low nutrients in June, and HAB species showed an equivalent tendency to appear at high water temperature and low saline level in August. Our results indicated that hydro-oceanographic events such as river discharge, current and upwelling play important roles in determining the phytoplankton community and potential occurrence characteristics of HABs in the coastal environment of South Korea.
Additional keywords: discharge, HAB species, phytoplankton community, upwelling.
References
Abrantes, F. (1988). Diatom assemblages as upwelling indicators in surface sediments off Portugal. Marine Geology 85, 15–39.| Diatom assemblages as upwelling indicators in surface sediments off Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abrantes, F. (2000). 200 000 yr diatom records from Atlantic upwelling sites reveal maximum productivity during LGM and a shift in phytoplankton community structure at 185 000 yr. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 176, 7–16.
| 200 000 yr diatom records from Atlantic upwelling sites reveal maximum productivity during LGM and a shift in phytoplankton community structure at 185 000 yr.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson, D. M., Glibert, P. M., and Burkholder, J. M. (2002). Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25, 704–726.
| Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Azumaya, T., Isoda, Y., and Noriki, S. (2001). Modeling of the spring bloom in Funka Bay, Japan. Continental Shelf Research 21, 473–494.
| Modeling of the spring bloom in Funka Bay, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baek, S. H., Shimode, S., Kim, H.-C., Han, M.-S., and Kikuchi, T. (2009). Strong bottom-up effects on phytoplankton community caused by a rainfall during spring and summer in Sagami Bay, Japan. Journal of Marine Systems 75, 253–264.
| Strong bottom-up effects on phytoplankton community caused by a rainfall during spring and summer in Sagami Bay, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baek, S. H., Son, M., Kim, D., Choi, H.-W., and Kim, Y.-O. (2014). Assessing the ecosystem health status of Korea Gwangyang and Jinhae bays based on a planktonic index of biotic integrity (P-IBI). Ocean Science Journal 49, 291–311.
| Assessing the ecosystem health status of Korea Gwangyang and Jinhae bays based on a planktonic index of biotic integrity (P-IBI).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bai, Y., He, X., Pan, D., Chen, C. T. A., Kang, Y., Chen, X., and Cai, W. J. (2014). Summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 119, 6238–6257.
| Summertime Changjiang River plume variation during 1998–2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bruland, K. W., Rue, E. L., Smith, G. J., and DiTullio, G. R. (2005). Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru. Marine Chemistry 93, 81–103.
| Iron, macronutrients and diatom blooms in the Peru upwelling regime: brown and blue waters of Peru.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chang, P. H., and Isobe, A. (2003). A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China seas. Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans 108, 3299.
| A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China seas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, Y.-L. L., Chen, H.-Y., Gong, G.-C., Lin, Y.-H., Jan, S., and Takahashi, M. (2004). Phytoplankton production during a summer coastal upwelling in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 24, 1321–1338.
| Phytoplankton production during a summer coastal upwelling in the East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dou-Ding, L., and Goebel, J. (2001). Five red tide species in genus Prorocentrum including the description of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu SP. nov. from the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 19, 337–344.
| Five red tide species in genus Prorocentrum including the description of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu SP. nov. from the East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Field, J., Clarke, K., and Warwick, R. (1982). A practical strategy for analysing multispecies distribution patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series 8, 37–52.
| A practical strategy for analysing multispecies distribution patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Froelich, P. N., Atwood, D. K., and Giese, G. S. (1978). Influence of Amazon River discharge on surface salinity and dissolved silicate concentration in the Caribbean Sea. Deep-Sea Research 25, 735–744.
| Influence of Amazon River discharge on surface salinity and dissolved silicate concentration in the Caribbean Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fukuyo, Y., Takano, H., and Chihara, M. (1990). ‘Red Tide Organisms in Japan. An Illustrated Taxonomic Guide.’ (Uchida Rokakuho, Co. Ltd: Tokyo, Japan.)
Guillard, R. R. L., and Kilham, P. (1977). The ecology of marine planktonic diatoms. In ‘The Biology of Diatoms, Vol. 13’. (Ed. D. Werner.) pp. 372–469. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA.)
Guinder, V. A., Popovich, C. A., Molinero, J. C., and Marcovecchio, J. (2013). Phytoplankton summer bloom dynamics in the Bahía Blanca Estuary in relation to changing environmental conditions. Continental Shelf Research 52, 150–158.
| Phytoplankton summer bloom dynamics in the Bahía Blanca Estuary in relation to changing environmental conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hodgkiss, I. (2001). New and dominant species from Sam Xing Wang, Sai Kung during the 1998 massive fish killing red tide in Hong Kong. In ‘Harmful Algal Blooms 2000’. (Eds G. M. Hallegraeff, S. I. Blackburn, C. J. Bolch, and R. J. Lewis.) pp. 62–65. (International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Paris, France.)
Hwang, C.-S., Kim, K.-T., Oh, C.-Y., Jin, C.-G., and Choi, C.-U. (2010). A study on correlation between RUSLE and estuary in Nakdong River watershed. Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information System 18, 3–10.
Isada, T., Hirawake, T., Nakada, S., Kobayashi, T., Sasaki, K. i., Tanaka, Y., Watanabe, S., Suzuki, K., and Saitoh, S.-I. (2017). Influence of hydrography on the spatiotemporal variability of phytoplankton assemblages and primary productivity in Funka Bay and the Tsugaru Strait. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 188, 199–211.
| Influence of hydrography on the spatiotemporal variability of phytoplankton assemblages and primary productivity in Funka Bay and the Tsugaru Strait.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Isobe, A. (1999). On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality. Continental Shelf Research 19, 117–133.
| On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jeong, K.-S., Kim, D.-K., and Joo, G.-J. (2007). Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River (South Korea). Water Research 41, 1269–1279.
| Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River (South Korea).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17303210PubMed |
Jeong, H. J., Lim, A. S., Franks, P. J., Lee, K. H., Kim, J. H., Kang, N. S., Lee, M. J., Jang, S. H., Lee, S. Y., and Yoon, E. Y. (2015). A hierarchy of conceptual models of red-tide generation: nutrition, behavior, and biological interactions. Harmful Algae 47, 97–115.
| A hierarchy of conceptual models of red-tide generation: nutrition, behavior, and biological interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaczmarek, Ł., GoŁdyn, B., WeŁnicz, W., and Michalczyk, Ł. (2011) Ecological factors determining Tardigrada distribution in Costa Rica. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49(S1), 78–83
Kim, H. G. (1997). Recent harmful algal blooms and mitigation strategies in Korea. Ocean and Polar Research 19, 185–192.
Kim, H.-C., Yamaguchi, H., Yoo, S., Zhu, J., Okamura, K., Kiyomoto, Y., Tanaka, K., Kim, S.-W., Park, T., and Ishizaka, J. (2009). Distribution of Changjiang diluted water detected by satellite chlorophyll-a and its interannual variation during 1998–2007. Journal of Oceanography 65, 129–135.
| Distribution of Changjiang diluted water detected by satellite chlorophyll-a and its interannual variation during 1998–2007.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim, J. H., Park, B. S., Kim, J. H., Wang, P., and Han, M. S. (2015). Intraspecific diversity and distribution of the cosmopolitan species Pseudo‐nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae): morphology, genetics, and ecophysiology of the three clades. Journal of Phycology 51, 159–172.
| Intraspecific diversity and distribution of the cosmopolitan species Pseudo‐nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae): morphology, genetics, and ecophysiology of the three clades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26986266PubMed |
Kim, J. H., Wang, P., Park, B. S., Kim, J.-H., Patidar, S. K., and Han, M.-S. (2018). Revealing the distinct habitat ranges and hybrid zone of genetic sub-populations within Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae) in the West Pacific area. Harmful Algae 73, 72–83.
| Revealing the distinct habitat ranges and hybrid zone of genetic sub-populations within Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae) in the West Pacific area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29602508PubMed |
Kiørboe, T., Tiselius, P., Mitchell‐Innes, B., Hansen, J. L., Visser, A. W., and Mari, X. (1998). Intensive aggregate formation with low vertical flux during an upwelling‐induced diatom bloom. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 104–116.
| Intensive aggregate formation with low vertical flux during an upwelling‐induced diatom bloom.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kudela, R., Seeyave, S., and Cochlan, W. (2010). The role of nutrients in regulation and promotion of harmful algal blooms in upwelling systems. Progress in Oceanography 85, 122–135.
| The role of nutrients in regulation and promotion of harmful algal blooms in upwelling systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee, J. (1983). Variations of sea level and sea surface temperature associated with and wind-induced upwelling in the southeast coast of Korea in summer. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 18, 149–160.
Lee, M., Park, B. S., and Baek, S. H. (2018). Tidal influences on biotic and abiotic factors in the Seomjin River Estuary and Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Estuaries and Coasts 41(7), 1977–1993
Li, H.-M., Zhang, C.-S., Han, X.-R., and Shi, X.-Y. (2015). Changes in concentrations of oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate in the southern Yellow Sea, 1980–2012: sources and seaward gradients. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 163, 44–55.
| Changes in concentrations of oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate in the southern Yellow Sea, 1980–2012: sources and seaward gradients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lie, H. J., and Cho, C. H. (1994). On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 99, 25081–25091.
| On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lim, W., Lee, Y.-S., and Park, J.-G. (2009). Characteristics of Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom in southeast coastal waters of Korea, 2008. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 14, 155–162.
Maita, Y., and Odate, T. (1988). Seasonal changes in size-fractionated primary production and nutrient concentrations in the temperate neritic water of Funka Bay, Japan. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 44, 268–279.
| Seasonal changes in size-fractionated primary production and nutrient concentrations in the temperate neritic water of Funka Bay, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Margalef, R. (1972). Fitoplancton de la región de afloramiento del noroeste de Africa: I. Pigmentos y producción (campaña ‘Sáhara II’ del ‘Cornide de Saavedra’). In ‘Resultados expediciones científicas del buque oceanográfico “Cornide de Saavedra”’. pp. 23–51. (La Junta: Madrid, Spain.)
Margalef, R. (1978). Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologica Acta 1, 493–509.
Paerl, H., Rudek, J., and Mallin, M. A. (1990). Stimulation of phytoplankton production in coastal waters by natural rainfall inputs: nutritional and trophic implications. Marine Biology 107, 247–254.
| Stimulation of phytoplankton production in coastal waters by natural rainfall inputs: nutritional and trophic implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Park, B. S., Kim, J. H., Kim, J.-H., Baek, S. H., and Han, M.-S. (2018). Intraspecific bloom succession in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) extended the blooming period in Korean coastal waters in 2009. Harmful Algae 71, 78–88.
| Intraspecific bloom succession in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) extended the blooming period in Korean coastal waters in 2009.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29306398PubMed |
Qi, Y., and Wang, Y. (2003). What the Prorocentrum species should be? A review on a Prorocentrum bloom species classification where it initiated in the ECS. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 14, 1188–1190.
| 14587350PubMed |
Riebesell, U. (1989). Comparison of sinking and sedimentation rate measurements in a diatom winter/spring bloom. Marine Ecology Progress Series 54, 109–119.
| Comparison of sinking and sedimentation rate measurements in a diatom winter/spring bloom.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Satoh, F., Hamasaki, K., Toda, T., and Taguchi, S. (2000). Summer phytoplankton bloom in Manazuru Harbor, Sagami Bay, central Japan. Plankton Biology and Ecology 47, 73–79.
Smayda, T., and Trainer, V. L. (2010). Dinoflagellate blooms in upwelling systems: seeding, variability, and contrasts with diatom bloom behaviour. Progress in Oceanography 85, 92–107.
| Dinoflagellate blooms in upwelling systems: seeding, variability, and contrasts with diatom bloom behaviour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smetacek, V. (1985). Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Marine Biology 84, 239–251.
| Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sommer, U. (1994). Are marine diatoms favoured by high Si : N ratios? Marine Ecology Progress Series 115, 309–315.
| Are marine diatoms favoured by high Si : N ratios?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sournia, A. (Ed.) (1978). ‘Phytoplankton Manual.’ (UNESCO: Paris, France.)
Takikawa, T., and Yoon, J.-H. (2005). Volume transport through the Tsushima Straits estimated from sea level difference. Journal of Oceanography 61, 699–708.
| Volume transport through the Tsushima Straits estimated from sea level difference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomas, W. H., and Gibson, C. H. (1990). Effects of small-scale turbulence on microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology 2, 71–77.
| Effects of small-scale turbulence on microalgae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, P. A., Bonham, P. I., and Swadling, K. M. (2008). Phytoplankton blooms in the Huon Estuary, Tasmania: top-down or bottom-up control? Journal of Plankton Research 30, 735–753.
| Phytoplankton blooms in the Huon Estuary, Tasmania: top-down or bottom-up control?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tilman, D., Kilham, S. S., and Kilham, P. (1982). Phytoplankton community ecology: the role of limiting nutrients. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13, 349–372.
| Phytoplankton community ecology: the role of limiting nutrients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wei, W., Tang, Z., Dai, Z., Lin, Y., Ge, Z., and Gao, J. (2015). Variations in tidal flats of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary during 1950s–2010s: future crisis and policy implication. Ocean and Coastal Management 108, 89–96.
| Variations in tidal flats of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary during 1950s–2010s: future crisis and policy implication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weisberg, R. H., Zheng, L., and Liu, Y. (2015). Basic tenets for coastal ocean ecosystems monitoring. In ‘Coastal Ocean Observing Systems’. (Eds Y. Liu, H. Kerkering, and R. H. Weisberg.) pp. 40–57. (Elsevier: London, UK.)
Yang, S., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Smith, J., Dai, S., Gao, A., and Li, P. (2005). Impact of dams on Yangtze River sediment supply to the sea and delta intertidal wetland response. Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface 110, F03006.
Yang, S., Han, X., Zhang, C., Sun, B., Wang, X., and Shi, X. (2014). Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and dominant species in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent seas: general trends based on field survey data 1959–2009. Journal of Ocean University of China 13, 926–934.
| Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and dominant species in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent seas: general trends based on field survey data 1959–2009.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, J.-T., Xi, Y., and Li J. (2006). The relationships between environment and plant communities in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain range, North China. Community Ecology 7, 155–163.
Zuenko, Y., Selina, M., and Stonik, I. (2006). On conditions of phytoplankton blooms in the coastal waters of the north-western East/Japan Sea. Ocean Science Journal 41, 31–41.
| On conditions of phytoplankton blooms in the coastal waters of the north-western East/Japan Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
