Identifying the drivers of the pelagic ecosystem of an oligotrophic bight (KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa) using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and C : N ratio analysis
Ander M. de Lecea A C D , Rachel Cooper B and Albertus J. Smit C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Engineering, Agricultural and Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, KwaZulu–Natal, 4001, South Africa.
B Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
C Department for Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, Life Science Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
D Corresponding author. Email: delecea@protonmail.com
Marine and Freshwater Research 67(11) 1750-1761 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15256
Submitted: 16 November 2014 Accepted: 21 August 2015 Published: 6 November 2015
Abstract
The international literature highlights the importance of understanding the role and fate of terrestrial organic matter (OM) in the marine system, yet little is known about this on the oligotrophic east coast of South Africa. Within the Bight, three important processes make OM biologically available: (1) a topographically induced upwelling cell (north), (2) a Cyclonic Eddy (south), and (3) riverine input. We hypothesise that: (i) these OM sources differ substantially in their isotope ratios, and (ii) zooplankton at the inshore region has an isotope signature linked to localised fluvial fluxes. Particulate OM samples were collected at five locations along the Bight and in three main estuaries during austral summer and winter seasons in 2010 and subjected to isotopic and mixing model analysis. Riverine input played an important role in this ecosystem inshore during the wet season. Only marine OM played a role as a biological driver offshore and at all sites during the dry season. Although there were indications that the upwelling cell did occur, it was not confirmed as active in either season. The current study provides valuable insights into the Bight's biological functioning and principle insights into the fate of terrestrial organic carbon on the east coast of southern Africa.
Additional keywords: estuarine, food web, marine, organic matter, total suspended solid, upwelling, zooplankton.
References
Ayers, M. J., and Scharler, U. M. (2011). Use of sensitivity and comparative analyses in constructing plausible trophic mass-balance models of a data-limited marine ecosystem – The KwaZulu–Natal Bight, South Africa. Journal of Marine Systems 88, 298–311.| Use of sensitivity and comparative analyses in constructing plausible trophic mass-balance models of a data-limited marine ecosystem – The KwaZulu–Natal Bight, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barlow, R., Kyewalyanga, M., Sessions, H., van den Berg, M., and Morris, T. (2008). Phytoplankton pigments, functional types, and absorption properties in the Delagoa and Natal Bights of the Agulhas ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 80, 201–211.
| Phytoplankton pigments, functional types, and absorption properties in the Delagoa and Natal Bights of the Agulhas ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barlow, R., Lamont, T., Britz, K., and Sessions, H. (2013). Mechanisms of phytoplankton adaptation to environmental variability in a shelf ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 133, 45–57.
| Mechanisms of phytoplankton adaptation to environmental variability in a shelf ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVSgtLbK&md5=1a7c8a287714b33c5670c2b1cb527fdbCAS |
Beaulieu, S. (2003). Accumulation and fate of phytodetritus on the sea floor. In ‘Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review, Vol. 40’. (Eds R. N. Gibson, J. A. Atkinson, and M. Barnes.) pp. 171–232. (Taylor and Francis: London.)
Beckley, L. E., and Van Ballegooyen, R. C. (1992). Oceanographic conditions during three ichthyoplankton surveys of the Agulhas Current in 1990/91. South African Journal of Marine Science 12, 83–93.
| Oceanographic conditions during three ichthyoplankton surveys of the Agulhas Current in 1990/91.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Bidigare, R. R., Dickey, T. D., Landry, M. R., Leonard, C. L., Brown, S. L., Nencioli, F., Rii, Y. M., Maiti, K., and Becker, J. W. (2007). Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Science 316, 1017–1021.
| Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltlOjt74%3D&md5=9c5e79839ecde68109aba67f5ac4e8cbCAS | 17510362PubMed |
Blair, N. E., and Aller, R. C. (2012). The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment. Annual Review of Marine Science 4, 401–423.
| The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22457981PubMed |
Bosley, K. L., Lavelle, J. W., Brodeur, R. D., Wakefield, W. W., Emmett, R. L., Baker, E. T., and Rehmke, K. M. (2004). Biological and physical processes in and around Astoria submarine Canyon, Oregon, USA. Journal of Marine Systems 50, 21–37.
| Biological and physical processes in and around Astoria submarine Canyon, Oregon, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bosman, C., Uken, R., Leuci, R., Smith, A. M., and Sinclair, D. (2007). Shelf sediments off the Thukela River mouth: complex interaction between fluvial and oceanographic processes. South African Journal of Science 103, 490–492.
Boyd, T. J., and Osburn, C. L. (2004). Changes in CDOM fluorescence from allochthonous and autochthonous sources during tidal mixing and bacterial degradation in two coastal estuaries. Marine Chemistry 89, 189–210.
| Changes in CDOM fluorescence from allochthonous and autochthonous sources during tidal mixing and bacterial degradation in two coastal estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlslGit78%3D&md5=a871d4926a4a869a6d169644b8fd3ed8CAS |
Burchall, J. (1968). An evaluation of primary productivity studies in the continental shelf region of the Agulhas Current near Durban (1961–1966). Oceanographic Research Institute Investigational Report 21, Durban, South Africa.
Burrows, M. T., Schoeman, D. S., Buckley, L. B., Moore, P., Poloczanska, E. S., Brander, K. M., Brown, C., Bruno, J. F., Duarte, C. M., Halpern, B. S., Holding, J., Kappel, C. V., Kiessling, W., O’Connor, M. I., Pandolfi, J. M., Parmesan, C., Schwing, F. B., Sydeman, W. J., and Richardson, A. J. (2011). The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Science 334, 652–655.
| The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlyqu7jN&md5=0826d33024d3c6df5971a4158bc86257CAS | 22053045PubMed |
Bustamante, R. H., Branch, G. M., Eekhout, S., Robertson, B., Zoutendyk, P., Schleyer, M., Dye, A., Hanekom, N., Keats, D., Jurd, M., and McQuaid, C. (1995). Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass. Oecologia 102, 189–201.
| Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carter, R. A., and d’Aubrey, J. (1988). Inorganic nutrients in natal continental shelf waters. In ‘Coastal Ocean Studies off Natal, South Africa’. (Ed E. H. Schumann.) pp. 131–151. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany.)
Ciotti, Á. M., Odebrecht, C., Fillmann, G., and Moller, O. O. (1995). Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 15, 1737–1756.
| Freshwater outflow and Subtropical Convergence influence on phytoplankton biomass on the southern Brazilian continental shelf.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cloern, J. E. (2001). Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210, 223–253.
| Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisV2hsrw%3D&md5=f09e45e17e81dfb21e368b6667ca95a0CAS |
Cole, J., and Carpenter, S. (2011). Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 1975–1980.
| Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhslyjtr4%3D&md5=c0b7454008fe913cf6ea6ffd1af413baCAS | 21245299PubMed |
de Lecea, A. M., Fennessy, S. T., and Smit, A. J. (2013). Processes controlling the benthic food-web of a mesotrophic bight (KawZulu-Natal, South Africa) revealed by stable isotope analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 484, 97–114.
| Processes controlling the benthic food-web of a mesotrophic bight (KawZulu-Natal, South Africa) revealed by stable isotope analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1emtbbP&md5=8f4d33f411c57b2a6134701f580e5ec9CAS |
de Lecea, A. M., Smit, A. J., and Fennessy, S. T. (). Riverine dominance of a near-shore marine demersal food web: evidence from stable isotope and C : N ratio analysis. African Journal of Marine Science , .
de Ruijter, W. P. M., van Leeuwen, P. J., and Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (1999). Generation and evolution of natal pulses: solitary meanders in the Agulhas Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 3043–3055.
| Generation and evolution of natal pulses: solitary meanders in the Agulhas Current.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Del Giorgio, P. A., and France, R. L. (1996). Ecosystem-specific patterns in the relationship between zooplankton and POM or microplankton δ13C. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 359–365.
| Ecosystem-specific patterns in the relationship between zooplankton and POM or microplankton δ13C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorado, S., Rooker, J., Wissel, B., and Quigg, A. (2012). Isotope baseline shifts in pelagic food webs of the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 464, 37–49.
| Isotope baseline shifts in pelagic food webs of the Gulf of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVSnt7fN&md5=49f5c06644f402c4b8c67cc5f10309d1CAS |
Fennessy, S. T. T., and Groeneveld, J. C. C. (1997). A review of the offshore trawl fishery for crustaceans on the east coast of South Africa. Fisheries Management and Ecology 4, 135–147.
| A review of the offshore trawl fishery for crustaceans on the east coast of South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gillanders, B., and Kingsford, M. (2003). Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on estuarine and open coastal habitats and the associated organisms. In ‘Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review’. (Eds R. N. Gibson, J. A. Atkinson, and M. Barnes.) Vol. 40, pp. 233–309. (Taylor and Francis: London.)
Gomes, H. R., Goes, J. I., and Saino, T. (2000). Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Continental Shelf Research 20, 313–330.
| Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E., Valentin, J. L., Andre, D. L., and Jacob, S. A. (1992). Upwelling and downwelling at Cabo Frio (Brazil): comparison of biomass and primary production responses. Journal of Plankton Research 14, 289–306.
| Upwelling and downwelling at Cabo Frio (Brazil): comparison of biomass and primary production responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hutchings, L., Beckley, L. E., Griffiths, M. H., Roberts, M. J., Sundby, S., and Van der Lingen, C. D. (2002). Spawning on the edge: spawning grounds and nursery areas around the southern African coastline. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 307–318.
| Spawning on the edge: spawning grounds and nursery areas around the southern African coastline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hutchings, L., Morris, T., van der Lingen, C. D., Lamberth, S. J., Connell, A. D., Taljaard, S., and van Niekerk, L. (2010). Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu–Natal sardine run. African Journal of Marine Science 32, 413–421.
| Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu–Natal sardine run.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kimmerer, W. J. (2002). Effects of freshwater flow on abundance of estuarine organisms: physical effects or trophic linkages? Marine Ecology Progress Series 243, 39–55.
| Effects of freshwater flow on abundance of estuarine organisms: physical effects or trophic linkages?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kling, G. W., Fry, B., and O’Brien, W. J. (1992). Stable isotopes and planktonic trophic structure in Arctic lakes. Ecology 73, 561–566.
| Stable isotopes and planktonic trophic structure in Arctic lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kolasinski, J., Kaehler, S., and Jaquemet, S. (2012). Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter in a mesoscale eddy dipole in the Mozambique Channel (south-western Indian Ocean): insight from C and N stable isotopes. Journal of Marine Systems 96–97, 122–131.
| Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter in a mesoscale eddy dipole in the Mozambique Channel (south-western Indian Ocean): insight from C and N stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lamb, A. L., Wilson, G. P., and Leng, M. J. (2006). A review of coastal palaeoclimate and relative sea-level reconstructions using δ13C and C/N ratios in organic material. Earth-Science Reviews 75, 29–57.
| A review of coastal palaeoclimate and relative sea-level reconstructions using δ13C and C/N ratios in organic material.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1Oju7c%3D&md5=49a97c63cc57a97f0512c394d616ebadCAS |
Lamberth, S. J., and Turpie, J. K. (2003). The role of estuaries in South African fisheries: economic importance and management implications. African Journal of Marine Science 25, 131–157.
| The role of estuaries in South African fisheries: economic importance and management implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lamberth, S. J., Drapeau, L., and Branch, G. M. (2009). The effects of altered freshwater inflows on catch rates of non-estuarine-dependent fish in a multispecies nearshore linefishery. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 84, 527–538.
| The effects of altered freshwater inflows on catch rates of non-estuarine-dependent fish in a multispecies nearshore linefishery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lara, R. J., Alder, V., Franzosi, C. A., and Kattner, G. (2010). Characteristics of suspended particulate organic matter in the southwestern Atlantic: influence of temperature, nutrient and phytoplankton features on the stable isotope signature. Journal of Marine Systems 79, 199–209.
| Characteristics of suspended particulate organic matter in the southwestern Atlantic: influence of temperature, nutrient and phytoplankton features on the stable isotope signature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leroux, S. J., and Loreau, M. (2008). Subsidy hypothesis and strength of trophic cascades across ecosystems. Ecology Letters 11, 1147–1156.
| 18713270PubMed |
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., and Machu, E. (2000). An upwelling cell inshore of the East Madagascar Current. Deep-sea Research. Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers 47, 2405–2411.
| An upwelling cell inshore of the East Madagascar Current.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Gründlingh, M. L., and Carter, R. A. (1989). Topographically induced upwelling in the Natal Bight. South African Journal of Science 85, 310–316.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Valentine, H. R., and Van Ballegooyen, R. C. (2000). The hydrography and water masses of the Natal Bight, South Africa. Continental Shelf Research 20, 1907–1939.
| The hydrography and water masses of the Natal Bight, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macdonald, H. S., Baird, M. E., and Middleton, J. H. (2009). Effect of wind on continental shelf carbon fluxes off southeast Australia: a numerical model. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, C05016.
| Effect of wind on continental shelf carbon fluxes off southeast Australia: a numerical model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maslowski, J. (2003). Effects of trophic conditions on benthic macrofauna in the vicinity of the River Swina mouth (Pomeranian Bay; southern Baltic Sea). Oceanologia 45, 41–52.
McCutchan, J. H., Lewis, W. M., Kendall, C., Mcgrath, C. C., McCutchan, J. H., Lewis, W. M., Kendall, C., and MacGrath, C. C. (2003). Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Oikos 102, 378–390.
| Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmsl2qurg%3D&md5=ac4ba4e5806edff293c0a6abb00a281cCAS |
Meyer, A. A., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., and de Villiers, S. (2002). The nutrient characteristics of the Natal Bight, South Africa. Journal of Marine Systems 35, 11–37.
| The nutrient characteristics of the Natal Bight, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore, J. W., and Semmens, B. X. (2008). Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models. Ecology Letters 11, 470–480.
| Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18294213PubMed |
Oke, P. R., and Middleton, J. H. (2000). Topographically induced upwelling off eastern Australia. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 512–531.
| Topographically induced upwelling off eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oke, P. R., and Middleton, J. H. (2001). Nutrient enrichment off Port Stephens: the role of the East Australian Current. Continental Shelf Research 21, 587–606.
| Nutrient enrichment off Port Stephens: the role of the East Australian Current.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olin, J. A., Hussey, N. E., Rush, S. A., Poulakis, G. R., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Heupel, M. R., and Fisk, A. T. (2013). Seasonal variability in stable isotopes of estuarine consumers under different freshwater flow regimes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 487, 55–69.
| Seasonal variability in stable isotopes of estuarine consumers under different freshwater flow regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1Sitr3O&md5=c2b244f437a722d7cd236048215e446dCAS |
Omarjee, A. (2012). Phytoplankton studies in the KwaZulu–Natal Bight. M.Sc. Thesis, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Peterson, W. T., Keister, J. E., and Feinberg, L. R. (2002). The effects of the 1997–99 El Niño–La Niña events on hydrography and zooplankton off the central Oregon coast. Progress in Oceanography 54, 381–398.
| The effects of the 1997–99 El Niño–La Niña events on hydrography and zooplankton off the central Oregon coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Platt, T. (1985). Structure of the marine ecosystem: its allometric basis. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 213, 55–64.
Polis, G. A., and Hurd, S. D. (1996). Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. American Naturalist 147, 396–423.
| Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Polis, G. A., Anderson, W. B., and Holt, R. D. (1997). Toward and integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28, 289–316.
| Toward and integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pomerleau, C., Winkler, G., Sastri, A. R., Nelson, R. J., Vagle, S., Lesage, V., and Ferguson, S. H. (2011). Spatial patterns in zooplankton communities across the eastern Canadian sub-Arctic and Arctic waters: insights from stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios. Journal of Plankton Research 33 (12), 1779–1792.
| Spatial patterns in zooplankton communities across the eastern Canadian sub-Arctic and Arctic waters: insights from stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pritchard, T. R., Lee, R. S., Ajani, P. A., Rendell, P. S., Black, K., and Koop, K. (2003). Phytoplankton responses to nutrient sources in coastal waters off southeastern Australia. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 6, 105–117.
| Phytoplankton responses to nutrient sources in coastal waters off southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
R Development Core Team (2015). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria.) Available at http://www.r-project.org [Verified 8 September 2015].
Raymond, P. A., and Bauer, J. E. (2001). Use of 14C and 13C natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine, and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis. Organic Geochemistry 32, 469–485.
| Use of 14C and 13C natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine, and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslyiu74%3D&md5=139e8e053b4246863e62bdd2bd5fc0d1CAS |
Rolff, C. (2000). Seasonal variation in δ13C and δ15N of size-fractionated plankton at a coastal station in the northern Baltic proper. Marine Ecology Progress Series 203, 47–65.
| Seasonal variation in δ13C and δ15N of size-fractionated plankton at a coastal station in the northern Baltic proper.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvF2kur0%3D&md5=1bfb639e48cd3e1e13524450dab5bcdeCAS |
Roughan, M., and Middleton, J. H. (2002). A comparison of observed upwelling mechanisms off the east coast of Australia. Continental Shelf Research 22, 2551–2572.
| A comparison of observed upwelling mechanisms off the east coast of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roughan, M., and Middleton, J. H. (2004). On the East Australian Current: variability, encroachment, and upwelling. Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans 109, C07003.
| On the East Australian Current: variability, encroachment, and upwelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ryan, J. P., Chavez, F. P., and Bellingham, J. G. (2005). Physical-biological coupling in Monterey Bay, California: topographic influences on phytoplankton ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287, 23–32.
| Physical-biological coupling in Monterey Bay, California: topographic influences on phytoplankton ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schell, D. M., Barnett, B. A., and Vinette, K. A. (1998). Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton of the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 162, 11–23.
| Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton of the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhslylsL4%3D&md5=b707dac69e8a94247e1ed05e67ce1cc3CAS |
Schindler, D. E., and Scheuerell, M. D. (2002). Habitat coupling in lake ecosystems. Oikos 98, 177–189.
| Habitat coupling in lake ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schlünz, B., and Schneider, R. R. (2000). Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux-and burial rates. International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, 599–606.
| Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux-and burial rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schumann, E. H. (1982). Inshore circulation of the Agulhas Current off Natal. Journal of Marine Research 40, 43–55.
Schumann, E. H. (Ed.) (1988). ‘Physical Oceanography off Natal’, Vol. 26. pp. 1–225. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany.)
Sumida, P. Y. G., Yoshinaga, M. Y., Ciotti, Á. M., and Gaeta, S. A. (2005). Benthic response to upwelling events off the SE Brazilian coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series 291, 35–42.
| Benthic response to upwelling events off the SE Brazilian coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXntV2gurw%3D&md5=1a3d9768fce8ce98474cf5c793a9842dCAS |
Toda, H., and Wada, E. (1990). Use of 15N/14N rations to evaluate the food source of the mysid, Neomysis intermedia Czerniawsky, in a eutrophic lake in Japan. Hydrobiologia 194, 85–90.
| Use of 15N/14N rations to evaluate the food source of the mysid, Neomysis intermedia Czerniawsky, in a eutrophic lake in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turpie, J. K., and Lamberth, S. J. (2010). Characteristics and value of the Thukela Banks crustacean and linefish fisheries, and the potential impacts of changes in river flow. African Journal of Marine Science 32, 613–624.
| Characteristics and value of the Thukela Banks crustacean and linefish fisheries, and the potential impacts of changes in river flow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vander Zanden, M. J., and Rasmussen, J. B. (1999). Primary consumer δ13C and δ15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers. Ecology 80, 1395–1404.
| Primary consumer δ13C and δ15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
