Change in the rocky reef fish fauna of the iconic Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve in north-eastern New Zealand over 4 decades
David R. Schiel A H , Tony Ayling B , Michael J. Kingsford C , Christopher N. Battershill D , J. Howard Choat C , Neil L. Andrew E , Kendall D. Clements F , Avril L. Ayling B , Linda L. Leum A , Mark Poynter G and Geoffrey P. Jones C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Marine Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
B Sea Research, 20 Rattray Avenue, Hydeaway Bay, Qld 4800, Australia.
C College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.
D Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
E Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
F School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
G 4Sight Consulting, PO Box 402 053, Tutukaka, 0153, New Zealand.
H Corresponding author. Email: david.schiel@canterbury.ac.nz
Marine and Freshwater Research 69(10) 1496-1507 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18037
Submitted: 26 January 2018 Accepted: 24 March 2018 Published: 4 July 2018
Abstract
Marine reserves exhibit increases in targeted fish species, but long-term effects on biodiversity are poorly understood. Factors other than reserve status may affect decadal changes, including environmental change. We examined the fish fauna at the iconic Poor Knights Islands over 4 decades (1974–2016) before and after implementation of a no-take marine reserve in 1998. We document a substantial increase in commercially and recreationally targeted Chrysophrys auratus, which was virtually absent before 1994 but by 2016 had reached up to 11 fish per 500 m2 (220 per hectare). There were also large changes to the fish community, including the decline of subtropical and coastal wrasses, some species with no change and others that increased significantly. Many declines occurred >20 years before the arrival of abundant C. auratus, suggesting the changes do not represent a trophic cascade. Furthermore, this normally benthic-feeding fish has adopted a mid-water foraging behaviour targeting planktivorous fish. The increase in C. auratus appears to be linked both to reserve status and catch regulations in the wider region. Overall, the data point to long-term environmental fluctuations from the late 1970s having a negative effect on the abundance of more than half the reef fish species at these islands.
Additional keywords: decadal changes, marine protected area.
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