Modelling climate-change effects on Australian and Pacific aquatic ecosystems: a review of analytical tools and management implications
Éva E. Plagányi A G , Johann D. Bell B , Rodrigo H. Bustamante A C , Jeffrey M. Dambacher D , Darren M. Dennis A , Cathy M. Dichmont A , Leo X. C. Dutra A , Elizabeth A. Fulton E F , Alistair J. Hobday E F , E. Ingrid van Putten E , Franz Smith C , Anthony D. M. Smith E and Shijie Zhou AA CSIRO Wealth from Ocean Flagship, CMAR, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
B Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia.
C CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, CMAR, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
D CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
E CSIRO Wealth from Ocean Flagship, CMAR, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
F CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, CMAR, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: eva.plaganyi-lloyd@csiro.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9) 1132-1147 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF10279
Submitted: 8 November 2010 Accepted: 26 May 2011 Published: 21 September 2011
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2011 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Climate change presents significant challenges to modelling and managing aquatic resources. Equilibrium assumptions common in many modelling approaches need to be replaced by formulations that allow for changing baselines and integration of ongoing changes and adaptations by species, ecosystems and humans. As ecosystems change, so will the ways humans use, monitor and manage them. Consequently, adaptive management loops and supporting tools deserve more prominence in the management toolbox. Models are critical tools for providing an early understanding of the challenges to be faced by integrating observations and examining possible solutions. We review modelling tools currently available to incorporate the effect of climate change on marine and freshwater ecosystems, and the implications for management of natural resources. System non-linearity can confound interpretations and hence adaptive management responses are needed that are robust to unexpected outcomes. An improvement in the ability to model the effects of climate change from a social and economic perspective is necessary. The outputs from ‘end-to-end’ and socio-ecological models can potentially inform planning, in both Australia and the Pacific region, about how best to build resilience to climate change. In this context, the importance of well directed data-collection programs is also emphasised. Lessons from this region, which is advanced with regard to modelling approaches, can guide increased use of models to test options for managing aquatic resources worldwide.
Additional keywords: adaptive management, Australian fisheries, ecosystem models, end-to-end models, Pacific Island countries and territories, qualitative models, socioeconomics.
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