Long-term study of reservoir cascade in south-eastern Brazil reveals spatio-temporal gradient in fish assemblages
Raquel Coelho Loures A C and Paulo Santos Pompeu BA Cemig Geração e Transmissão, Gerência de Ações e Programas Ambientais e Apoio à Operação, Programa Peixe Vivo, Avenida Barbacena, 1200, 30190-131, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
B Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, Departamento de Biologia, Setor de Ecologia, Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Caixa Postal-3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
C Corresponding author. Email: quelloures@gmail.com
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(12) 1983-1994 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18109
Submitted: 21 March 2018 Accepted: 12 June 2018 Published: 18 September 2018
Abstract
In reservoir cascades, effects on fish assemblages are expected to strengthen over time and transfer from one reservoir to an adjacent one. To test this, fish-assemblage data from 23 years of monitoring in the Araguari reservoir cascade system, upper Paraná River basin, were analysed. The results showed a clear reduction in richness of native and migratory fish species and an increase of non-native species, following reservoir formation. Migratory species richness was higher in reservoirs that presented habitats similar to lotic stretches or tributaries upstream of the impounded area. There was a clear tendency for native species to decline and non-native fish species to increase, in a downstream direction. Fish assemblages became increasingly dissimilar as reservoirs became more distant from each other (longitudinal gradient) and were dominated by small and medium-sized species. Alongside longitudinal position, reservoir area, age and the presence of herbivorous non-native fish were found to be important predictors of variation in fish-assemblage structure. Results from the present study help clarify the potential accumulated impacts of reservoir cascades on fish diversity, which must be carefully considered in river-basin inventories for hydropower plants, and reinforce the importance of long-term monitoring, considering longitudinal and lateral dimensions of the basin.
Additional keywords: Araguari River, dam impact, freshwater fish, invasive species, longitudinal gradient.
References
Abdi, H. (2010). Holm’s sequential Bonferroni procedure. In ‘Encyclopedia of Research Design’. (Ed. N. J. Salkind.) pp. 1–8. (Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.)Agostinho, A. A., and Gomes, L. C. (2002). ‘Biodiversity and Fisheries Management in the Paraná River Basin: Successes and Failures.’ Blue Millennium–World Fisheries Trust CRDI–UNEP. (Universidade Estadual do Maringá: Maringá, Brazil.)
Agostinho, A. A., Júlio Júnior, H. F., and Borghetti, J. R. (1992). Considerações sobre os impactos dos represamentos na ictiofauna e medidas para sua atenuação. Um estudo de caso: reservatório de Itaipu. Revista UNIMAR XX, 89–107.
Agostinho, A. A., Vazzoler, A. E. A. D. M., and Thomaz, S. M. (1995). High river Paraná basin: limnological and ichthyological aspects. In ‘Limnology in Brazil’. (Eds J. G. Tundisi, C. E. M. Bicudo, and T. Matsumura-Tundisi.) pp. 59–103. (Brazilian Academy of Science and Brazilian Limnological Society: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)
Agostinho, A. A., Gomes, L. C., and Pelicice, F. M. (2007). ‘Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Pesqueiros em Reservatórios do Brasil.’ (EDUEM: Maringá, Brazil.)
Agostinho, A. A., Pelicice, F. M., and Gomes, L. C. (2008). Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, 1119–1132.
| Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Agostinho, A. A., Gomes, L. C., Santos, N. C. L., Ortega, J. C. G., and Pelicice, F. M. (2016). Fish assemblages in Neotropical reservoirs: colonization patterns, impacts and management. Fisheries Research 173, 26–36.
| Fish assemblages in Neotropical reservoirs: colonization patterns, impacts and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 52, 317–332.
| Factor analysis and AIC.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson, M. J., Gorley, R. N., and Clarke, K. R. (2008). ‘Permanova + for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods’, 1st edn. (PRIMER-E Ltd: Plymouth, UK.)
Bailly, D., Cassemiro, F. A. S., Winemiller, K. O., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., and Agostinho, A. A. (2016). Diversity gradients of Neotropical freshwater fish: evidence of multiple underlying factors in human-modified systems. Journal of Biogeography 43, 1679–1689.
| Diversity gradients of Neotropical freshwater fish: evidence of multiple underlying factors in human-modified systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbosa, R. B. (2012). Análise de investimentos para a gestão participativa no ambiente rural da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Araguari (MG). In ‘Planejamento e Gestão de Recursos Hídricos: Exemplos Mineiros’. (Eds C. A. Di Mauro, V. Rosolen, and V. de O. Ferreira.) pp. 300–312. (Assis Editora: Uberlândia, Brazil.)
Barbosa, F. A. R., Padisák, J., Espíndola, E. L. G., Borics, G., and Rocha, O. (1999). The cascading reservoir continuum concept (CRCC) and its application to the River Tietê-Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. In ‘Theoretical Reservoir Ecology and its Applications’. (Eds J. G. Tundisi and M. Straskraba.) pp. 425–437. (Brazilian Academy of Science and Backhuys Publishers: São Carlos, Brazil.)
Barletta, M., Jaureguizar, A. J., Baigun, C., Fontoura, N. F., Agostinho, A. A., Almeida-Val, V. M. F., Val, A. L., Torres, R. A., Jimenes-Segura, L. F., Giarrizzo, T., Fabré, N. N., Batista, V. S., Lasso, C., Taphorn, D. C., Costa, M. F., Chaves, P. T., Vieira, J. P., and Corrêa, M. F. M. (2010). Fish and aquatic habitat conservation in South America: a continental overview with emphasis on Neotropical systems. Journal of Fish Biology 76, 2118–2176.
| Fish and aquatic habitat conservation in South America: a continental overview with emphasis on Neotropical systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baumgartner, M. T., Baumgartner, G., and Gomes, L. C. (2018). Spatial and temporal variations in fish assemblage: testing the zonation concept in small reservoirs. Brazilian Journal of Biology 78, 487–500.
| Spatial and temporal variations in fish assemblage: testing the zonation concept in small reservoirs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baxter, R. M. (1977). Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8, 255–283.
| Environmental effects of dams and impoundments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Box, G. E. P., and Pierce, D. A. (1970). Distribution of residual correlations in autoregressive-integrated moving average time series models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 65, 1509–1526.
| Distribution of residual correlations in autoregressive-integrated moving average time series models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Britto, S. G. C., and Carvalho, E. D. (2006). Ecological attributes of fish fauna in the Taquaruçu Reservoir, Paranapanema River (Upper Paraná, Brazil): composition and spatial distribution. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 18, 377–388.
Bunn, S. E., and Arthington, A. H. (2002). Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environmental Management 30, 492–507.
| Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cachapuz, P. B. B. (2006). ‘Usinas da Cemig: a história da eletricidade em Minas e no Brasil, 1952–2005’. (Centro da Memória da Eletricidade no Brasil: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Casimiro, A. C. R., Garcia, D. A. Z., Costa, A. D. A., Britton, J. R., and Orsi, M. L. (2017). Impoundments facilitate a biological invasion: dispersal and establishment of non-native armoured catfish Loricariichthys platymetopon (Isbrückler & Nijssen, 1979) in a Neotropical river. Limnologica 62, 34–37.
| Impoundments facilitate a biological invasion: dispersal and establishment of non-native armoured catfish Loricariichthys platymetopon (Isbrückler & Nijssen, 1979) in a Neotropical river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cheng, F., Li, W., Castello, L., Murphy, B. R., and Xie, S. (2015). Potential effects of dam cascade on fish: lessons from the Yangtze River. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 25, 569–585.
| Potential effects of dam cascade on fish: lessons from the Yangtze River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, K. R., and Gorley, R. N. (2006). ‘PRIMER v6 : User Manual/Tutorial’, 1st edn. (PRIMER-E Ltd: Plymouth, UK.)
Clarke, K. R., and Warwick, R. M. (2001). ‘Change in Marine Communities: an Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation’, 2nd edn. (PRIMER-E: Plymouth, UK.)
Clarke, K. R., Somerfield, P. J., and Gorley, R. N. (2008). Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota–environment linkage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366, 56–69.
| Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota–environment linkage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clavero, M., and Hermoso, V. (2011). Reservoirs promote the taxonomic homogenization of fish communities within river basins. Biodiversity and Conservation 20, 41–57.
| Reservoirs promote the taxonomic homogenization of fish communities within river basins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Consul, P. C., and Famoye, F. (2006). ‘Lagrangian Probability Distributions.’ (Birkhauser: Boston, MA, USA.)
Daga, V. S., and Gubiani, E. A. (2012). Variations in the endemic fish assemblage of a global freshwater ecoregion: associations with introduced species in cascading reservoirs. Acta Oecologica 41, 95–105.
| Variations in the endemic fish assemblage of a global freshwater ecoregion: associations with introduced species in cascading reservoirs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Mérona, B., Vigouroux, R., and Tejerina-Garro, F. L. (2005). Alteration of fish diversity downstream from Petit–Saut Dam in French Guiana: implication of ecological strategies of fish species. Hydrobiologia 551, 33–47.
| Alteration of fish diversity downstream from Petit–Saut Dam in French Guiana: implication of ecological strategies of fish species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
dos Santos, N. C. L., de Santana, H. S., Ortega, J. C. G., Dias, R. M., Stegmann, L. F., da Silva Araújo, I. M., Severi, W., Bini, L. M., Gomes, L. C., and Agostinho, A. A. (2017). Environmental filters predict the trait composition of fish communities in reservoir cascades. Hydrobiologia 802, 245–253.
| Environmental filters predict the trait composition of fish communities in reservoir cascades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (2007). ‘Plano Nacional de Energia 2030.’ (Ministério de Minas e Energia: Brasília, Brazil.)
Faria, F.C. and Jordão, L.F.A. (2012). ‘Resumo Executivo do Plano de Recursos Hídricos da Bacia do Rio Araguari, Araguari.’ (Monte Plan Ltda: Araguari, Brazil.)
Ferrareze, M., Casatti, L., and Nogueira, M. G. (2014). Spatial heterogeneity affecting fish fauna in cascade reservoirs of the Upper Paraná Basin, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 738, 97–109.
| Spatial heterogeneity affecting fish fauna in cascade reservoirs of the Upper Paraná Basin, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fukushima, M., Kameyama, S., Kaneko, M., Nakao, K., and Ashley Steel, E. (2007). Modelling the effects of dams on freshwater fish distributions in Hokkaido, Japan. Freshwater Biology 52, 1511–1524.
| Modelling the effects of dams on freshwater fish distributions in Hokkaido, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garcia, D. A. Z., Britton, J. R., Vidotto-Magnoni, A. P., and Orsi, M. L. (2017). Introductions of non-native fishes into a heavily modified river: rates, patterns and management issues in the Paranapanema River (Upper Paraná ecoregion, Brazil). Biological Invasions 13, 1–13.
Gomes, L. C., and Miranda, L. E. (2001). Riverine characteristics dictate composition of fish assemblages and limit fisheries in reservoirs of the upper Paraná River basin. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 17, 67–76.
| Riverine characteristics dictate composition of fish assemblages and limit fisheries in reservoirs of the upper Paraná River basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gubiani, É. A., Ruaro, R., Ribeiro, V. R., Eichelberger, A. C. A., Bogoni, R. F., Lira, A. D., Cavalli, D., Piana, P. A., and da Graça, W. J. (2018). Non-native fish species in Neotropical freshwaters: how did they arrive, and where did they come from? Hydrobiologia 817, 57–69.
| Non-native fish species in Neotropical freshwaters: how did they arrive, and where did they come from?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Habit, E., Belk, M. C., and Parra, O. (2007). Response of the riverine fish community to the construction and operation of a diversion hydropower plant in central Chile. Aquatic Conservation 17, 37–49.
| Response of the riverine fish community to the construction and operation of a diversion hydropower plant in central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hilbe, J. M. (2014). ‘Modeling Count Data.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA.)
Hoeinghaus, D. J., Agostinho, A. A., Gomes, L. C., Pelicice, F. M., Okada, E. K., Latini, J. D., Kashiwaqui, E. A. L., and Winemiller, K. O. (2009). Effects of river impoundment on ecosystem services of large tropical rivers: embodied energy and market value of artisanal fisheries. Conservation Biology 23, 1222–1231.
| Effects of river impoundment on ecosystem services of large tropical rivers: embodied energy and market value of artisanal fisheries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6, 65–70.
Johnson, P. T. J., Olden, J. D., and Vander Zanden, M. J. (2008). Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, 357–363.
| Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
King, M. (1995). ‘Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management.’ (Fishing New Books: Oxford, UK.)
Kuczynski, L., Legendre, P., and Grenouillet, G. (2018). Concomitant impacts of climate change, fragmentation and non-native species have led to reorganization of fish communities since the 1980s. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27, 213–222.
| Concomitant impacts of climate change, fragmentation and non-native species have led to reorganization of fish communities since the 1980s.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Langeani, F., and Rêgo, A. C. L. (2014). ‘Guia Ilustrado dos Peixes da Bacia do Rio Araguari.’ (Grupo de Mídia Brasil Central: Uberlândia, Brazil.)
Langeani, F., Castro, R. M. C., Oyakawa, O. T., Shibatta, O. A., Pavanelli, C. S., and Casatti, L. (2007). Diversidade da ictiofauna do Alto Rio Paraná: composição atual e perspectivas futuras. Biota Neotropica 7, 181–197.
| Diversidade da ictiofauna do Alto Rio Paraná: composição atual e perspectivas futuras.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, J., Dong, S., Liu, S., Yang, Z., Peng, M., and Zhao, C. (2013). Effects of cascading hydropower dams on the composition, biomass and biological integrity of phytoplankton assemblages in the middle Lancang–Mekong River. Ecological Engineering 60, 316–324.
| Effects of cascading hydropower dams on the composition, biomass and biological integrity of phytoplankton assemblages in the middle Lancang–Mekong River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lima, A. C., Agostinho, C. S., Sayanda, D., Pelicice, F. M., Soares, A. M. V. M., and Monaghan, K. A. (2016). The rise and fall of fish diversity in a Neotropical river after impoundment. Hydrobiologia 763, 207–221.
| The rise and fall of fish diversity in a Neotropical river after impoundment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1999). ‘Estudos Ecológicos de Comunidades de Peixes Tropicais.’ (Edusp: São Paulo, Brazil.)
MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. (1967). ‘The Theory of Island Biogeography.’ (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.)
McArdle, B. H., and Anderson, M. J. (2001). Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy. Ecology 82, 290–297.
| Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miranda, L. E., and Dembkowski, D. J. (2016). Evidence for serial discontinuity in the fish community of a heavily impounded river. River Research and Applications 32, 1187–1195.
| Evidence for serial discontinuity in the fish community of a heavily impounded river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miranda, L. E., Habrat, M. D., and Miyazono, S. (2008). Longitudinal gradients along a reservoir cascade. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137, 1851–1865.
| Longitudinal gradients along a reservoir cascade.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miranda, L. E., Keretz, K. R., and Gilliland, C. R. (2017). Gradients in catostomid assemblages along a reservoir cascade. River Research and Applications 33, 983–990.
| Gradients in catostomid assemblages along a reservoir cascade.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nagelkerke, N. J. D. (1991). A note on the general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 78, 691–692.
| A note on the general definition of the coefficient of determination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nakatani, K., Agostinho, A. A., Baumgartner, G., Bialetzki, A., Sanches, P. V., Makrakis, M. C., and Pavanelli, C. S. (2001). ‘Ovos e Larvas de Peixes de Água Doce: Desenvolvimento e Manual de Identificação’, 1st edn. (EDUEM: Maringá, Brazil.)
Nogueira, M., Ferrareze, M., Moreira, M., and Gouvêa, R. (2010). Phytoplankton assemblages in a reservoir cascade of a large tropical–subtropical river (SE, Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, 781–793.
| Phytoplankton assemblages in a reservoir cascade of a large tropical–subtropical river (SE, Brazil).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oliveira, A. G., Baumgartner, M. T., Gomes, L. C., Dias, R. M., and Agostinho, A. A. (2018). Long-term effects of flow regulation by dams simplify fish functional diversity. Freshwater Biology 63, 293–305.
| Long-term effects of flow regulation by dams simplify fish functional diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Orsi, M. L., and Britton, J. R. (2014). Long-term changes in the fish assemblage of a Neotropical hydroelectric reservoir. Journal of Fish Biology 84, 1964–1970.
| Long-term changes in the fish assemblage of a Neotropical hydroelectric reservoir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ortega, J. C. G., Agostinho, A. A., Santos, N. C. L., Agostinho, K. D. G. L., Oda, F. H., Severi, W., and Bini, L. M. (2018). Similarities in correlates of native and introduced fish species richness distribution in Brazilian reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 817, 167–177.
| Similarities in correlates of native and introduced fish species richness distribution in Brazilian reservoirs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pelicice, F. M., and Agostinho, A. A. (2009). Fish fauna destruction after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) in a Neotropical reservoir. Biological Invasions 11, 1789–1801.
| Fish fauna destruction after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) in a Neotropical reservoir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pelicice, F. M., Pompeu, P. S., and Agostinho, A. A. (2015a). Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish. Fish and Fisheries 16, 697–715.
| Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pelicice, F. M., Latini, J. D., and Agostinho, A. A. (2015b). Fish fauna disassembly after the introduction of a voracious predator: main drivers and the role of the invader’s demography. Hydrobiologia 746, 271–283.
| Fish fauna disassembly after the introduction of a voracious predator: main drivers and the role of the invader’s demography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Petesse, M. L., and Petrere, M. (2012). Tendency towards homogenization in fish assemblages in the cascade reservoir system of the Tietê River Basin, Brazil. Ecological Engineering 48, 109–116.
| Tendency towards homogenization in fish assemblages in the cascade reservoir system of the Tietê River Basin, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Petesse, M. L., Petrere, M., and Agostinho, A. A. (2014). Defining a fish bio-assessment tool to monitoring the biological condition of a cascade reservoirs system in tropical area. Ecological Engineering 69, 139–150.
| Defining a fish bio-assessment tool to monitoring the biological condition of a cascade reservoirs system in tropical area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramos, I. P., Vidotto-Magnoni, A. P., and Carvalho, E. A. (2008). Influence of cage fish farming on the diet of dominant fish species of a Brazilian reservoir (Tietê River, High Paraná River Basin). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 20, 245–252.
Ribeiro, T. C. (2013). Migração de peixes neotropicais em rios com barramentos sucessivos. Ph.D. Thesis, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Ruppert, J. L. W., Docherty, C., Neufeld, K., Hamilton, K., MacPherson, L., and Poesch, M. S. (2017). Native freshwater species get out of the way: Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) impacts both fish and benthic invertebrate communities in North America. Royal Society Open Science 4, 170400.
| Native freshwater species get out of the way: Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) impacts both fish and benthic invertebrate communities in North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sales, N. G., Pessali, T. C., Andrade Neto, F. R., and Carvalho, D. C. (2018). Introgression from non-native species unveils a hidden threat to the migratory Neotropical fish Prochilodus hartii. Biological Invasions 20, 555–566.
| Introgression from non-native species unveils a hidden threat to the migratory Neotropical fish Prochilodus hartii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Souza, R. C. R., Rodrigues, R. R., Rêgo, A. C. L., Araújo, Á. R., Prado, I. G., Carvalho, M. M., Silva, T. T., and Godinho, A. L. (2017). Fish diversity downstream of hydropower plants of the Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil. In ‘Risk Assessment of Fish Death at Hydropower Plants in Southeastern Brazil’. (Eds R. C. Loures and A. L. Godinho.) pp. 97–128. (Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Brazil.)
Stanford, J. A., and Ward, J. (2001). Revisiting the serial discontinuity concept. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 17, 303–310.
| Revisiting the serial discontinuity concept.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Suzuki, H. I., Vazzoler, A. E. A. D. M., Marques, E. E., Lizama, M. D. L. A. P., and Inada, P. (2004). Reproductive ecology of the fish assemblages. In ‘The Upper Paraná River and its Floodplain: Physical Aspects, Ecology and Conservation’. (Eds S. M. Thomaz, A. A. Agostinho, and N. S. Hahn.) pp. 271–292. (Backhuys Publishers: Leiden, Netherlands.)
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., and Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 130–137.
| The river continuum concept.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Venables, W. N., and Ripley, B. D. (2002). ‘Modern Applied Statistics with S’, 4th edn. (Springer: New York, NY, USA.)
Vitousek, P. M., Antonio, C. M. D., Loope, L. L., Rejmánek, M., Westbrooks, R., and Carolina, N. (1997). Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21, 1–16.
Vitule, J. R. S., Freire, C. A., and Simberloff, D. (2009). Introduction of non-native freshwater fish can certainly be bad. Fish and Fisheries 10, 98–108.
| Introduction of non-native freshwater fish can certainly be bad.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vono, V. (2002). Efeitos da implantação de duas barragens sobre a estrutura da comunidade de peixes do rio Araguari (Bacia do Alto Paraná, MG). Ph.D. Thesis, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Ward, J. V., and Stanford, J. A. (1983). The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems. In ‘Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems’. (Eds T. D. Fontaine and S. M. Bartell.) pp. 29–42. (Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, USA.)
Winemiller, K. O., McIntyre, P. B., Castello, L., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Giarrizzo, T., Nam, S., Baird, I. G., Darwall, W., Lujan, N. K., Harrison, I., Stiassny, M. L. J., Silvano, R. A. M., Fitzgerald, D. B., Pelicice, F. M., Agostinho, A. A., Gomes, L. C., Albert, J. S., Baran, E., Petrere, M., Zarfl, C., Mulligan, M., Sullivan, J. P., Arantes, C. C., Sousa, L. M., Koning, A. A., Hoeinghaus, D. J., Sabaj, M., Lundberg, J. G., Armbruster, J., Thieme, M. L., Petry, P., Zuanon, J., Vilara, G. T., Snoeks, J., Ou, C., Rainboth, W., Pavanelli, C. S., Akama, A., Soesbergen, A. v., Saenz, L., van Soesbergen, A., and Saenz, L. (2016). Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong. Science 351, 128–129.
| Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright, S. P. (1992). Adjusted P-values for simultaneous inference. Biometrics 48, 1005–1013.
| Adjusted P-values for simultaneous inference.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xiong, W., Li, J., Chen, Y., Shan, B., Wang, W., and Zhan, A. (2016). Determinants of community structure of zooplankton in heavily polluted river ecosystems. Scientific Reports 6, 22043.
| Determinants of community structure of zooplankton in heavily polluted river ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yee, T. W., and Wild, C. J. (1996). Vector generalized additive models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society – A. Statistics in Society 3, 481–493.
Zdankus, N., Vaikasas, S., and Sabas, G. (2008). Impact of a hydropower plant on the downstream reach of a river. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 16, 128–134.
| Impact of a hydropower plant on the downstream reach of a river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A., and Smith, G. M. (2009). ‘Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R.’ (Springer: New York, NY, USA.)