Patchy distribution of phyto- and zooplankton in large and shallow lagoon under ice cover and resulting trophic interactions
R. Kornijów
A H , M. Karpowicz B , J. Ejsmont-Karabin C , L. Nawrocka D , E. de Eyto E , K. Grzonkowski F , A. Magnuszewski G , A. Jakubowska A , T. Wodzinowski A and A. Woźniczka A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, P-81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
B Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, P-15-245 Białystok, Poland.
C Research Station, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Leśna 13, P-11-730 Mikołajki, Poland.
D Edukon Company, Dębowa 42, P-82-300 Elbląg, Poland.
E Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, F28PF65, Ireland.
F Elblag Technology Park, Advanced Environmental Analysis Laboratory, S. Sulima 1, P-82-300 Elblag, Poland.
G Department of Hydrology, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, P-00-927 Warsaw, Poland.
H Corresponding author. Email: rkornijow@mir.gdynia.pl
Marine and Freshwater Research 71(10) 1327-1341 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19259
Submitted: 25 July 2019 Accepted: 22 October 2019 Published: 4 March 2020
Abstract
The plankton of coastal lagoons while they are covered by ice is rarely studied. We hypothesised that, under ice: (1) the lack of wind mixing would lead to strong diversification in the spatial distribution of both phyto- and zooplankton communities across the lagoon; and (2) top-down regulation would be small, and would not significantly affect the development of phytoplankton. We tested these hypotheses in Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) a few weeks after the thickness of the ice had reached 10 cm. Considerable horizontal and vertical spatial variation in some physical (turbidity, transparency) and chemical (Cl–, total N and total P) water properties were observed. According to a two-dimensional canonical correspondence analysis, these differences were related to the heterogeneous distribution of several plant and animal taxa, supporting our first hypothesis. The ratio of the total biomass of non-predatory zooplankton (BZp) to the biomass of edible phytoplankton ≤35 µm (BPh) was low across the different sampling sites (mean 0.08; range 0.02–017), and differed across the lagoon. However, the significant correlation between BZp and BPh values (Spearman test, r = 0.70; P ≤ 0.05) suggests a considerable role of zooplankton filter feeders in controlling the development of phytoplankton. Therefore, top-down control may be quite strong, refuting Hypothesis 2.
Additional keywords: brackish water, grazing, top-down control, Vistula Lagoon, winter.
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