Resilience of the macroinvertebrate community of a small mountain river (Mau River, Portugal) subject to multiple stresses
Tânia Vidal A B , Joana I. Santos A B , Catarina R. Marques A B , Joana L. Pereira A B , Maria Teresa Claro A B , Ruth Pereira B C , Bruno B. Castro A B D , Amadeu Soares A B and Fernando Gonçalves A BA Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
B CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
C Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences – University of Porto, Portugal.
D Corresponding author. Email: brunocastro@ua.pt
Marine and Freshwater Research 65(7) 633-644 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF13207
Submitted: 2 August 2013 Accepted: 29 October 2013 Published: 19 May 2014
Abstract
Freshwaters commonly face human pressure, which produces multiple stressor scenarios that may threaten their ecological status. Biotic community assessments are useful tools to monitor such changes, and the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has brought this into the legislative framework. The present study focused on a small mountain river facing multiple stresses, with the purpose of (1) evaluating the sensitivity of the macroinvertebrate community to the stresses, (2) assessing whether the ecological status was impaired in different years and (3) comparing the WFD approach with more refined community analyses. The river was generally in a very good ecological state. Despite seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations, no evident stressor-related effects were detected. We hypothesise that the observed resilience was the result of (1) the current dormant state of the abandoned mining areas (the most relevant potential source of contamination) and (2) the naturalness and strong current of the river, which buffered the impacts of contamination. Such a pattern may be generally valid for small mountain rivers, making them therefore more resilient to stresses. Nevertheless, small changes in community structure in the lowest reach of the river – undetected by the WFD assessment scheme – suggest that some disturbance was present, signalling the need for intervention by managers.
Additional keywords: benthic invertebrates, community assessment, ecological indicators, multiple stresses, multivariate analysis, sediments, small mountain river, Water Framework Directive.
References
Alba-Tercedor, J., and Sánchez-Ortega, A. (1988). Um método rápido y simple para evaluar la calidad de las águas corrientes basado en el de Hellawell (1978). Limnetica 4, 51–56.APHA (1995). ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaster.’ 19th edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation. Washington, DC.
Barata, C., Baird, D. J., and Markich, S. J. (1998). Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the tolerance of Daphnia magna Straus to essential and non-essential metals. Aquatic Toxicology 42, 115–137.
| Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the tolerance of Daphnia magna Straus to essential and non-essential metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsFCjs7k%3D&md5=a856b77d274240eb9ae6a1c9b061b817CAS |
Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., and Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: peryphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. US Environment Protection Agency, EPA 841-B-99-002, Washington, DC.
Beasley, G., and Kneale, P. E. (2003). Investigating the influence of heavy metals on macro-invertebrate assemblages using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, 221–233.
| Investigating the influence of heavy metals on macro-invertebrate assemblages using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpsFGksrY%3D&md5=f2b1334ea4947dafa506f0e161a29d88CAS |
Bennett, C. (2007). A seven year study of the life cycle of the mayfly Ephemera danica. Freshwater Forum 27, 3–14.
Blijswijk, W. V., Coimbra, C. N., and Graça, M. A. S. (2004). The use of biological methods based on macroinvertebrates to an Iberian stream (central Portugal) receiving a paper mill effluent. Limnetica 23, 307–314.
Böhmer, J., Rawer-Jost, C., and Zenker, A. (2004). Multimetric assessment of data provided by water managers from Germany: assessment of several different types of stressors with macrozoobenthos communities. Hydrobiologia 516, 215–228.
| Multimetric assessment of data provided by water managers from Germany: assessment of several different types of stressors with macrozoobenthos communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borcard, D., Legendre, P., and Drapeau, P. (1992). Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73, 1045–1055.
| Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Byrne, P., Reid, I., and Wood, P. J. (2013). Stormflow hydrochemistry of a river draining an abandoned metal mine: the Afon Twymyn, central Wales. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, 2817–2832.
| Stormflow hydrochemistry of a river draining an abandoned metal mine: the Afon Twymyn, central Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1ams7c%3D&md5=718fdbcacb2a5a8ec8cffc2075ad60ceCAS | 22752965PubMed |
Cabral, J. A. C. D. N., Monteiro, S., and Barata, J. A. (1989). ‘Catálogo Descritivo da Secção de Minas: Grupos. I e, II.’ (Imprensa Nacional: Lisboa.)
Cao, Y., Larsen, D., and Thorne, R. S. J. (2001). Rare species in multivariate analysis for bioassessment: some considerations. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20, 144–153.
| Rare species in multivariate analysis for bioassessment: some considerations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carlisle, D. M., and Clements, W. H. (1999). Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of running waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 285–291.
| Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of running waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmslCnuw%3D%3D&md5=e57825a01a8c1beb61a1279327cae2aeCAS |
Chapman, D. V., and Jackson, J. (1996). Biological monitoring. In ‘Water Quality Monitoring – A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes’. (Eds J. Bartram and R. Ballance.) pp. 263–302. (Published on behalf of UNESCO, WHO and UNEP by E&FN Spon, London, UK.)
Campbell, P. G. C. (1995). Interactions between trace metals and aquatic organisms: a critique of the free-ion activity model. In ‘Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems. Vol. 3’. (Eds A. Tessier and D. R. Turner.) pp. 45–102. (Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
Clements, W. H., and Kiffney, P. M. (1995). The influence of elevation on benthic community responses to heavy metals in Rocky Mountain streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, 1966–1977.
| The influence of elevation on benthic community responses to heavy metals in Rocky Mountain streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dahl, J., Johnson, R. K., and Sandin, L. (2004). Detection of organic pollution of streams in southern Sweden using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia 516, 161–172.
| Detection of organic pollution of streams in southern Sweden using benthic macroinvertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvV2msLw%3D&md5=a6592fa3879c7643d1bac4f42151d10fCAS |
Davy–Bowker, J., and Furse, M. T. (2006). Hydromorphology – major results and conclusions from the STAR project. Hydrobiologia 566, 263–265.
| Hydromorphology – major results and conclusions from the STAR project.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dias, J. M., Lopes, J., and Dekeyser, I. (1999). Hydrological characterisation of Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, in early summer. Oceanologica Acta 22, 473–485.
| Hydrological characterisation of Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, in early summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diaz, R. J., Solan, M., and Valente, R. M. (2004). A review of approaches for classifying benthic habitats and evaluating habitat quality. Journal of Environmental Management 73, 165–181.
| A review of approaches for classifying benthic habitats and evaluating habitat quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15474734PubMed |
Dolédec, S., and Statzner, B. (2008). Invertebrate traits for the biomonitoring of large European rivers: an assessment of specific types of human impact. Freshwater Biology 53, 617–634.
| Invertebrate traits for the biomonitoring of large European rivers: an assessment of specific types of human impact.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunbar, M. J., Pedersen, M. L., Cadman, D., Extence, C., Waddingham, J., Chadd, R., and Larsen, S. E. (2010a). River discharge and local-scale physical habitat influence macroinvertebrate LIFE scores. Freshwater Biology 55, 226–242.
| River discharge and local-scale physical habitat influence macroinvertebrate LIFE scores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunbar, M. J., Warren, M., Extence, C., Baker, L., Cadman, D., Mould, D. J., Hall, J., and Chadd, R. (2010b). Interaction between macroinvertebrates, discharge and physical habitat in upland rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20, S31–S44.
| Interaction between macroinvertebrates, discharge and physical habitat in upland rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elliott, J. M. (1977). ‘A Key to British Freshwater Megaloptera and Neuroptera.’ (Freshwater Biological Association: Ambleside, UK.)
Extence, C. A., Balbi, D. M., and Chadd, R. P. (1999). River flow indexing using British benthic macroinvertebrates: a framework for setting hydroecological objectives. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 15, 545–574.
| River flow indexing using British benthic macroinvertebrates: a framework for setting hydroecological objectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Extence, C. A., Chadd, R. P., England, J., Dunbar, M. J., Wood, P. J., and Taylor, E. D. (2013). The assement of fine sediment accumulation in rivers using macro-invertebrate community response. River Research and Applications 29, 17–55.
| The assement of fine sediment accumulation in rivers using macro-invertebrate community response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Feld, C. K. (2004). Identification and measure of hydromorphological degradation in central European lowland streams. Hydrobiologia 516, 69–90.
| Identification and measure of hydromorphological degradation in central European lowland streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvV2msLo%3D&md5=0662ff7f1fcc39509591311180771fd9CAS |
Gabriel, K. R. (2002). Goodness of fit of biplots and correspondence analysis. Biometrika 89, 423–436.
| Goodness of fit of biplots and correspondence analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Girgin, S., Kazanci, N., and Dugel, M. (2010). Relationship between aquatic insects and heavy metals in an urban stream using multivariate techniques. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7, 653–664.
| Relationship between aquatic insects and heavy metals in an urban stream using multivariate techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlOru7jP&md5=ce869d1730a2d2911aaa709729962713CAS |
Hellawell, J. M. (1986). ‘Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management.’ (Elsevier Applied Science Publishers: New York.)
Hering, D., Buffagni, A., Moog, O., Sandin, L., Sommerhäuser, M., Stubauer, I., Feld, C., Johnson, R., Pinto, P., Skoulikidis, N., Verdonschot, P., and Zahrádková, S. (2003). The development of a system to assess the ecological quality of streams based on macroinvertebrates – design of the sampling programme within the AQEM project. Hydrobiology 88, 345–361.
Hickey, C. W., and Clements, W. H. (1998). Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in New Zealand streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 2338–2346.
| Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in New Zealand streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmvVOltrk%3D&md5=8923f26f69045213b5100690fa4eeb0fCAS |
Hickey, C. W., and Golding, L. A. (2002). Response of macroinvertebrates to copper and zinc in a stream mesocosm. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21, 1854–1863.
| Response of macroinvertebrates to copper and zinc in a stream mesocosm.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmt12jtrk%3D&md5=df971a2fbbf12f95abe3b7de16294eccCAS | 12206425PubMed |
Hoiland, W. K., Rabe, F. W., and Biggam, R. C. (1994). Recovery of macroinvertebrate communities from metal pollution in the South Fork and mainstem of the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho. Water Environment Research 66, 84–88.
| Recovery of macroinvertebrate communities from metal pollution in the South Fork and mainstem of the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXisl2ms7c%3D&md5=35b317bce152a2e597474687be131e91CAS |
INAG (2008a). Manual para a avaliação biológica da qualidade da água em sistemas fluviais segundo a Directiva Quadro da Água Protocolo de amostragem e análise para os macroinvertebrados bentónicos. Ministério do Ambiente, Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional, Instituto da Água, I.P., Lisboa.
INAG (2008b). Tipologia de Rios em Portugal Continental no âmbito da implementação da Directiva Quadro da Água. I. Caracterização abiótica. Ministério do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional, Instituto da Água, I.P., Lisboa.
INAG (2009). Critérios para a classificação do estado das massas de água superficiais. Ministério do Ambiente, Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional, Instituto da Água, I.P., Lisboa.
Irvine, K. (2004). Classifying ecological status under the European Water Framework Directive: the need for monitoring to account for natural variability. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14, 107–112.
| Classifying ecological status under the European Water Framework Directive: the need for monitoring to account for natural variability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iwasaki, Y., Kagaya, T., Miyamoto, K., and Matsuda, H. (2009). Effects of heavy metals on riverine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages with reference to potential food availability for drift‐feeding fishes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, 354–363.
| Effects of heavy metals on riverine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages with reference to potential food availability for drift‐feeding fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlCqtrg%3D&md5=e340f92421d5f04ef171f6982600e4beCAS | 18754701PubMed |
Jongman, R. H. G., ter Braak, C. J. F., and van Tongeren, O. F. R. (1995). ‘Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology’. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Kolkowitz, R., and Marsson, W. A. (1908). Ecology of plant saprobia. Ver.dt. Ges 26, 505–519.
Lorenz, A., Hering, D., Feld, C. K., and Rolauffs, P. (2004). A new method for assessing the impact of hydromorphological degradation on the macroinvertebrate fauna of five German stream types. Hydrobiologia 516, 107–127.
| A new method for assessing the impact of hydromorphological degradation on the macroinvertebrate fauna of five German stream types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macan, T. T. (1959). ‘A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrate Animals.’ (Longman Group: London.)
Malaj, E., Grote, M., Schäfer, R. B., Brack, W., and von der Ohe, P. C. (2012). Physiological sensitivity of freshwater macroinvertebrates to heavy metals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31, 1754–1764.
| Physiological sensitivity of freshwater macroinvertebrates to heavy metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1Gmu77K&md5=ac79be68590b2a39b7b243f1993a63d2CAS | 22553143PubMed |
Malmqvist, B., and Hoffsten, P. O. (1999). Influence of drainage from old mine deposits on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in central Swedish streams. Water Research 33, 2415–2423.
| Influence of drainage from old mine deposits on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in central Swedish streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktVahur8%3D&md5=34a7b4eeb3aff702af59879ed9888925CAS |
Marchant, R. (2002). Do rare species have any place in multivariate analysis for bioassessment? Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21, 311–313.
| Do rare species have any place in multivariate analysis for bioassessment?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maret, T. R., Cain, D. J., MacCoy, D. E., and Short, T. M. (2003). Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22, 598–620.
| Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to metal exposure and bioaccumulation associated with hard-rock mining in northwestern streams, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McIntosh, M. D., Benbow, M. E., and Burky, A. J. (2002). Effects of stream diversion on riffle macroinvertebrate communities in a Maui, Hawaii, Stream. River Research and Applications 18, 569–581.
| Effects of stream diversion on riffle macroinvertebrate communities in a Maui, Hawaii, Stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mebane, C. A. (2001). Testing bioassessment metrics: macroinvertebrate, sculpin, and salmonid responses to stream habitat, sediment, and metals. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67, 293–322.
| Testing bioassessment metrics: macroinvertebrate, sculpin, and salmonid responses to stream habitat, sediment, and metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jvVyguw%3D%3D&md5=dda8a7a0734493ac36266c52b6cffd4aCAS | 11334445PubMed |
Metcalfe-Smith, J. L. (1996). Biological water quality assessment of rivers: use of macroinverterbrate communities. In ‘The Rivers Handbook. Hydrological and Ecological Principles’. (Eds P. Calow and G. E. Petts.) pp. 144–170. (Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK.)
Miller, S. W., Wooster, D., and Li, J. (2007). Resistance and resilience of macroinvertebrates to irrigation water withdrawals. Freshwater Biology 52, 2494–2510.
| Resistance and resilience of macroinvertebrates to irrigation water withdrawals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Munné, A., and Prat, N. (2009). Use of macroinvertebrate-based multimetric indices for water quality evaluation in Spanish Mediterranean rivers: an intercalibration approach with the IBMWP index. Hydrobiologia 628, 203–225.
| Use of macroinvertebrate-based multimetric indices for water quality evaluation in Spanish Mediterranean rivers: an intercalibration approach with the IBMWP index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nunes, M., Ferreira Da Silva, E., and Almeida, S. (2003). Assessment of water quality in the Caima and Mau River basins (Portugal) using geochemical and biological indices. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 149, 227–250.
| Assessment of water quality in the Caima and Mau River basins (Portugal) using geochemical and biological indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFOitbk%3D&md5=4e50c64a9e57ff6d55b6913b4c9e2eabCAS |
Nunes, M. L. (2007). Diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental das bacias do rio Mau e Caima. Estudo da dinâmica dos processos naturais e antrópicos e definição de zonas vulneráveis. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
Olsson, O., Khodorkovsky, M., Gassmann, M., Friedler, E., Schneider, M., and Dubowski, Y. (2013). Fate of pesticides and their transformation products: first flush effects in a semi-arid catchment. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 41, 134–142.
| Fate of pesticides and their transformation products: first flush effects in a semi-arid catchment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs12rsbbF&md5=0f3130a0ef54970894234a0c895c6f05CAS |
Pattée, E., and Gourbault, N. (1981). ‘Turbellaries Triclades Paludicoles (Planaires d’Eaux Douces). Introduction Pratique a la Systematique des Organismes des Eaux Continentales Françaises.’ (Association Française de Limnologie: Paris.)
Pereira, M. E., Lillebø, A. I., Pato, P., Válega, M., Coelho, J. P., Lopes, C. B., Rodrigues, S., Cachada, A., Otero, M., Pardal, M. A., and Duarte, A. C. (2009). Mercury pollution in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): a review of the system assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 155, 39–49.
| Mercury pollution in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): a review of the system assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotlOrtbw%3D&md5=8a0d99ba641eb1512006f6c949766b6cCAS | 18592386PubMed |
Pereira, R., Antunes, S. C., Marques, S. M., and Gonçalves, F. (2008). Contribution for tier 1 of the ecological risk assessment of Cunha Baixa uranium mine (Central Portugal): I. Soil chemical characterization. The Science of the Total Environment 390, 377–386.
| Contribution for tier 1 of the ecological risk assessment of Cunha Baixa uranium mine (Central Portugal): I. Soil chemical characterization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVOis73O&md5=9164bf496d1aaa25ad708bf9d829988eCAS | 17919686PubMed |
Pickering, W. F. (2002). General strategies for speciation. In ‘Chemical Speciation in the Environment’. 2nd edn. (Eds A. M. Ure and C. M. Davidson) pp. 7–29. (Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK.)
Poff, N. L., Allan, J. D., Bain, M. B., Karr, J. R., Prestegaard, K. L., Richter, B. D., Sparks, R. E., and Stromberg, J. C. (1997). The natural flow regime. Bioscience 47, 769–784.
| The natural flow regime.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poos, M. S., and Jackson, D. A. (2012). Addressing the removal of rare species in multivariate bioassessments: the impact of methodological choices. Ecological Indicators 18, 82–90.
| Addressing the removal of rare species in multivariate bioassessments: the impact of methodological choices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prat, N., and Munne, A. (2000). Water use and quality and stream flow in a Mediterranean stream. Water Research 34, 3876–3881.
| Water use and quality and stream flow in a Mediterranean stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlvVWnsrc%3D&md5=ac68c69561fee34668ea5bf6d992f51aCAS |
Reece, P. F., Reynoldson, T. B., Richardson, J. S., and Rosenberg, D. M. (2001). Implications of seasonal variation for biomonitoring with predictive models in the Fraser River catchment, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, 1411–1417.
| Implications of seasonal variation for biomonitoring with predictive models in the Fraser River catchment, British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richoux, P. (1982). Coléoptères aquatiques (genres: adultes et larves). Introduction pratique a la systematique des organismes des eaux continentales françaises. Bulletin de la Societé Linnéenne de Lyon 51, 107–128, 257–272, 289–303.
Rodgher, S., de Azevedo, H., Ferrari, C. R., Roque, C. V., Ronqui, L. B., de Campos, M. B., and Nascimento, M. R. L. (2013). Evaluation of surface water quality in aquatic bodies under the influence of uranium mining (MG, Brazil). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, 2395–2406.
| Evaluation of surface water quality in aquatic bodies under the influence of uranium mining (MG, Brazil).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1amtrc%3D&md5=678527a4a694e65e03446d5c55a481bfCAS | 22717708PubMed |
Sandin, L., and Hering, D. (2004). Comparing macroinvertebrate indices to detect organic pollution across Europe: a contribution to the EC Water Framework Directive intercalibration. Hydrobiologia 516, 55–68.
| Comparing macroinvertebrate indices to detect organic pollution across Europe: a contribution to the EC Water Framework Directive intercalibration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvV2msLs%3D&md5=a26b4bf8b906b2f14cb850b9727cc7b2CAS |
Santos, J. (2010). Ecological evaluation of Mau River. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
Serra, S., Coimbra, N., and Graça, M. (2009). ‘Invertebrados de Água Doce. Chave de Identificação das Principais Famílias.’ (Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra: Coimbra, Portugal.)
Southworth, G., Mathews, T., Greeley, M., Peterson, M., Brooks, S., and Ketelle, D. (2013). Sources of mercury in a contaminated stream-implications for the timescale of recovery. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32, 764–772.
| Sources of mercury in a contaminated stream-implications for the timescale of recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXkslSlt7w%3D&md5=4c9724ef695c6e9ed5fcadc9a31c8bf1CAS | 23297245PubMed |
Sundermann, A., Lohse, S., Beck, L. A., and Haase, P. (2007). Key to the larval stages of aquati true flies (Diptera), based on the operational taxa list for running waters in Germany. Annales de Limnologie – International Journal of Limnology 43, 61–74.
| Key to the larval stages of aquati true flies (Diptera), based on the operational taxa list for running waters in Germany. Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tachet, H., Richoux, P., Bournaud, M., and Usseglio-Polatera, P. (2000). ‘Invertebrés d’eau Douce – Systématique, Biologie, Écologie.’ (CNRS Éditions: Paris.)
ter Braak, C. J. F. (1995). Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. In ‘Ordination’. (Eds R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. ter Braak and O. F. R. Tongeren.) pp. 91–173. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
ter Braak, C. J. F. (1998). Partial canonical correspondence analysis. In ‘Classification and Related Methods of Data Analysis’. (Eds H. H. Bock.) pp. 551–558. (North-Holland: Amsterdam.)
ter Braak, C. J. F., and Prentice, I. C. (1988). A theory of gradient analysis. Advances in Ecological Research 18, 271–317.
| A theory of gradient analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ter Braak, C. J. F., and Smilauer, P. (1998). ‘CANOCO Reference Manual and User’s Guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4).’ (Microcomputer Power: Ithaca, NY.)
Van Sickle, J., Larsen, D. P., and Hawkins, C. P. (2007). Exclusion of rare taxa affects performance of the O/E index in bioassessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26, 319–331.
| Exclusion of rare taxa affects performance of the O/E index in bioassessments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vidal, T., Pereira, J. L., Abrantes, N., Soares, A. M., and Gonçalves, F. (2012). Ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated river sites as a proxy for the water framework directive: an acid mine drainage case study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 223, 6009–6023.
| Ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated river sites as a proxy for the water framework directive: an acid mine drainage case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1Sru7nK&md5=f63056a9fe97e6e84757adec88f7a179CAS |
Vlek, H. E., Verdonschot, P. F. M., and Nijboer, R. C. (2004). Towards a multimetric index for the assessment of Dutch streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia 516, 173–189.
| Towards a multimetric index for the assessment of Dutch streams using benthic macroinvertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Washington, H. G. (1984). Diversity, biotic and similarity indices: a review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Water Research 18, 653–694.
| Diversity, biotic and similarity indices: a review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Young, P. (1997). The longevity of minewater pollution: a basis for decision-making. The Science of the Total Environment 194, 457–466.
| The longevity of minewater pollution: a basis for decision-making.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |