Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Addressing fish-passage issues at hydropower and irrigation infrastructure projects in Indonesia

Lee J. Baumgartner A D and Arif Wibowo B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Institute of Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.

B Research Institute for Inland Fisheries and Fisheries Extension, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jalan Gub H Bastari number 8, 8 Ulu, Seberang Ulu I, Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30111, Indonesia.

C Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Centre, Inland Fisheries Resources Development and Management Department, Palembang 30252, Indonesia.

D Corresponding author. Email: lbaumgartner@csu.edu.au

Marine and Freshwater Research 69(12) 1805-1813 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18088
Submitted: 8 March 2018  Accepted: 27 July 2018   Published: 9 October 2018

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2018 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Development activities threaten the long-term sustainability of tropical floodplain systems. The construction of dams, weirs, irrigation infrastructure and regulators affect connectivity among habitats and can facilitate rapid declines in riverine biota, especially fish. Indonesia is a tropical island country with an abundance of monsoonal rivers. Massive expansions in hydropower and irrigation infrastructure are planned over the next two decades and mitigation measures will be needed to protect migratory fish. Most Indonesian freshwater fish need to migrate among habitats to complete essential life-history stages. So, strategies are urgently needed to mitigate the barrier effects of river infrastructure to ensure the long-term sustainability of river fishes. A common tool used worldwide is the construction of upstream and downstream fish passes. Only two fish passes exist in Indonesia. One at Perjaya Irrigation Dam on the Komering River (Sumatra island) and another on Poso Dam on the Poso River (Sulawesi island). Neither of these structures has been assessed and many other projects are proceeding without considering potential impacts on fisheries. The proposed infrastructure upgrades over the next two decades provide a once-in-a-generation opportunity to ensure that migratory fish are adequately protected into the future.

Additional keywords: freshwater, sustainable development, tropical systems.


References

Agostinho, A. A., Carlos, G. L., Rodriguez, F. D., and Irene, S. H. (2002). Efficiency of fish ladders for Neotropical ichthyofauna. River Research and Applications 18, 299–306.
Efficiency of fish ladders for Neotropical ichthyofauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Agostinho, A., Pelicice, F., and Gomes, L. (2008). Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, 1119–1132.
Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Agostinho, C. S., Pelicice, F. M., Marques, E. E., Soares, A. B., and de Almeida, D. A. A. (2011). All that goes up must come down? Absence of downstream passage through a fish ladder in a large Amazonian river. Hydrobiologia 675, 1.
All that goes up must come down? Absence of downstream passage through a fish ladder in a large Amazonian river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Amri, K., Halim, A., Ngudiantoro, , and Barchia, M. F. (2014). Criticality analysis of recharge area and land in the catchment area of Musi hydropower Bengkulu Indonesia. APCBEE Procedia 10, 235–240.
Criticality analysis of recharge area and land in the catchment area of Musi hydropower Bengkulu Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Anonymous (2014). ‘Outlook Energi Indonesia.’ (Dewan Energi, Nasional Republik: Jakarta, Indonesia.)

Anonymous (2016). Hydropower status report. International Hydropower Association, London, UK.

Augspurger, J. M., Warburton, M., and Closs, G. P. (2017). Life-history plasticity in amphidromous and catadromous fishes: a continuum of strategies. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27, 177–192.
Life-history plasticity in amphidromous and catadromous fishes: a continuum of strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baumgartner, L. J., and Boys, C. (2012). Reducing the perversion of diversion: applying world standard fish screening practices to the Murray–Darling Basin. Ecological Management & Restoration 13, 135–143.
Reducing the perversion of diversion: applying world standard fish screening practices to the Murray–Darling Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baumgartner, L. J., Reynoldson, N., and Gilligan, D. M. (2006). Mortality of larval Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) associated with passage through two types of low-head weirs. Marine and Freshwater Research 57, 187–191.
Mortality of larval Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) associated with passage through two types of low-head weirs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baumgartner, L. J., Marsden, T., Singhanouvong, D., Phonekhampheng, O., Stuart, I. G., and Thorncraft, G. (2012). Using an experimental in situ fishway to provide key design criteria for lateral fish passage in tropical rivers: a case study from the Mekong River, central Lao PDR. River Research and Applications 28, 1217–1229.
Using an experimental in situ fishway to provide key design criteria for lateral fish passage in tropical rivers: a case study from the Mekong River, central Lao PDR.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baumgartner, L. J., Daniel Deng, Z., Thorncraft, G., Boys, C. A., Brown, R. S., Singhanouvong, D., and Phonekhampeng, O. (2014a). Perspective: towards environmentally acceptable criteria for downstream fish passage through mini hydro and irrigation infrastructure in the Lower Mekong River Basin. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 6, 012301.
Perspective: towards environmentally acceptable criteria for downstream fish passage through mini hydro and irrigation infrastructure in the Lower Mekong River Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baumgartner, L., Zampatti, B., Jones, M., Stuart, I., and Mallen‐Cooper, M. (2014b). Fish passage in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia: not just an upstream battle. Ecological Management & Restoration 15, 28–39.
Fish passage in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia: not just an upstream battle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bednarek, A. T. (2001). Undamming rivers: a review of the ecological impacts of dam removal. Environmental Management 27, 803–814.
Undamming rivers: a review of the ecological impacts of dam removal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bilotta, G. S., Burnside, N. G., Gray, J. C., and Orr, H. G. (2016). The effects of fun-of-river hydroelectric power schemes on fish community composition in temperate streams and rivers. PLoS One 11, e0154271.
The effects of fun-of-river hydroelectric power schemes on fish community composition in temperate streams and rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Booth, A. (1977). Irrigation in Indonesia part. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 13, 33–74.
Irrigation in Indonesia part.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brasor, P., and Tsubuku, M. (2012). How much money do rice farmers need to make from farming? Japan Times Online April 3, 2012.

Brown, J. J., Limburg, K. E., Waldman, J. R., Stephenson, K., Glenn, E. P., Juanes, F., and Jordaan, A. (2013). Fish and hydropower on the US Atlantic coast: failed fisheries policies from half‐way technologies. Conservation Letters 6, 280–286.
Fish and hydropower on the US Atlantic coast: failed fisheries policies from half‐way technologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown, R. S., Ahmann, M. L., Trumbo, B. A., and Foust, J. (2012a). Cooperative research advances fish-friendly turbine design. Hydro Review December, 48–53.

Brown, R. S., Pflugrath, B. D., Colotelo, A. H., Brauner, C. J., Carlson, T. J., Deng, Z. D., and Seaburg, A. G. (2012b). Pathways of barotrauma in juvenile salmonids exposed to simulated hydroturbine passage: Boyle’s law vs. Henry’s law. Fisheries Research 121–122, 43–50.
Pathways of barotrauma in juvenile salmonids exposed to simulated hydroturbine passage: Boyle’s law vs. Henry’s law.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brown, R. S., Colotelo, A. H., Pflugrath, B. D., Boys, C. A., Baumgartner, L. J., Deng, Z. D., Silva, L. G. M., Brauner, C. J., Mallen-Cooper, M., Phonekhampeng, O., Thorncraft, G., and Singhanouvong, D. (2014). Understanding barotrauma in fish passing hydro structures: a global strategy for sustainable development of water resources. Fisheries 39, 108–122.
Understanding barotrauma in fish passing hydro structures: a global strategy for sustainable development of water resources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bruinsma, J. (2003). ‘World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030: an FAO Perspective.’ (Earthscan: Rome, Italy.)

Bruns, B. (2004). ‘From Voice to Empowerment: Rerouting Irrigation Reform in Indonesia. The Politics of Irrigation Reform: Contested Policy Formulation and Implementation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.’ (Ashgate: Hans, UK.)

Bunt, C. (2001). Fishway entrance modifications enhance fish attraction. Fisheries Management and Ecology 8, 95–105.
Fishway entrance modifications enhance fish attraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cada, G., Carlson, T., Ferguson, J., Richmond, M., and Sale, M. (1999). ‘Exploring the Role of Shear Stress and Severe Turbulence in Downstream Fish Passage.’ (American Society of Civil Engineers: Las Vegas, NV, USA.)

Calles, O., and Greenberg, L. (2009). Connectivity is a two-way street: the need for a holistic approach to fish passage problems in regulated rivers. River Research and Applications 25, 1268–1286.
Connectivity is a two-way street: the need for a holistic approach to fish passage problems in regulated rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Castro-Santos, T. (2005). Optimal swim speeds for traversing velocity barriers: an analysis of volitional high-speed swimming behavior of migratory fishes. The Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 421–432.
Optimal swim speeds for traversing velocity barriers: an analysis of volitional high-speed swimming behavior of migratory fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Christensen, M. S. (1992). Investigations on the ecology and fish fauna of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 77, 593–608.
Investigations on the ecology and fish fauna of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clay, C. H. (1995). ‘Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities’, 2nd edn. (Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, USA.)

Coates, D. (2002). Inland capture fishery statistics of Southeast Asia: current status and information needs. RAP publication 11, 114.

Darmawi, P., and Firdaus, P. (2011). Hydro energy and its significant role in the future of Indonesian energy. In ‘The 4th Sriwijaya International Seminar on Energy Science and Technology 2011’, 5–6 October 2011, Palembang. Indonesia. (Ed. D Bayin.) p. 8. (Pasca Sarjana Sriwijaya University: Palembang, Indonesia.)

Deng, Z., Guensch, G. R., McKinstry, C. A., Mueller, R. P., Dauble, D. D., and Richmond, M. C. (2005). Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to turbulent shear flow. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, 1513–1522.
Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to turbulent shear flow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Deng, Z., Carlson, T. J., Ploskey, G. R., Richmond, M. C., and Dauble, D. D. (2007). Evaluation of blade-strike models for estimating the biological performance of Kaplan turbines. Ecological Modelling 208, 165–176.
Evaluation of blade-strike models for estimating the biological performance of Kaplan turbines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dudgeon, D. (2000). Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine biodiversity. BioScience 50, 793–806.
Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dugan, P. J., Barlow, C., Agostinho, A. A., Baran, E., Cada, G. F., Chen, D., Cowx, I. G., Ferguson, J. W., Jutagate, T., Mallen-Cooper, M., Marmulla, G., Nestler, J., Pierre, M., Welcomme, R. L., and Winemiller, K. O. (2010). Fish migration, dams, and loss of ecosystem services in the Mekong Basin. Ambio 39, 344–348.
Fish migration, dams, and loss of ecosystem services in the Mekong Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Erinofiardi, , Gokhale, P., Date, A., Akbarzadeh, A., Bismantolo, P., Suryono, A. F., Mainil, A. K., and Nuramal, A. (2017). A review on micro hydropower in Indonesia. Energy Procedia 110, 316–321.
A review on micro hydropower in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ferguson, J. W., Absolon, R. F., Carlson, T. J., and Sandford, B. P. (2006). Evidence of delayed mortality on juvenile Pacific salmon passing through turbines at Columbia River dams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135, 139–150.
Evidence of delayed mortality on juvenile Pacific salmon passing through turbines at Columbia River dams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Foulds, W. L., and Lucas, M. C. (2013). Extreme inefficiency of two conventional, technical fishways used by European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). Ecological Engineering 58, 423–433.
Extreme inefficiency of two conventional, technical fishways used by European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gehrke, P. C., Gilligan, D. M., and Barwick, M. (2002). Changes in fish communities of the Shoalhaven River 20 years after construction of Tallowa Dam, Australia. River Research and Applications 18, 265–286.
Changes in fish communities of the Shoalhaven River 20 years after construction of Tallowa Dam, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Godinho, A., and Kynard, B. (2009). Migratory fishes of Brazil: life history and fish passage needs. River Research and Applications 25, 702–712.
Migratory fishes of Brazil: life history and fish passage needs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gostner, W., Lucarelli, C., Theiner, D., Kager, A., Premstaller, G., and Schleiss, A. J. (2011). A holistic approach to reduce negative impacts of hydropeaking. Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges 1, 1–10.

Hasan, M. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., and Nur, H. (2012). A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, 2316–2328.
A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Honda, S., Muthmainnah, D., Suryati, N. K., Oktaviani, D., Siriraksophon, S., Amornpiyakrit, T., and Prisantoso, B. I. (2016). Current status and problems of the catch statistics on aguillid eel fishery in Indonesia. Marine Research in Indonesia 41, 1–14.
Current status and problems of the catch statistics on aguillid eel fishery in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hubert, N., Kadarusman, , Wibowo, A., Busson, F., Caruso, D., Sulandari, S., Nafiqoh, N., Pouyaud, L., Rüber, L., Avarre, J.-C., Herder, F., Hanner, R., Keith, P., and Hadiaty Renny, K. (2015). DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects. DNA Barcodes 3, 144–169.
DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jacoby, D., and Gollock, M. (2014). Anguilla Anguilla (European eel). In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014’, e.T60344A45833138. (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.) Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/60344/0 [Verified 18 September 2018].

Kanehl, P. D., Lyons, J., and Nelson, J. E. (1997). Changes in the habitat and fish community of the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, following removal of the Woolen Mills Dam. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17, 387–400.
Changes in the habitat and fish community of the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, following removal of the Woolen Mills Dam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kawarazuka, N., and Béné, C. (2011). The potential role of small fish species in improving micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries: building evidence. Public Health Nutrition 14, 1927–1938.
The potential role of small fish species in improving micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries: building evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kemp, P. S., and O’Hanley, J. R. (2010). Procedures for evaluating and prioritising the removal of fish passage barriers: a synthesis. Fisheries Management and Ecology 17, 297–322.

Kottelat, M., Whitten, A. J., Kartikasari, S. N., and Wirjoatmodjo, S. (1993). ‘Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi.’ (Periplus Editions: Jakarta, Indonesia.)

Kraabøl, M., Johnsen, S. I., Museth, J., and Sandlund, O. T. (2009). Conserving iteroparous fish stocks in regulated rivers: the need for a broader perspective! Fisheries Management and Ecology 16, 337–340.
Conserving iteroparous fish stocks in regulated rivers: the need for a broader perspective!Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Larinier, M. (2008). Fish passage experience at small-scale hydro-electric power plants in France. Hydrobiologia 609, 97–108.
Fish passage experience at small-scale hydro-electric power plants in France.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lucas, M., and Baras, E. (2001). ‘Migration of Freshwater Fishes’, 1 edn. (Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK.)

Mallen-Cooper, M. (1992). Swimming ability of juvenile Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Steindachner), and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in an experimental vertical-slot fishway. Marine and Freshwater Research 43, 823–833.
Swimming ability of juvenile Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Steindachner), and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in an experimental vertical-slot fishway.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mallen-Cooper, M., and Brand, D. M. (2007). Non-salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage? Fisheries Management and Ecology 14, 319–332.
Non-salmonids in a salmonid fishway: what do 50 years of data tell us about past and future fish passage?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

March, J. G., Benstead, J. P., Pringle, C. M., and Scatena, F. N. (2003). Damming tropical island streams: problems, solutions, and alternatives. AIBS Bulletin 53, 1069–1078.

McCully, P. (1996). ‘Silenced Rivers. The Ecology and Politics of Dams.’ (ZED Books: London, UK.)

Mears, L. A. (1984). Rice and food self-sufficiency in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 20, 122–138.
Rice and food self-sufficiency in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Melse-Boonstra, A., De Pee, S., Martini, E., Halati, S., Sari, M., Kosen, S., and Bloem, M. (2000). The potential of various foods to serve as a carrier for micronutrient fortification, data from remote areas in Indonesia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 822.
The potential of various foods to serve as a carrier for micronutrient fortification, data from remote areas in Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Miles, N. G., Walsh, C. T., Butler, G., Ueda, H., and West, R. J. (2013). Australian diadromous fishes: challenges and solutions for understanding migrations in the 21st century. Marine and Freshwater Research 65, 12–24.

Nizar, M., Kamal, M. M., and Adiwilaga, E. M. (2014). Composition and community structure of migrating fish passed the fish ladder at Perjaya Weir, Komering River, South Sumatera. Depik 3, 27–35.

Odeh, M. (1999) ‘Innovations in Fish Passage Technology.’ (American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, MD, USA.)

Oldani, N. O., and Baigún, C. R. (2002). Performance of a fishway system in a major South American dam on the Parana River (Argentina–Paraguay). River Research and Applications 18, 171–183.
Performance of a fishway system in a major South American dam on the Parana River (Argentina–Paraguay).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oldani, N. O., Baigún, C. R. M., Nestler, J. M., and Goodwin, R. A. (2007). Is fish passage technology saving fish resources in the lower La Plata River basin? Neotropical Ichthyology 5, 89–102.
Is fish passage technology saving fish resources in the lower La Plata River basin?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Olivas, E. A. (2004). Ecological and social implications of hydropower development on a Neotropical river system, Costa Rica. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

Pelicice, F. M., and Agostinho, A. A. (2008). Fish‐Passage Facilities as Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers. Conservation Biology 22, 180–188.
Fish‐Passage Facilities as Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pelicice, F. M., Pompeu, P. S., and Agostinho, A. A. (2015). Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish. Fish and Fisheries 16, 697–715.
Large reservoirs as ecological barriers to downstream movements of Neotropical migratory fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Poff, N. L., and Hart, D. D. (2002). How dams vary and why it matters for the emerging science of dam removal: an ecological classification of dams is needed to characterize how the tremendous variation in the size, operational mode, age, and number of dams in a river basin influences the potential for restoring regulated rivers via dam removal. Bioscience 52, 659–668.
How dams vary and why it matters for the emerging science of dam removal: an ecological classification of dams is needed to characterize how the tremendous variation in the size, operational mode, age, and number of dams in a river basin influences the potential for restoring regulated rivers via dam removal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pringle, C. M., Naiman, R. J., Bretschko, G., Karr, J. R., Oswood, M. W., Webster, J. R., Welcomme, R. L., and Winterbourne, M. J. (1988). Patch dynamics in lotic systems: the stream as a mosaic. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7, 503–524.
Patch dynamics in lotic systems: the stream as a mosaic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Pringle, C. M., Freeman, M. C., and Freeman, B. J. (2000). Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the new world: tropical-temperate comparisons. AIBS Bulletin 50, 807–823.

Remondi, F., Burlando, P., and Vollmer, D. (2016). Exploring the hydrological impact of increasing urbanisation on a tropical river catchment of the metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia. Sustainable Cities and Society 20, 210–221.
Exploring the hydrological impact of increasing urbanisation on a tropical river catchment of the metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rosenberg, D. M., McCully, P., and Pringle, C. M. (2000). Global-scale environmental effects of hydrological alterations: introduction Bioscience 50, 746–751.
Global-scale environmental effects of hydrological alterations: introductionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwalme, K., and Mackay, W. C. (1985). Suitability of vertical slot and Denil fishways for passing north-temperate, nonsalmonid fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 1815–1822.
Suitability of vertical slot and Denil fishways for passing north-temperate, nonsalmonid fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sierra, J., Sánchez‐Arcilla, A., Figueras, P., Gonzalez Del Rio, J., Rassmussen, E., and Mösso, C. (2004). Effects of discharge reductions on salt wedge dynamics of the Ebro River. River Research and Applications 20, 61–77.
Effects of discharge reductions on salt wedge dynamics of the Ebro River.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stuart, I. G., and Berghuis, A. P. (1999). Passage of native fish in a modified vertical-slot fishway on the Burnett River barrage, South-Eastern Queensland. Number 0727-6281, Department of Primary Industries, Rockhampton, Qld, Australia.

Vermillion, D. L., Samad, M., Pusposutardjo, S., Arif, S. S., and Rochdyanto, S. (2000). An assessment of the small-scale irrigation management turnover program in Indonesia. IWMI Research Report 038, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. 10.3910/2009.043

Walker, K. (2008). Environmental impact statement for Traveston Crossing dam (Mary River, Queensland): a review with regard for species of concern under the EPBC Act 1999. Environmental Defenders Office, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Williams, J. G. (2008). Mitigating the effects of high-head dams on the Columbia River, USA: experience from the trenches. Hydrobiologia 609, 241–251.
Mitigating the effects of high-head dams on the Columbia River, USA: experience from the trenches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wirjoatmadjo, S. (1987). The river ecosystem in the forest area at Ketambe, Gunung Lueser National Park, Aceh, Indonesia. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 28, 239–246.

Ziv, G., Baran, E., Nam, S., Rodríguez-Iturbe, I., and Levin, S. A. (2012). Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 5609–5614.
Trading-off fish biodiversity, food security, and hydropower in the Mekong River Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |