A unique temperate rocky coastal hydrothermal vent system (Whakaari–White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand): constraints for ocean acidification studies
R. Zitoun A H M , S. D. Connell B , C. E. Cornwall
C D , K. I. Currie H , K. Fabricius E , L. J. Hoffmann F , M. D. Lamare G , J. Murdoch A H , S. Noonan E , S. G. Sander A H I , M. A. Sewell J , N. T. Shears K , C. M. G. van den Berg L and A. M. Smith G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
B Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
D School of Earth Sciences and Oceans Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
E Australian Institute for Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810, Australia.
F Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 54, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
G Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
H National Institute for Water and Atmospheric (NIWA)/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
I International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, B.P. 800, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
J School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
K Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, 160 Goat Island Road, Auckland, 0985, New Zealand
L School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, 74 Bedford Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZT, UK.
M Corresponding author. Email: rebecca.zitoun@outlook.com
Marine and Freshwater Research 71(3) 321-344 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19167
Submitted: 13 May 2019 Accepted: 2 September 2019 Published: 18 November 2019
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
In situ effects of ocean acidification are increasingly studied at submarine CO2 vents. Here we present a preliminary investigation into the water chemistry and biology of cool temperate CO2 vents near Whakaari–White Island, New Zealand. Water samples were collected inside three vent shafts, within vents at a distance of 2 m from the shaft and at control sites. Vent samples contained both seawater pH on the total scale (pHT) and carbonate saturation states that were severely reduced, creating conditions as predicted for beyond the year 2100. Vent samples showed lower salinities, higher temperatures and greater nutrient concentrations. Sulfide levels were elevated and mercury levels were at concentrations considered toxic at all vent and control sites, but stable organic and inorganic ligands were present, as deduced from Cu speciation data, potentially mediating harmful effects on local organisms. The biological investigations focused on phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroalgae. Interestingly, we found lower abundances but higher diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton at sites in the direct vicinity of Whakaari. Follow-up studies will need a combination of methods and approaches to attribute observations to specific drivers. The Whakaari vents represent a unique ecosystem with considerable biogeochemical complexity, which, like many other vent systems globally, require care in their use as a model of ‘future oceans’.
Additional keywords: carbon dioxide, trace metal speciation, volcanic submarine vent.
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