The effect of variability in growth on somatic condition and reproductive status in the southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis
J. D. Ho A B C , N. A. Moltschaniwskyj A and C. G. Carter BA School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia.
B Present address: School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1320, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: Juho@utas.edu.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 55(4) 423-428 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF03149
Submitted: 19 September 2003 Accepted: 19 April 2004 Published: 22 June 2004
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine how the lifetime growth rates of adult southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis related to somatic and reproductive condition. A hierarchy of biological levels was explored: whole-animal, muscle fibre, and proximal condition. Evidence at all biological levels suggested that allocation of energy given to growth and reproduction was gender-specific. Females may not be allocating the same level of energy to somatic growth due to a greater requirement to re-allocate energy for reproductive growth. There was evidence that faster-growing males were in better somatic and reproductive condition. However, both males and females in better somatic condition were also in better reproductive condition. Fast growth rates by individuals were achieved primarily by muscle fibre growth, rather than production of new fibres. However, mantle muscle instantaneous growth rates (assessed through RNA : protein ratio) decreased as males became larger and more reproductively mature; no association was evident in females. An inverse correlation between gonad size and muscle instantaneous growth rates in females suggested energy was being directed away from somatic growth and towards reproductive growth. There was evidence that lifetime growth rates could predict the reproductive or somatic condition of adult calamary, but this was gender-specific.
Keywords: condition, growth, muscle tissue, proximal analysis, squid.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Gretta Pecl, Colin Johnston, Mike Steer and Simon Willcox for extensive support in the field and laboratory. This project was supported by ARC Large (A09601512) and FRDC (2000/121) grants awarded to NAM.
Ashford, A. J. , and Pain, V. M. (1986). Effect of diabetes on the rates of protein synthesis and degradation of ribosomes in rat muscle and liver in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 4059–4065.
Boyle, P. R. , Pierce, G. J. , and Hastie, L. C. (1995). Flexible reproductive strategies in the squid Loligo forbesi. Marine Biology 121, 501–508.
Castro, B. G. , Garrido, J. L. , and Sotelo, C. G. (1992). Changes in composition of digestive gland and mantle muscle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis during starvation. Marine Biology 114, 11–20.
Forsythe, J. W. (1993). A working hypothesis of how seasonal change may impact the field growth of young cephalopods. In
Forsythe, J. W. (2004). Accounting for the effect of temperature on squid growth in nature: from hypothesis to practice. Marine and Freshwater Research 55, 331–339.
Forsythe, J. W. , and Hanlon, R. T. (1988). Effect of temperature on laboratory growth, reproduction and life span of Octopus bimaculoides. Marine Biology 98, 369–379.
Garcia-Berthou, E. (2001). On the misuse of residuals in ecology: testing regression residuals vs. the analysis of covariance. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 708–711.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guerra, A. , and Castro, B. G. (1994). Reproductive-somatic relationships in Loligo gahi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Falkland Islands. Antarctic Science 6, 175–178.
Hatfield, E. M. C. (2000). Do some like it hot? Temperature as a possible determinant of variability in the growth of the Patagonian squid, Loligo gahi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Fisheries Research 47, 27–40.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hatfield, E. M. C. , Rodhouse, P. G. , and Barber, D. L. (1992). Production of soma and gonad in maturing female Illex argentinus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK 72, 281–291.
Houlihan, D. F., Mathers, E. M. and Foster, A. (1993). Biochemical correlates of growth rate in fish. In
Jackson, G. D. (1994). Application and future potential of statolith increment analysis in squids and sepioids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 2612–2625.
Jackson, G. D. (1998). Research into the life history of Loligo opalescens: where to from here? Californian Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investment Report 39, 101–107.
Jackson, G. D. , and Mladenov, P. V. (1994). Terminal spawning in the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae). Journal of Zoology 234, 189–201.
Jackson, G. D. , and Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (2001). Temporal variation in growth rates and reproductive parameters in the near-shore tropical squid Loliolus noctiluca: is cooler better? Marine Ecology Progress Series 218, 167–177.
Lowry, O. H. , Rosebrough, N. J. , Farr, A. L. , and Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 193, 265–275.
Martinez, P. , and Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (1999). Description of growth in the tropical cuttlefish Sepia elliptica using muscle tissue. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 317–321.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (1995a). Multiple spawning events and somatic growth of the tropical squid Photololigo: does a trade-off occur between reproductive and somatic growth? Marine Biology 123, 127–135.
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (1995b). Muscle tissue growth and muscle fibre dynamics in the tropical loliginid squid Photololigo sp. (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 830–835.
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (2004). Understanding the process of growth in cephalopods. Marine and Freshwater Research ,
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. , and Martinez, P. (1998). Effect of temperature and food levels on the growth and condition of juvenile Sepia elliptica (Hoyle 1885): an experimental approach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 229, 289–302.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. , and Semmens, J. M. (2000). Limited use of stored energy reserves for reproduction by the tropical loliginid squid Photololigo sp. Journal of Zoology 251, 307–313.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Natsukari, Y. , Nakanose, T. , and Oda, K. (1988). Age and growth of loliginid squid Photololigo edulis Hoyle 1885. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 116, 177–190.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Dor, R. K. , and Wells, M. J. (1978). Reproduction vs somatic growth: Hormonal control in Octopus vulgaris. The Journal of Experimental Biology 77, 15–31.
Pecl, G. T. (2000). ‘Comparative Life History of Tropical and Temperate Sepioteuthis Squid in Australian Waters.’ PhD Thesis. (School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University: Townsville, Australia.)
Pecl, G. (2001). Flexible reproductive strategies in tropical and temperate Sepioteuthis squids. Marine Biology 138, 93–101.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pecl, G. and Moltschaniwskyj, N. (1997) Flexible reproductive strategies in tropical and temperate Sepioteuthis squids. Journal of Zoology 242, 751–764.
Pierce, G. J. , Key, L. N. , Boyle, P. R. , Siegert, K. J. , Goncalves, J. M. , Porteiro, F. M. , and Martins, H. R. (1999). RNA concentration and the RNA to protein ratio in cephalopod tissues: sources of variation and relationship with growth rate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 237, 185–201.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Preuss, T. , Lebaric, Z. N. , and Gilly, W. F. (1997). Post-hatching development of circular mantle muscles in the squid Loligo opalescens. The Biological Bulletin 192, 375–387.
Rodhouse, P. G. , and Hatfield, M. C. (1992). Production of soma and gonad in maturing male Illex argentinus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, 293–300.
Roff, D. A. (1992).
Semmens, J. M. , and Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (2000). An examination of variable growth in the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana: A whole animal and reductionist approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 193, 135–141.
Weatherley, A. H. (1990). Approaches to understanding fish growth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119, 662–672.
