Influence of calcium on the toxicity of saline solutions to the mayfly, Austrophlebioides sp. AV11
Vinitha Nanjappa
A C * , Sue Vink A , Jason Dunlop A D , Matt N. Krosch A E and Reinier Mann B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Water in the Mineral Industry, Sustainable Minerals Industry, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
B Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia.
C Present address: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
D Present address: Office of the Queensland Mine Rehabilitation Commissioner, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
E Present address: Forensic Services, Queensland Police Service, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
Marine and Freshwater Research 73(12) 1499-1509 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22001
Submitted: 1 January 2022 Accepted: 10 September 2022 Published: 18 October 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Although calcium may provide a means to reduce toxicity of saline waters, the relationship between them is not well understood.
Aim: To investigate whether increasing calcium may result in a proportional reduction in toxicity.
Methods: Acute toxicity tests were conducted using an artificial mine-affected water (AMW) and the same AMW with increased calcium on the mayfly species, Austrophlebioides sp. AV11.
Results: Results demonstrated that there was a reduction in toxicity when calcium concentration (added as both calcium chloride and calcium sulfate together) was increased by both two-fold (+143 mg L−1) and four-fold (+272 mg L−1) compared with the AMW test solution (161 mg L−1). A further increase by up to eight-fold (+718 mg L−1) did not substantially change the toxicity of the AMW solution.
Conclusion: The toxicity did not reduce when calcium chloride and calcium sulfate salts were used independently. This study suggests that adding calcium (as calcium chloride and calcium sulfate) to a saline solution reduces toxicity upto a maximum threshold, beyond which no further benefit is achieved.
Implications: Increased calcium can have diminishing effect on toxicity or reach a maximum threshold beyond which no further reduction in toxicity is achieved. Improved understanding of this relationship is needed to inform the management of saline mine waters.
Keywords: Austrophleioides sp. AV11, calcium, ecotoxicology, freshwater, insects, invertebrates, mayfly, salinity.
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