Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Discharge-driven seasonal pattern of ionic solutes, suspended sediment and water clarity for a tropical savanna river in northern Australia

S. A. Townsend
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0830, Australia. Email: simon.townsend@nt.gov.au

B Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia.

Marine and Freshwater Research 70(11) 1585-1602 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19017
Submitted: 17 January 2019  Accepted: 3 April 2019   Published: 1 August 2019

Abstract

River water quality is driven primarily by discharge and a catchment’s natural and anthropogenic features. In this study, the underpinning role of discharge in driving water quality is examined for an Australian tropical savanna river. The seventh-order Daly River has a near-natural discharge regime and catchment that is highly weathered, and has low topographic relief, with most of its natural vegetation retained. Four discharge periods are defined according to surface and groundwater water source, and the magnitude and frequency of run-off events. On a seasonal scale, the river’s water quality reflected the mix of water sources. These comprised extremes of high surface water-driven discharge, high suspended sediment concentrations and low water clarity during the wet season, and low groundwater-fed discharge during the dry season with high water clarity. The suspended sediment concentration of run-off events during the dry-to-wet transition and the wet season were directly and inversely related to event maximum discharge respectively, suggesting the exhaustion of sediment supply to the river during the wet season. Variability associated with the discharge–water quality relationships was attributed to water source, hysteresis and event magnitude and timing. Suspended sediment yields and concentrations were relatively low compared with more anthropogenically affected Australian savanna catchments.

Additional keywords: euphotic depth, hysteresis, sediment exhaustion, sediment yield.


References

Allan, J. D., and Castillo, M. M. (2007). ‘Stream Ecology.’ (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands.)

American Public Health Association (1998). ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater’, 20th edn. (United Book Press Inc.: Baltimore, MD, USA.)

Armijos, E., Crave, A., Vauchel, P., Fraizy, P., Santini, W., Moquet, J.-S., Arevalo, N., Carranza, J., and Guyot, J.-L. (2013). Suspended sediment dynamics in the Amazon River of Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 44, 75–84.
Suspended sediment dynamics in the Amazon River of Peru.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bainbridge, Z., Lewis, S., Bartley, R., Fabricius, K., Collier, C., Waterhouse, J., Garzon-Garcia, A., Robson, B., Burton, J., Wenger, A., and Brodie, J. (2018). Fine sediment and particulate organic matter: a review and case study on ridge-to-reef transport, transformations, fates, and impacts on marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 135, 1205–1220.
Fine sediment and particulate organic matter: a review and case study on ridge-to-reef transport, transformations, fates, and impacts on marine ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30301020PubMed |

Berry, G. J., and Reeder, M. J. (2016). The dynamics of Australian monsoon bursts. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, 55–69.
The dynamics of Australian monsoon bursts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brodie, J. E., Kroon, F. J., Schaffelke, B., Wolanski, E. C., Lewis, S. E., Devlin, M. J., Bohnet, I. C., Bainbridge, Z. T., Waterhouse, J., and Davis, A. M. (2012). Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: an update of issues, priorities and management responses. Marine Pollution Bulletin 65, 81–100.
Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: an update of issues, priorities and management responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22257553PubMed |

Brooks, A., Spencer, J., Olley, J., Pietsch, T., Borombovits, D., Curwen, G., Shellberg, J., Howley, C., Gleeson, A., Simon, A., Bankhead, N., Klimetz, D., Eslami-Endargoli, L., and Bourgeault, A. (2013). ‘An Empirically Based Sediment Budget for the Normanby Basin: Sediment Sources, Sinks, and Drivers on the Cape York Savannah.’ (Griffith University: Brisbane, Qld. Australia.)

Burnham, K. P., and Anderson, D. R. (2002). ‘Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information–Theoretic Approach.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.)

Caitcheon, G. G., Olley, J. M., Pantus, F., Hancock, G., and Leslie, C. (2012). The dominant erosion processes supplying fine sediment to three major rivers in tropical Australia, the Daly (NT), Mitchell (Qld) and Flinders (Qld) Rivers. Geomorphology 151–152, 188–195.
The dominant erosion processes supplying fine sediment to three major rivers in tropical Australia, the Daly (NT), Mitchell (Qld) and Flinders (Qld) Rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cook, P. G., Favreau, G., Dighton, J. C., and Tickell, S. (2003). Determining natural groundwater influx to a tropical river using radon, chlorofluorocarbons and ionic environmental tracers. Journal of Hydrology 277, 74–88.
Determining natural groundwater influx to a tropical river using radon, chlorofluorocarbons and ionic environmental tracers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Creed, I. F., McKnight, D. M., Pellerin, B. A., Green, M. B., Bergamaschi, B. A., Aiken, G. R., Burns, D. A., Findlay, S. E. G., Shanley, J. B., Striegl, R. G., Aulenbach, B. T., Clow, D. W., Laudon, H., McGlynn, B. L., McGuire, K. J., Smith, R. A., Stackpoole, S. M., and Smith, R. (2015). The river as a chemostat: fresh perspectives on dissolved organic matter flowing down the river continuum. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, 1272–1285.
The river as a chemostat: fresh perspectives on dissolved organic matter flowing down the river continuum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

CSIRO (2009a). Water in the Gulf of Carpentaria Drainage Division: a report to the Australian Government from CSIRO Northern Australian Sustainable Yields Project. CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Canberra, ACT Australia.

CSIRO (2009b). Water in the Timor Sea Drainage Division. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Northern Australia Sustainable Yields Project. CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Davies-Colley, R. J., Vant, W. N., and Smith, D. G. (1993). ‘Colour and Clarity of Natural Waters: Science and Management of Optical Water Quality.’ (Ellis Horwood: Chichester, UK.)

Droppo, I. G., and Ongley, E. D. (1994). Flocculation of suspended sediment in rivers of southeastern Canada. Water Research 28, 1799–1809.
Flocculation of suspended sediment in rivers of southeastern Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Duggan, K. (1994). Erosion and sediment yields in the Kakadu region of northern Australia. In ‘Variability in Stream Erosion and Sediment Transport’. (Ed. L. J. Olive.) Vol. 224, pp. 373–383. (International Association of Hydrological Sciences: Canberra, ACT, Australia.)

Eneji, I. S., Onuche, A. P., and Sha’Ato, R. (2012). Spatial and temporal variation in water quality of River Benue, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection 3, 915–921.
Spatial and temporal variation in water quality of River Benue, Nigeria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Erskine, W. D., Saynor, M. J., Boyden, J. M., and Evans, K. G. (2018). Sediment fluxes and sinks for Magela Creek, Northern Territory, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 69, 1018–1025.
Sediment fluxes and sinks for Magela Creek, Northern Territory, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Evans, C., and Davies, T. D. (1998). Causes of concentration/discharge hysteresis and its potential as a tool for analysis of episode hydrochemistry. Water Resources Research 34, 129–137.
Causes of concentration/discharge hysteresis and its potential as a tool for analysis of episode hydrochemistry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Evans, C., Davies, T. D., and Murdoch, P. S. (1999). Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationships. Hydrological Processes 13, 563–575.
Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gellis, A. C. (2013). Factors influencing storm-generated suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in four basins of contrasting land use, humid-tropical Puerto Rico. Catena 104, 39–57.
Factors influencing storm-generated suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in four basins of contrasting land use, humid-tropical Puerto Rico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gippel, C. J. (1995). Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring the transport of suspended solids in streams. Hydrological Processes 9, 83–97.
Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring the transport of suspended solids in streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hamilton, S. K., and Gehrke, P. C. (2005). Australia’s tropical river systems: current scientific understanding and critical knowledge gaps for sustainable management. Marine and Freshwater Research 56, 243–252.
Australia’s tropical river systems: current scientific understanding and critical knowledge gaps for sustainable management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hart, B. T., Ottaway, E. M., and Noller, B. N. (1987). Magela Creek system, northern Australia. II Material budget for the floodplain. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 861–876.
Magela Creek system, northern Australia. II Material budget for the floodplain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Howley, C., Delvin, M., and Burford, M. (2018). Assessment of water quality from the Normanby River catchment to the coastal flood plumes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 69, 859–873.
Assessment of water quality from the Normanby River catchment to the coastal flood plumes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Irvine, K. N., Richey, J. E., Holtgrieve, G. W., Sarkkula, J., and Sampson, M. (2011). Spatial and temporal variability of turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, and fluorescence in lower Mekong Tonle Sap system identified using continuous monitoring. International Journal of River Basin Management 9, 151–168.
Spatial and temporal variability of turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, and fluorescence in lower Mekong Tonle Sap system identified using continuous monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jackson, I. J. (1988). Daily rainfall over Northern Australia: deviations from the world pattern. Journal of Climatology 8, 463–476.
Daily rainfall over Northern Australia: deviations from the world pattern.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Joo, M., Raymond, M. A. A., McNeil, V. H., Huggins, R., Turner, R. D. R., and Choy, S. (2012). Estimates of sediment and nutrient loads in 10 major catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef during 2006–2009. Marine Pollution Bulletin 65, 150–166.
Estimates of sediment and nutrient loads in 10 major catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef during 2006–2009.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22405805PubMed |

Jordan, C. (1989). The mean pH of mixed fresh waters. Water Research 23, 1331–1334.
The mean pH of mixed fresh waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kennard, M. J., Pusey, B. J., Olde, J. D., Mackay, S. J., Stein, J. L., and Marsh, N. (2010). Classification of natural flow regimes in Australia to support environmental flow management. Freshwater Biology 55, 171–193.
Classification of natural flow regimes in Australia to support environmental flow management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

King, A. J., Townsend, S. A., Douglas, M. M., and Kennard, M. J. (2015). Implications of water extraction on the low-flow hydrology and ecology of tropical savannah rivers: an appraisal for northern Australia. Freshwater Science 34, 741–758.
Implications of water extraction on the low-flow hydrology and ecology of tropical savannah rivers: an appraisal for northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kirk, J. T. O. (2011). ‘Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems’, 3rd edn. (Cambridge University Press: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)

Kuhnert, P. M., Henderson, B. L., Lewis, S. E., Bainbridge, Z. T., Wilkinson, S. N., and Brodie, J. E. (2012). Quantifying total suspended sediment export from the Burdekin River catchment using the loads regression estimator tool. Water Resources Research 48, W04533.
Quantifying total suspended sediment export from the Burdekin River catchment using the loads regression estimator tool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lamontagne, S., Cook, P. G., O’Grady, A., and Eamus, D. (2005). Groundwater use by vegetation in a tropical savanna riparian zone (Daly River, Australia). Journal of Hydrology 310, 280–293.
Groundwater use by vegetation in a tropical savanna riparian zone (Daly River, Australia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Latrubesse, E. M., Stevaux, J. C., and Sinha, R. (2005). Tropical rivers. Geomorphology 70, 187–206.
Tropical rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Leveque, C. (2006). River and stream ecosystems of northwestern Africa. In ‘Rivers and Stream Ecosystems of the World’, 2nd edn. (Eds C. E. Cushing, K. W. Cummins, and G. W. Minshall.) pp. 519–536. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA.)

Lewis, W. M. (2008). Physical and chemical features of tropical flowing waters. In ‘Tropical Stream Ecology’. (Ed. D. Dudgeon.) pp. 1–21. (Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands.)

Lewis, W. M., and Saunders, J. F. (1989). Concentration and transport of dissolved and suspended substances in the Orinoco River. Biogeochemistry 7, 203–240.
Concentration and transport of dissolved and suspended substances in the Orinoco River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lewis, W. M., Hamilton, S. K., and Saunders, J. F. (2006). Rivers of northern South America. In ‘River and Stream Ecosystems of the World’. (Eds C. E. Cushing, K. W. Cummins, and G. W. Minshall.) pp. 219–256. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA.)

Likens, G. E., Keene, W. C., Miller, J. M., and Galloway, J. N. (1987). Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research – D. Atmospheres 92, 13299–13314.
Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lloyd, C. E. M., Freer, J. E., Johnes, P. J., and Collins, A. L. (2016). Using hysteresis analysis of high-resolution water quality monitoring data, including uncertainty, to infer controls on nutrient and sediment transfer in catchments. The Science of the Total Environment 543, 388–404.
Using hysteresis analysis of high-resolution water quality monitoring data, including uncertainty, to infer controls on nutrient and sediment transfer in catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Long, D. T., Voice, T. C., Xagaroraki, I., Chen, A., Wu, H., Lee, E., Oun, A., and Xing, F. (2017). Patterns of c-q hysteresis loops and within an integrative pollutograph for selected inorganic and organic solutes and E. coli in an urban salted watershed during winter-early spring periods. Applied Geochemistry 83, 93–107.
Patterns of c-q hysteresis loops and within an integrative pollutograph for selected inorganic and organic solutes and E. coli in an urban salted watershed during winter-early spring periods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Meade, R. H. (1990). Suspended sediment budget for the Orinoco River. In ‘The Orinoco River as an Ecosystem’. (Eds F. H. Weibezahan, H. Alvarez, and W. M. Lewis.) pp. 55–79. (Impresos Rubel: Caracas, Venezuela.)

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, 1633–1644.
Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Petheram, C., McMahon, T. A., and Peel, M. C. (2008). Flow characteristics of rivers in northern Australia: implications for development. Journal of Hydrology 357, 93–111.
Flow characteristics of rivers in northern Australia: implications for development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pettit, N. E., Naiman, R. J., Warfe, D. M., Jardine, T. D., Douglas, M. M., Bunn, S. E., and Davies, P. M. (2017). Productivity and connectivity in tropical riverscapes of northern Australia: ecological insights for management. Ecosystems 20, 492–514.
Productivity and connectivity in tropical riverscapes of northern Australia: ecological insights for management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prathumratana, L., Sthiannopokao, S., and Kim, K. W. (2008). The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River. Environment International 34, 860–866.
The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18068783PubMed |

Prosser, I. P., Moran, C. J., Lu, H., Scott, A., Rustomji, P., Stevenson, J., Priestly, G., Roth, C. H., and Post, D. (2002). Regional patterns of erosion and sediment transport in the Burdekin River catchment. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 5/02, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Pusey, B. J. (Ed.) (2011). ‘Aquatic Biodiversity in Northern Australia: Patterns, Threats and Future.’ (Charles Darwin University Press: Darwin, NT, Australia.)

Rustomji, P., and Caitcheon, G. (2010). A catchment sediment and nutrient budget for the Daly River, Northern Territory: report to Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge Research Program. CSIRO Water for a Health Country National Research Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Sattar, F. (2011). Three dimensional gully mapping and erosion quantification within a geoinformatics framework. Ph.D. Dissertation, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Scholes, R. J., and Hall, D. O. (1996). The carbon budget of tropical savanna woodlands and grasslands. In ‘Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands’. (Eds A. I. Breymeyer, D. O. Hall, and J. M. Melillo.) pp. 69–100. (Wiley: Chichester, UK.)

Schult, J. (2018). Dry season water quality of three springs in the Katherine region – 2017. Report 13/2018D, Northern Territory Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Schult, J., and Townsend, S. (2012). River health in the Daly catchment. Report 03/2012D, Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Seeger, M., Erra, M.-P., Begueria, S., Arnaez, J., Marti, C., and Garcia-Ruiz, J. M. (2004). Catchment soil moisture and rainfall characteristics as determinant factors for discharge/suspended sediment hysteretic loops in a small headwater catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees. Journal of Hydrology 288, 299–311.
Catchment soil moisture and rainfall characteristics as determinant factors for discharge/suspended sediment hysteretic loops in a small headwater catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skinner, L., Townsend, S., and Fortune, J. (2009). The impact of urban land-use on total pollutant loads entering Darwin Harbour. Report 06/2008D, Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Syvitski, J. P. M., Cohen, S., Kettner, A. J., and Brakenridge, G. R. (2014). How important and different are tropical rivers? An overview 2014. Geomorphology 227, 5–17.
How important and different are tropical rivers? An overview 2014.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tickell, S. J. (2008). Dry season stream flows in the Daly/Katherine rivers, 2008. Report 21/2008D, Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, the Environment, The Arts and Sport, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Tickell, S. (2009). Groundwater in the Daly Basin. Report 27/2008D, Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, the Environment, The Arts and Sport, Darwin, NT, Australia.

Townsend, S. A., and Douglas, M. M. (2000). The effect of three fire regimes on stream water quality, water yield and export coefficients in a tropical savanna (northern Australia). Journal of Hydrology 229, 118–137.
The effect of three fire regimes on stream water quality, water yield and export coefficients in a tropical savanna (northern Australia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Townsend, S. A., and Douglas, M. M. (2004). The effect of a wildfire on stream water quality and catchment water yield in a tropical savanna excluded from fire for 10 years (Kakadu National Park, North Australia). Water Research 38, 3051–3058.
The effect of a wildfire on stream water quality and catchment water yield in a tropical savanna excluded from fire for 10 years (Kakadu National Park, North Australia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15261543PubMed |

Townsend, S. A., and Douglas, M. M. (2017). Discharge-driven flood and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and composition of an Australian tropical savannah river. Hydrobiologia 794, 203–221.
Discharge-driven flood and seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and composition of an Australian tropical savannah river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Townsend, S. A., Boland, K. T., and Wrigley, T. J. (1992). Factors contributing to a fish-kill in the Australian wet/dry tropics. Water Research 26, 1039–1044.
Factors contributing to a fish-kill in the Australian wet/dry tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Townsend, S. A., Douglas, M. M., and Setterfield, S. (2004). Catchment cover and stream water quality in an Australian tropical savanna: rapid recovery after a change to a less intensive fire regime. Ecological Management & Restoration 5, 136–138.
Catchment cover and stream water quality in an Australian tropical savanna: rapid recovery after a change to a less intensive fire regime.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Townsend, S. A., Przybylska, M., and Miloshis, M. (2012). Phytoplankton composition and constraints to biomass in the middle reaches of an Australian tropical river during base flow. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 48–59.
Phytoplankton composition and constraints to biomass in the middle reaches of an Australian tropical river during base flow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Townsend, S. A., Schult, J. H., Douglas, M. M., and Lautenschlager, A. (2017). Recovery of benthic primary producers from flood disturbance and its implications for an altered flow regime in a tropical savannah river (Australia). Aquatic Botany 136, 9–20.
Recovery of benthic primary producers from flood disturbance and its implications for an altered flow regime in a tropical savannah river (Australia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Liermann, C. R., and Davies, P. M. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 468, 334.
Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Walling, D. E. (2006). Human impact on land–ocean sediment transfer by the world’s rivers. Geomorphology 79, 192–216.
Human impact on land–ocean sediment transfer by the world’s rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ward, A. D., Trimble, S. W., Burckhard, S. R., and Lyons, J. G. (2016). ‘Environmental Hydrology’, 3rd edn. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.)

Warfe, D. M., Pettit, N. E., Davies, P. M., Pusey, B. J., Hamilton, S. K., Kennard, M. J., Townsend, S. A., Bayliss, P., Ward, D. P., Douglas, M. M., Burford, M. A., Finn, M., Bunn, S. E., and Halliday, I. A. (2011). The ‘wet–dry’ in the wet–dry tropics drives river ecosystem structure and processes in northern Australia. Freshwater Biology 56, 2169–2195.
The ‘wet–dry’ in the wet–dry tropics drives river ecosystem structure and processes in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wasson, R. J., Caitcheon, G., Murray, A. S., McCulloch, M., and Quade, J. (2002). Sourcing sediment using multiple tracers in the catchment of Lake Argyle, northwestern Australia. Environmental Management 29, 634–646.
Sourcing sediment using multiple tracers in the catchment of Lake Argyle, northwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12180178PubMed |

Wasson, R. J., Furlonger, L., Parry, D., Pietsch, T., Valentine, E., and Williams, D. (2010). Sediment sources and channel dynamics, Daly River, Northern Australia. Geomorphology 114, 161–174.
Sediment sources and channel dynamics, Daly River, Northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Weilenmann, U., O’Melia, C. R., and Stumm, W. (1989). Particle transport in lakes: models and measurements. Limnology and Oceanography 34, 1–18.
Particle transport in lakes: models and measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woinarski, J., Mackey, B., Nix, H. A., and Traill, N. (2007). ‘The Nature of Northern Australia.’ (ANU Printing Services: Canberra, ACT, Australia.)