Informing ecosystem values of Loktak Lake in Manipur, India: an application of discrete choice experiments
Binilkumar Amarayil Sreeraman
A , Konthoujam Gyanendra Singh B * and Prasanta Leichombam B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai 400087, India.
B National Institute of Technology (NIT) Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, India.
Marine and Freshwater Research 74(8) 697-711 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21337
Submitted: 29 November 2021 Accepted: 4 April 2023 Published: 16 May 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: To inform the economic value of Loktak Lake, a Ramsar Site located in north-eastern India, and to suggest sustainable management and wise use of the Lake.
Aim: To find out the stakeholder preferences and the marginal willingness to pay over improved conservation and management of Loktak Lake.
Method: Choice Experiment Method, a stated preference method used for environmental valuation is employed in the study.
Result: The majority of the stakeholders have indicated their strong preference for effective conservation of the Lake with improvement in the fish catch and recreational sites as part of the improved conservation and management of the Lake.
Conclusion: The stakeholders’ preferences vary significantly in terms of the levels of improvement for different attributes. The high preference for increased fish catch and recreational sites indicated the importance of fish in the social and economic life of the households and scope of alternative employment opportunities respectively. But reduction of phumdi is not preferred as it is linked with the traditional fishing practices. Further, the local stakeholders do not prefer increased alternative employment opportunities, which may be attributed to the trust issues between the local stakeholders and wetland managers.
Implication: The livelihood options of the dependent communities should be integrated as part of the conservation and management policy of the Loktak Lake. It necessitates more inclusive wetland management or governance structure, and a framework needs to be developed with more local stakeholder participation and to develop site-specific employment generation or income generation schemes to reduce the dependence on the wetland. The participatory approach and continuous involvement of local communities in managing resources will help sustain the environment in the long run.
Keywords: choice experiment, economic valuation, ecosystem services, livelihoods, preference heterogeneity, sustainable management, wetlands, willingness to pay.
References
Abraham S (2004) Economic valuation of coastal wetlands: a study of Cochin backwaters in Kerala. PhD Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India.Adamowicz V, Boxall P (2001) Future directions of stated choice methods for environment valuation. Department of Rural Economy, University of Alberta, Canada. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266161818
Adamowicz, W, Louviere, J, and Williams, M (1994). Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 26, 271–292.
| Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Adamu A (2017) Economic analysis of resource conservation and household preferences attributes in Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
Anoop P, Suryaprakash S, Umesh KB, Amjath BTS (2008) Economic valuation of use benefits of Astamudi Estuary in South India. In ‘Proceeding of Taal (2007): the 12th world lake conference’, 28 October−2 November 2007, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. (Eds M Sengupta, R Dalwani) pp. 1822–1826. (International Lake Environment Committee)
Bala, T (2015). Economic valuation of Pong Dam Wetland. ENVISION-International Journal of Commerce and Management 9, 72–87.
Bateman IJ, Carson RT, Day B, Hanemann WM, Hanley N, Hett T, Jones-Lee M, Loomes G, Mourato S, Ozdemiroglu E, Pearce DW, Sugden R, Swanson S (2002) ‘Guidelines for the use of stated preference techniques for the valuation of preferences for non-market goods.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK)
Bennett J, Blamey R (2001) ‘The choice modelling approach to environmental valuation.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK)
Binilkumar AS (2010) Economic valuation of wetland attributes: a case study of Kol Wetlands in Kerala. PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
Binilkumar AS, Ramanathan A (2009) Valuing stakeholder preferences on improved conservation and management of Kol wetland: a contingent valuation study. In ‘Proceedings of the 11th BIOECON conference’, 21–22 September 2009, Venice, Italy. (BIOECON) Available at http://www.bioecon-network.org/pages/11th_2009/Ramanathan.pdf
Birol, E, and Cox, V (2007). Using choice experiments to design wetland management programmes: the case of Severn Estuary Wetland, UK. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50, 363–380.
| Using choice experiments to design wetland management programmes: the case of Severn Estuary Wetland, UK.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Birol, E, Karousakis, K, and Koundouri, P (2006). Using a choice experiment to account for preference heterogeneity in wetland attributes: the case of Cheimaditida wetland in Greece. Ecological Economics 60, 145–156.
| Using a choice experiment to account for preference heterogeneity in wetland attributes: the case of Cheimaditida wetland in Greece.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bohm, P (1972). Estimating demand for public goods: an experiment. European Economic Review 3, 111–130.
| Estimating demand for public goods: an experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boxall, PC, and Adamowicz, WL (2002). Understanding heterogeneous preferences in random utility models: a latent class approach. Environmental and Resource Economics 23, 421–446.
| Understanding heterogeneous preferences in random utility models: a latent class approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carlsson, F, Frykblom, P, and Liljenstolpe, C (2003). Valuing wetland attributes: an application of choice experiments. Ecological Economics 47, 95–103.
| Valuing wetland attributes: an application of choice experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Census of India, Manipur (2011) District census handbook Bishnupur: village and town wise primary census abstract (PCA). Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur, India.
Chatterjee S, Saikia A, Dutta P, Ghosh D, Pangging G, Goswami AK (2006) Biodiversity Significance of North East India. Forests Conservation Programme, WWF-India, New Delhi, India.
Das Kangabam, R, Selvaraj, M, and Govindaraju, M (2019). Assessment of land use land cover changes in Loktak Lake in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot using geospatial techniques. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 22, 137–143.
| Assessment of land use land cover changes in Loktak Lake in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot using geospatial techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dechasa, F, Senbeta, F, and Guta, DD (2021). Economic value of wetlands services in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 23, 29–53.
| Economic value of wetlands services in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Groot, R, Brander, L, van der Ploeg, S, Costanza, R, Bernard, F, Braat, L, Christie, M, Crossman, N, Ghermandi, A, Hein, L, Hussain, S, Kumar, P, McVittie, A, Portela, R, Rodriguez, LC, ten Brink, P, and van Beukering, P (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services 1, 50–61.
| Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Devi, BN, Mishra, SK, Das, L, Pawar, NA, and Chanu, TI (2013). Traditional fishing methods in Central valley region of Manipur, India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 12, 137–143.
Devi, NBL, Ngangbam, AK, Immanuel, S, and Ananthan, PS (2012). Study of fishers’ socioeconomic and cultural profile around the Loktak lake of Manipur, India. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 1, 48–56.
| Study of fishers’ socioeconomic and cultural profile around the Loktak lake of Manipur, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Devi RS, Srivastava P, Gupta A (2004) Catchments characterization of Loktak lake using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321289007
Do TN, Bennett J (2007) Estimating wetland biodiversity values: a choice modelling application in Vietnam’s Mekong River Delta. Economics and Environment Network Working Paper EENO704. Australian National University, Australia.
Dutta J (2016) Economic valuation of Deepor Beel, Assam. PhD Thesis, Guwahati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
Feyisa, B, and Bersisa, M (2019). Valuation of wetland attributes: an application of choice experiment approach: a case study of Lake Koka. Journal of Investment and Management 8, 76–85.
| Valuation of wetland attributes: an application of choice experiment approach: a case study of Lake Koka.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garrod G, Willis KG (1999) ‘Economic valuation of the environment: methods and case studies.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Chelthenham, UK)
Getnet, A, and Taw, TB (2021). Economic valuation of attributes of Lake Tana: random parameter model. Heliyon 7, e08356.
| Economic valuation of attributes of Lake Tana: random parameter model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Government of Manipur (2020) Notice inviting tender, Government of Manipur, Directorate of Tourism, Imphal, the 2nd November 2020. (Directorate of Tourism, Government of Manipur: Imphal, India) Available at https://manipurtourism.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/PMC-LOKTAK-LAKE_compressed-1.pdf
Gowdy, J, and Erickson, JD (2005). The approach of ecological economics. Cambridge Journal of Economics 29, 207–222.
| The approach of ecological economics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greene WH (1997) ‘Econometric analysis.’ (Prentice Hall: NJ, USA)
Greiner, R, Bliemer, M, and Ballweg, J (2014). Design considerations of a choice experiment to estimate likely participation by north Australian pastoralists in contractual biodiversity conservation. Journal of Choice Modelling 10, 34–45.
| Design considerations of a choice experiment to estimate likely participation by north Australian pastoralists in contractual biodiversity conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gupta, S (2012). Lake Loktak in Manipur, north east India: major issues in conservation and management of a Ramsar Site. Bionano Frontier 5, 6–10.
Gupta, V, and Mythili, G (2011). Willingness to pay for water quality improvement: a study of Powai Lake in India. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 8, 15–21.
Hanley N, Spash CL (1993) ‘Cost benefit analysis and the environment.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Chelthenham, UK)
Hanley, N, Wright, RE, and Adamowicz, V (1998). Using choice experiments to value the environment. Environmental and Resource Economics 11, 413–428.
| Using choice experiments to value the environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hanley, N, Mourato, S, and Wright, RE (2001). Choice modelling approaches: a superior alternative for environmental valuation. Journal of Economic Surveys 15, 435–462.
| Choice modelling approaches: a superior alternative for environmental valuation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hensher DA (2007) Attribute processing in choice experiments and implications on willingness to pay. In ‘Valuing environmental amenities using stated choice studies’. (Ed. BJ Kanninen) pp. 135–157. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands)
Hensher DA, Rose JM, Greene WH (2005) ‘Applied choice analysis: a primer.’ (Cambridge University Press)
High Court of Manipur, Imphal (2022) MC(PIL) NO. 14 OF 2019 with MC(Review. Pet.) No. 1 of 2022 with MC(Review Pet.) No. 2 of 2022 with PIL NO. 24 of 2017 with Review Pet. No. 6 of 2021. The Loktak Development Authority Manipur v. Court on its own motion. Available at https://hcservices.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindiaHC/cases/display_pdf.php?filename=%2FE3WiyNUWFIaR1oBGE62WqzZsz5DXUBsUhksXjg9t90W%2BgsFSr9UWnI6ylDKopIL&caseno=MC(PIL)/14/2019&cCode=1&appFlag=
Holland, A (1997). The foundations of environmental decision-making. International Journal of Environmental Pollution 7, 483–496.
| The foundations of environmental decision-making.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hope, R, Borgoyary, M, and Agarwal, C (2008). Smallholder preferences for agri-environmental change at the Bhoj Wetland, India. Development Policy Review 26, 585–602.
| Smallholder preferences for agri-environmental change at the Bhoj Wetland, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Islam MZ, Rahmani AR (2008) ‘Potential and existing Ramsar sites in India. Indian bird conservation network: bombay natural history society and bird life international and royal society for the protection of birds.’ (Oxford University Press: New Delhi, India)
Jala, , and Nandagiri, L (2015). Evaluation of economic value of Pilikula Lake using travel cost and contingent valuation methods. Aquatic Procedia 4, 1315–1321.
| Evaluation of economic value of Pilikula Lake using travel cost and contingent valuation methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kahneman, D, and Knetsch, JL (1992). Valuing public goods: the purchase of moral satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 22, 57–70.
| Valuing public goods: the purchase of moral satisfaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khwairakpam, E, Khosa, R, Gosain, A, and Nema, A (2019). Monitoring and modelling water quality of Loktak Lake catchment. SN Applied Sciences 1, 491.
| Monitoring and modelling water quality of Loktak Lake catchment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khwairakpam, E, Khosa, R, Gosain, A, and Nema, A (2021). Water quality assessment of Loktak Lake, Northeast India using 2-D hydrodynamic modelling. SN Applied Sciences 3, 422.
| Water quality assessment of Loktak Lake, Northeast India using 2-D hydrodynamic modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kontoleon A (2003) Essays on non-market valuation of environmental resources: policy and technical explorations. PhD Thesis, University College London, University of London, UK.
Kragt, ME (2013). Stated and inferred attribute attendance models: a comparison with environmental choice experiments. Journal of Agricultural Economics 64, 719–736.
| Stated and inferred attribute attendance models: a comparison with environmental choice experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krutilla, JV (1967). Conservation reconsidered. The American Economic Review 57, 777–786.
Krutilla JV, Fisher AC (1975) ‘The economics of natural environment: studies in the valuation of commodity and amenity resources.’ (John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, USA)
Kumar, R (2010). Payments for environmental services for sustainable water management in Loktak Lake, Manipur. Mountain Forum Bulletin X, 49–51.
Kumar R, Bhatt JR, Goel S (2017) ‘Natural capital of wetlands.’ (Wetlands International South Asia: New Delhi, India)
Laishram, J, and Dey, M (2014). Water quality status of Loktak Lake, Manipur, Northeast India and need for conservation measures: a study on five selected villages. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 4, 1–6.
Lancaster, KJ (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy 74, 132–157.
| A new approach to consumer theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leichombam, P, Singh, KG, and Sreeraman, BA (2022). Socio-economic considerations and stakeholders’ attitudes towards conservation and management of wetland ecosystem: a case study. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics 43, 29–46.
Leisangthem, D, Angom, S, Tuboi, C, Badola, R, and Hussain, SA (2012). Socioeconomic considerations in conserving wetlands of northeastern India: a case study of Loktak Lake, Manipur. Cheetal 50, 11–23.
Loktak Development Authority (2011) Annual administrative report 2010-2011. Loktak Development Authority, Manipur, Imphal, India.
Loktak Development Authority (2022) Notice, Imphal, the 18th July, 2022, Number LDA/PD/6/Envt./2022. Available at https://www.loktaklake.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/8e141834-64c4-46c7-ba75-86e31729cb79.jpg
Louviere, JJ, and Hensher, DA (1982). Design and analysis of simulated choice or allocation experiments in travel choice modelling. Transportation Research Record 890, 11–17.
Louviere, JJ, and Woodworth, G (1983). Design and analysis of simulated consumer choice or allocation experiments: an approach based on aggregate data. Journal of Marketing Research 20, 350–367.
| Design and analysis of simulated consumer choice or allocation experiments: an approach based on aggregate data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Luce D (1959) ‘Individual choice behaviour.’ (Wiley: New York, NY, USA)
Luchini, S, and Watson, V (2014). Are choice experiments reliable? Evidence from the lab. Economics Letters 124, 9–13.
| Are choice experiments reliable? Evidence from the lab.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McFadden D (1973) Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In ‘Frontiers in Econometrics’. (Ed. P Zarembka) pp. 105–142. (Academic Press: New York, NY, USA)
Meginnis, K, Burton, M, Chan, R, and Rigby, D (2021). Strategic bias in discrete choice experiments. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 109, 102163.
| Strategic bias in discrete choice experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meitei, NS, Kumar, R, Singh, CB, and Singh, HD (2010). Athaphum fishing in Loktak Lake: evolving a management strategy. Loktak Newsletter 5, 7–13.
Mitchell RC, Carson RT (1989) ‘Using surveys to value public goods, the contingent valuation method.’ (Resources for the Future: Washington, DC, USA)
Modigliani F, Brumberg RH (1954) Utility analysis and the consumption function: an interpretation of cross-section data. In ‘Post-Keynesian economics’. (Eds KK Kurihara) pp. 388–436. (Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, NJ, USA)
Morey, E, and Greer Rossmann, K (2003). Using stated-preference questions to investigate variations in willingness to pay for preserving marble monuments: classic heterogeneity, random parameters, and mixture models. Journal of Cultural Economics 27, 215–229.
| Using stated-preference questions to investigate variations in willingness to pay for preserving marble monuments: classic heterogeneity, random parameters, and mixture models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morrison MD, Bennett JW, Blamely RK (1998) Valuing improved wetland quality using choice modelling. Choice modelling research report 6. University College, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Morrison, M, Bennett, J, and Blamey, R (1999). Valuing improved wetland quality using choice modeling. Water Resources Research 35, 2805–2814.
| Valuing improved wetland quality using choice modeling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murthy TVR, Patel JG, Panigrahy S, Parihar JS (2013) ‘National wetland atlas: wetlands of international importance under Ramsar convention.’ (Space Applications Centre (ISRO): Ahmedabad, India)
O’Neill J (2007) ‘Markets, deliberation, and environment.’ (Routledge: London, UK)
Othman, J, Bennett, J, and Blamey, R (2004). Environmental values and resource management options: a choice modelling experience in Malaysia. Environment and Development Economics 9, 803–824.
| Environmental values and resource management options: a choice modelling experience in Malaysia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Padalia, H, and Musthafa, M (2017). Characterization and classification of freshwater marshy wetland using synthetic aperture radar polarimetry: a case study from Loktak wetland, Northeast India. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 11, 016029.
| Characterization and classification of freshwater marshy wetland using synthetic aperture radar polarimetry: a case study from Loktak wetland, Northeast India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pascual U, Balvanera P, Christie M, Baptiste B, González-Jiménez D, Anderson CB, Athayde S, Barton DN, Chaplin-Kramer R, Jacobs S, Kelemen E, Kumar R, Lazos E, Martin A, Mwampamba TH, Nakangu B, O‘Farrell P, Raymond CM, Subramanian SM, Termansen M, Van Noordwijk M, Vatn A (Eds) (2022) Summary for policymakers of the methodological assessment of the diverse values and valuation of nature of the Intergovernmental Science–Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (IPBES Secretariat: Bonn, Germany) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522392
Pearce DW (1994) Valuing the environment: past practice, future prospect. CSERGE Working Paper PA94–02, CSERGE, University of East Anglia.
Porter, RH (1995). The role of information in US offshore oil and gas lease auction. Econometrica 63, 1–27.
| The role of information in US offshore oil and gas lease auction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramsar Sites Information Service (1990) Loktak Lake. Available at https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/463 [Verified 9 February 2023]
Rao, CS, and Balasubramanian, R (2017). Recreational value of wetlands: the case of Kuttanad Coastal Wetland Ecosystem of Kerala, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied sciences 6, 1753–1762.
| Recreational value of wetlands: the case of Kuttanad Coastal Wetland Ecosystem of Kerala, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Revelt, D, and Train, K (1998). Mixed logit with repeated choices: households’ choices of appliance efficiency level. Review of Economics and Statistics 80, 647–657.
| Mixed logit with repeated choices: households’ choices of appliance efficiency level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rolfe J, Bennett J (2006) ‘Choice modelling and transfer of environmental values.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK)
Scarpa, R, Zanoli, R, Bruschi, V, and Naspetti, S (2013). Inferred and stated attribute non-attendance in food choice experiments. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95, 165–180.
| Inferred and stated attribute non-attendance in food choice experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shabman, L, and Stephenson, K (2000). Environmental valuation and its economic critics. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 126, 382–388.
| Environmental valuation and its economic critics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinclair, M, Vishnu Sagar, MK, Knudsen, C, Sabu, J, and Ghermandi, A (2021). Economic appraisal of ecosystem services and restoration scenarios in a tropical coastal Ramsar wetland in India. Ecosystem Services 47, 101236.
| Economic appraisal of ecosystem services and restoration scenarios in a tropical coastal Ramsar wetland in India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Singh HT (2014a) Impact of the Ithai barrage on the environment of Manipur: an overview. In ‘Loktak lake and Manipuri lifeworld’. (Eds SS Hanjabam, AK Singh, RR Singh) pp. 128–134. (Forward Books: New Delhi, India)
Singh LA (2014b) Impact of the Ithai barrage on the ichthyo-fauna and natural fishery of Manipur. In ‘Loktak Lake and Manipuri lifeworld’. (Eds SS Hanjabam, AK Singh, RR Singh) pp. 191–193. (Forward Books: New Delhi, India)
Singh, AL, and Moirangleima, K (2012). Dying wetlands: a threat to livelihoods of Loktak Lake Dwellers. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences 2, 107–116.
Singh HT, Singh RKS (1994) ‘Ramsar sites of India: Loktak lake.’ (World Wide Fund – India: New Delhi, India)
Stephenson, K, and Shabman, L (2019). Does ecosystem valuation contribute to ecosystem decision making: evidence from hydropower licensing. Ecological Economics 163, 1–8.
| Does ecosystem valuation contribute to ecosystem decision making: evidence from hydropower licensing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sumana B (2004) Social perceptions and valuation of wetland use: a study of Kolkota Wetlands. PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
Taylor, LO, McKee, M, Laury, SK, and Cummings, RG (2001). Induced-value tests of the referendum voting mechanism. Economics Letters 71, 61–65.
| Induced-value tests of the referendum voting mechanism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Train, KE (1998). Recreation demand models with taste differences over people. Land Economics 74, 230–240.
| Recreation demand models with taste differences over people.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trisal CL, Manihar T (2004) ‘Loktak: the atlas of Loktak lake.’ (Wetlands International: New Delhi, India; and Loktak Development Authority: Imphal, India)
Venkatachalam L, Begum Z (2016) Economic valuation of ecosystem services: a case study of Ousteri Wetland, Puducherry. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity India Initiative, GIZ India.
Venkatachalam L, Jayanthi M (2016) Estimating the economic value of ecosystem services of Pallikaranai Marsh in Chennai city: a contingent valuation approach. MIDS working Paper Number 220, Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai, India.
Verma M (2001) Economic valuation of Bhoj wetlands for sustainable use. EERC working paper series: WB-9, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India.
Wang, N, Li, J-M, and Xu, Z-H (2021). Public preference for the ecological restoration of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay in China based on a choice experiment. Marine Policy 128, 104487.
| Public preference for the ecological restoration of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay in China based on a choice experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Water and Power Consultancy Services (1988) Identification Report on Development of Loktak Lake, Manipur. WAPCOS, New Delhi, India.
Wheeler, S, and Damania, R (2001). Valuing New Zealand recreational fishing and an assessment of the validity of the contingent valuation estimates. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 45, 599–621.
| Valuing New Zealand recreational fishing and an assessment of the validity of the contingent valuation estimates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitten S, Bennett JJ (2005) ‘The private and social values of wetlands.’ (Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK)
Whittington, D, Briscoe, J, Mu, X, and Barron, W (1990). Estimating the willingness to pay for water services in developing countries: a case study of the use of contingent valuation surveys in southern Haiti. Economic Development and Cultural Change 38, 293–311.
| Estimating the willingness to pay for water services in developing countries: a case study of the use of contingent valuation surveys in southern Haiti.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
World Wide Fund – India (1994) ‘Ramsar sites of India: Loktak lake.’ (WWF-India: New Delhi, India)
Yang, J (2021). The heterogeneous preferences for conservation and management in urban wetland parks: a case study from China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 60, 127064.
| The heterogeneous preferences for conservation and management in urban wetland parks: a case study from China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zografos, C, and Howarth, RB (2010). Deliberative ecological economics for sustainability governance. Sustainability 2, 3399–3417.
| Deliberative ecological economics for sustainability governance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
