Dissolved organic carbon mobilisation in relation to variable discharges and environmental flows in a highly regulated lowland river
Douglas P. Westhorpe A C D and Simon M. Mitrovic B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A New South Wales, Office of Water, PO Box U245, NSW 2351, Australia.
B New South Wales, Office of Water, PO Box 3720, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia.
C Centre for Environmental Sustainability, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: Doug.Westhorpe@water.nsw.gov.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 63(12) 1218-1230 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF12122
Submitted: 2 May 2012 Accepted: 25 September 2012 Published: 12 December 2012
Abstract
The relationships between discharge and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been extensively studied in rainfall runoff-driven stream systems. Less is known about discharge and DOC relationships in river systems dependent on floodplain inundation. We examined DOC dynamics and mobilisation over low discharge periods and several larger discharge events in the highly regulated lowland Namoi River, Australia. Stable isotope signatures (δ13C) of various water-column fractions (e.g. 200 µm, fine particulate organic matter) were used to determine the sources of DOC. DOC concentrations over low discharge periods were fairly similar among sites and ranged between 5 and 10 mg L–1. Concentrations during a high-discharge event increased substantially with a mean of 20.4 mg L–1 and a maximum of 44 mg L–1. Significant positive linear relationships were found between DOC concentrations and discharge (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.45). The 13C composition of DOC sampled across the three sites (e.g. –26.2‰) suggests a mixture of terrestrial and aquatic sources, with little downstream variation; however, we would envisage that during periods of high discharge allochthonous sources would dominate. Environmental flows (that are ecologically beneficial, potentially reversing changes brought about by flow regulation) have been allocated to the river, with the intention to increase the amount of DOC delivered to the river. The relationship between DOC and discharge was used to estimate DOC loads to the river under different modelled flow-management scenarios, including without environmental flow, with environmental flow, and simulated natural (low development) flow. On the basis of the modelling results, environmental flows should increase the amount of allochthonous DOC transported within the river in years with moderate and large flow events. Years with low flows did not deliver large loads of allochthonous DOC. The present results showed the potential variability in DOC delivery in relation to floodplain inundation in a lowland river that may not otherwise be detected in rainfall/runoff-driven headwater streams.
Additional keywords : connectivity, DOC, environmental flows, loads, lowland rivers, regulation, stable isotopes.
References
Acreman, M., and Dunbar, M. J. (2004). Defining environmental river flow requirements – a review. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, 861–876.| Defining environmental river flow requirements – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aitkenhead, J. A., and McDowell, W. H. (2000). Soil C : N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 127–138.
| Soil C : N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVGnu7Y%3D&md5=b0b8894fcc8f387ba6e0d366622a1976CAS |
Aitkenhead-Peterson, A., McDowell, W. H., and Neff, J. C. (2003). Sources, production and regulation of allochthonous dissolved organic matter inputs to surface waters. In ‘Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter’. (Eds S. E. G. Findlay and R. L. Sinsabaugh.) pp. 25–70. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
APHA (1998). ‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.’ 20th edn. (APHA: Washington, DC.)
ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). ‘Aquatic Ecosystems: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for fresh and marine water quality.’ (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand: Canberra.)
Baldwin, D. S. (1999). Dissolved organic matter and phosphorus leached from fresh and ‘terrestrially’ aged river red gum leaves: implications for assessing river-floodplain interactions. Freshwater Biology 41, 675–685.
| Dissolved organic matter and phosphorus leached from fresh and ‘terrestrially’ aged river red gum leaves: implications for assessing river-floodplain interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlslKjtLg%3D&md5=55f450e84f50305d71f70ffd4c588817CAS |
Baldwin, D. S., and Mitchell, A. M. (2000). The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 457–467.
| The effects of drying and re-flooding on the sediment and soil nutrient dynamics of lowland river-floodplain systems: a synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bayley, P. B. (1995). Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems. Bioscience 45, 153–158.
| Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond, N. R., Lake, P. S., and Arthington, A. H. (2008). The impacts of drought on freshwater ecosystems: an Australian perspective. Hydrobiologia 600, 3–16.
| The impacts of drought on freshwater ecosystems: an Australian perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boulton, A. J. (1991). Eucalypt leaf decomposition in an intermittent stream in south-eastern Australia. Hydrobiologia 211, 123–136.
| Eucalypt leaf decomposition in an intermittent stream in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bren, L. J. (1993). Riparian zone, stream, and floodplain issues: a review. Journal of Hydrology 150, 277–299.
| Riparian zone, stream, and floodplain issues: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buffam, I., Galloway, J. N., Blum, L. K., and McGlathery, K. J. (2001). A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream. Biogeochemistry 53, 269–306.
| A stormflow/baseflow comparison of dissolved organic matter concentrations and bioavailability in an Appalachian stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXks1Knt7o%3D&md5=c67ebf1dc6fca006f88e50b4c8ecdb90CAS |
Bunn, S. E., and Arthington, A. H. (2002). Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environmental Management 30, 492–507.
| Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bunn, S. E., Davies, P. M., and Mosisch, T. D. (1999). Ecosystem measures of river health and their response to riparian and catchment degradation. Freshwater Biology 41, 333–345.
| Ecosystem measures of river health and their response to riparian and catchment degradation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bushaw, K. L., Zepp, R. G., Tarr, M. A., Schulz-Jander, D., Bourbonniere, R. A., Hodson, R. E., Miller, W. L., Bronk, D. A., and Moran, M. A. (1996). Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter. Nature 381, 404–407.
| Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjsVWgsbk%3D&md5=ef3ced51886770286aa07921f5ca440cCAS |
Chessman, B. (2003). IMEF: State Summary report 1998–2000. Integrated Monitoring of Environmental Flows. NSW Department of Planning, Infrastructure and Natural Resources, Sydney.
Clark, J. M., Lane, S. N., Chapman, P. J., and Adamson, J. K. (2007). Export of dissolved organic carbon from an upland peatland during storm events: implications for flux estimates. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 347, 438–447.
| Export of dissolved organic carbon from an upland peatland during storm events: implications for flux estimates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CSIRO (2006). ‘Climate Change in the Namoi Catchment.’ (CSIRO: Sydney.)
Dalzell, B. J., Filley, T. R., and Harbor, J. M. (2005). Flood pulse influences on terrestrial organic matter export from an agricultural watershed. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, G02011.
| Flood pulse influences on terrestrial organic matter export from an agricultural watershed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dalzell, B. J., Filley, T. R., and Harbor, J. M. (2007). The role of hydrology in annual organic carbon loads and terrestrial organic matter export from a midwestern agricultural watershed. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, 1448–1462.
| The role of hydrology in annual organic carbon loads and terrestrial organic matter export from a midwestern agricultural watershed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXis1Gjsrc%3D&md5=18039e829c83ec76214c0bc776ebfea7CAS |
Dalzell, B. J., King, J. Y., Mulla, D. J., Finlay, J. C., and Sands, G. R. (2011). Influence of subsurface drainage on quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter export from agricultural landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research 116, G02023.
| Influence of subsurface drainage on quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter export from agricultural landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DIPNR (2005). ‘IQQM (Integrated Quantity and Quality Model).’ 3rd edn. February 2005. (Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources: Sydney.)
DLWC (2000). Namoi: state of the rivers report 2000. New South Wales Department of Land and Water Conservation: Sydney.
Doucett, R. R., and Hungate, B. A. (2003). Automated analysis of DIC and DOC in water samples for stable isotopes: a new technique. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Available at http://www4.nau.edu/cpsil/General%20info_files/NABS%202003.pdf.
Drakare, S., Blomqvist, P., Bergström, A.-K., and Jansson, M. (2002). Primary production and phytoplankton composition in relation to DOC input and bacterioplankton production in humic Lake Örträsket. Freshwater Biology 47, 41–52.
| Primary production and phytoplankton composition in relation to DOC input and bacterioplankton production in humic Lake Örträsket.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1Olt70%3D&md5=5059013bbf12a24a817e6ed23b4b9ffcCAS |
Easthouse, K. B., Mulder, J., Christophersen, N., and Seip, H. M. (1992). Dissolved organic carbon fractions in soil and stream water during variable hydrological conditions at Birkenes, South Norway. Water Resources Research 28, 1585–1596.
| Dissolved organic carbon fractions in soil and stream water during variable hydrological conditions at Birkenes, South Norway.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsFCrtLk%3D&md5=e5dad2d244b849604700f39175b66105CAS |
Eckhardt, B. W., and Moore, T. R. (1990). Controls on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in streams, southern Québec. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, 1537–1544.
| Controls on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in streams, southern Québec.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmtFOmsL4%3D&md5=31ee138db7a2d590d86428eb8b359a50CAS |
Ecological (2009). ‘Riverine Vegetation in the Namoi Catchment: an Assessment of Type and Condition.’ Project No. 222-001. May 2009. (Eco Logical Australia, Pty Ltd.: Sydney.)
Eimers, M. C., Watmough, S. A., and Buttle, J. M. (2008a). Long-term trends in dissolved organic carbon concentration: a cautionary note. Biogeochemistry 87, 71–81.
| Long-term trends in dissolved organic carbon concentration: a cautionary note.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXivVOqtb4%3D&md5=aa04c84e16e6f266e7566d93d96e7091CAS |
Eimers, M. C., Watmough, S. A., Buttle, J. M., and Dillon, P. J. (2008b). Examination of the potential relationship between droughts, sulphate and dissolved organic carbon at a wetland-draining stream. Global Change Biology 14, 938–948.
| Examination of the potential relationship between droughts, sulphate and dissolved organic carbon at a wetland-draining stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Francis, C., and Sheldon, F. (2002). River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) organic matter as a carbon source in the lower Darling River, Australia. Hydrobiologia 481, 113–124.
| River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) organic matter as a carbon source in the lower Darling River, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFShuro%3D&md5=c3207dfc03c1d54f3c38140025bedbe7CAS |
Gordon, N. D., McMahon, T. A., Finlayson, B. L., Gippel, C. J., and Nathan, R. J. (2004). ‘Putting it all together’: assessing stream health, stream classification, environmental flows and rehabilitation. In ‘Stream Hydrology an Introduction for Ecologists’. 2nd edn. (Eds N. D. Gordon, T. A. McMahon, B. L. Finlayson, C. J. Gippel and R. J. Nathan.) pp. 233–357. (John Wiley and Sons: London.)
Griffiths, N. A., Tank, J. L., Royer, T. V., Warrner, T. J., Frauendorf, T. C., Rosi-Marshall, E. J., and Whiles, M. R. (2011). Temporal variation in organic carbon spiralling in midwestern agricultural streams. Biogeochemistry , .
| Temporal variation in organic carbon spiralling in midwestern agricultural streams.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Henson, S. S., Ahearn, D. S., Dahlgren, R. A., Nieuwenhuyse, E. V., Tate, K. W., and Fleenor, W. E. (2007). Water quality response to a pulsed-flow event on the Mokelumne River, California. River Research and Applications 23, 185–200.
| Water quality response to a pulsed-flow event on the Mokelumne River, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hinton, M. J., Schiff, S. L., and English, M. C. (1997). The significance of storms for the concentration and export of dissolved organic carbon from two Precambrian Shield catchments. Biogeochemistry 36, 67–88.
| The significance of storms for the concentration and export of dissolved organic carbon from two Precambrian Shield catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhvVejur8%3D&md5=56b1cfddbddffee815e6d0429a9e4b79CAS |
Hinton, M. J., Schiff, S. L., and English, M. C. (1998). Sources and flowpaths of dissolved organic carbon during storms in two forested watersheds of the Precambrian Shield. Biogeochemistry 41, 175–197.
| Sources and flowpaths of dissolved organic carbon during storms in two forested watersheds of the Precambrian Shield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXisFCqu7g%3D&md5=1e194dfdc31ce8b94e4e3caf16d879d6CAS |
Hladyz, S., Nielsen, D. L., Suter, P. J., and Krull, E. S. (2012). Temporal variations in organic carbon utilization by consumers in a lowland river. River Research and Applications 28, 513–528.
| Temporal variations in organic carbon utilization by consumers in a lowland river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hope, D., Billett, M. F., Milne, R., and Brown, T. A. W. (1997). Exports of organic carbon in British rivers. Hydrological Processes 11, 325–344.
| Exports of organic carbon in British rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hornberger, G. M., Bencala, K. E., and McKnight, D. M. (1994). Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 25, 147–165.
| Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXms1arsLY%3D&md5=69dc2711d89d5ed1aac334d0fce3eb0fCAS |
Jansson, M., Bergström, A. K., Blomqvist, P., Isaksson, A., and Jonsson, A. (1999). Impact of allochthonous organic carbon on microbial food web carbon dynamics and structure in Lake Örträsket. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 144, 409–428.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXisVaktrs%3D&md5=0467e9fc1577487b1fd6994189ff137fCAS |
Jansson, M., Bergström, A. K., Blomqvist, P., and Drakare, S. (2000). Allochthonous organic carbon and phytoplankton/bacterioplankton production relationships in lakes. Ecology 81, 3250–3255.
| Allochthonous organic carbon and phytoplankton/bacterioplankton production relationships in lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Judd, K. E., Crump, B. C., and Kling, G. W. (2006). Variation in dissolved organic matter controls bacterial production and community composition. Ecology 87, 2068–2079.
| Variation in dissolved organic matter controls bacterial production and community composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Junk, W. J., Bayley, P. B., and Sparks, R. E. (1989). The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106, 110–127.
Kelly, V. K. (2001). Influence of reservoirs on solute transport: a regional-scale approach. Hydrological Processes 15, 1227–1249.
| Influence of reservoirs on solute transport: a regional-scale approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kingsford, R. T. (2000). Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology 25, 109–127.
| Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindell, M. J., Granéli, H. W., and Tranvik, L. J. (1995). Enhanced bacterial growth in response to photochemical transformation of dissolved organic matter. Limnology & Oceanography 40, 195–199.
Lindell, M. J., Granéli, H. W., and Tranvik, L. J. (1996). Effects of sunlight on bacterial growth in lakes of different humic content. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 11, 135–141.
| Effects of sunlight on bacterial growth in lakes of different humic content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malanson, G. P. (1993). Cascades of material and energy. In ‘Riparian Landscapes’. (Eds H. J. B. Birks and J. A. Wiens.) pp. 130–177. (Cambridge University Press: New York.)
Meyer, J. L., and Tate, C. M. (1983). The effects of watershed disturbance on dissolved organic carbon dynamics of a stream. Ecology 64, 33–44.
| The effects of watershed disturbance on dissolved organic carbon dynamics of a stream.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mitchell, M. J., Mills, E. L., Idrisi, N., and Michener, R. (1996). Stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in an aquatic food web recently invaded by Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 1445–1450.
| Stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in an aquatic food web recently invaded by Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mitrovic, S. M., Oliver, R. L., Rees, C., Bowling, L. C., and Buckney, R. T. (2003). Critical flow velocities for the growth and dominance of Anabaena circinalis in some turbid freshwater rivers. Freshwater Biology 48, 164–174.
| Critical flow velocities for the growth and dominance of Anabaena circinalis in some turbid freshwater rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mitrovic, S. M., Chessman, B. C., Bowling, L. C., and Cooke, R. (2006). Estimating suppression of cyanobacterial blooms in a lowland river by flow management. River Research and Applications 22, 109–114.
| Estimating suppression of cyanobacterial blooms in a lowland river by flow management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mulholland, P. J. (2003). Large scale patterns in dissolved organic carbon concentration, flux, and sources. In ‘Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter’. (Eds S. E. G. Findlay and R. L. Sinsabaugh.) pp. 139–159. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
Norström, S. H., Vestin, J. L. K., Bylund, D., and Lundström, U. S. (2010). Influences of dissolved organic carbon on stream water chemistry in two forested catchments in central Sweden. Biogeochemistry 101, 229–241.
| Influences of dissolved organic carbon on stream water chemistry in two forested catchments in central Sweden.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Connell, M., Baldwin, D. S., Robertson, A. I., and Rees, G. (2000). Release and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter from floodplain litter: influence of origin and oxygen levels. Freshwater Biology 45, 333–342.
| Release and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter from floodplain litter: influence of origin and oxygen levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXos1Omu7g%3D&md5=2734448f2b9b1ed7aacc50e7fbef1016CAS |
Page, K., Read, A., Frazier, P., and Mount, N. (2005). The effect of altered flow regime on the frequency and duration of bankfull discharge: Murrumbidgee River, Australia. River Research and Applications 21, 567–578.
| The effect of altered flow regime on the frequency and duration of bankfull discharge: Murrumbidgee River, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parker, S. R., Poulson, S. R., Smith, M. G., Weyer, C. L., and Bates, K. M. (2010). Temporal variability in the concentration and stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in two Montana, USA rivers. Aquatic Geochemistry 16, 61–84.
| Temporal variability in the concentration and stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in two Montana, USA rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFyjt7rP&md5=f685369cc6d6e1f529c0a03272573e63CAS |
Petts, G. E. (1996). Water allocation to protect river ecosystems. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12, 353–365.
| Water allocation to protect river ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poff, N. L., Allan, J. D., Bain, M. B., Karr, J. R., Prestegaard, K. L., Richter, B. D., Sparks, R. E., and Stromberg, J. C. (1997). The natural flow regime. A paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47, 769–784.
| The natural flow regime. A paradigm for river conservation and restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Power, M. E., Dietrich, W. E., and Finlay, J. C. (1996). Dams and downstream aquatic biodiversity: potential food web consequences of hydrologic and geomorphic change. Environmental Management 20, 887–895.
| Dams and downstream aquatic biodiversity: potential food web consequences of hydrologic and geomorphic change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Puckridge, J. T., Sheldon, F., Walker, K. F., and Boulton, A. J. (1998). Flow variability and the ecology of large rivers. Marine and Freshwater Research 49, 55–72.
| Flow variability and the ecology of large rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quilbé, R., Rousseau, A. N., Duchemin, M., Poulin, A., Gangbazo, G., and Villeneuve, J.-P. (2006). Selecting a calculation method to estimate sediment and nutrient loads in streams: application to the Beaurivage River (Québec, Canada). Journal of Hydrology 326, 295–310.
| Selecting a calculation method to estimate sediment and nutrient loads in streams: application to the Beaurivage River (Québec, Canada).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raymond, P. A., and Bauer, J. E. (2001). Use of 14C and 13C natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine, and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis. Organic Chemistry 32, 469–485.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslyiu74%3D&md5=203a1a3192158898a18c80e2ad225365CAS |
Richter, B. D., Mathews, R., Harrison, D. L., and Wigington, R. (2003). Ecologically sustainable water management: managing river flows for ecological integrity. Ecological Applications 13, 206–224.
| Ecologically sustainable water management: managing river flows for ecological integrity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robertson, A. I., Bunn, S. E., Boon, P. I., and Walker, K. F. (1999). Sources, sinks and transformations of organic carbon in Australian floodplain rivers. Marine and Freshwater Research 50, 813–829.
| Sources, sinks and transformations of organic carbon in Australian floodplain rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXks1ymug%3D%3D&md5=8f56f8e6b9d1be415b295241aa4cafa4CAS |
Sánchez-Andrés, R., Sánchez-Carrillo, S., Ortiz-Llorente, M. J., Álvarez-Cobelas, M., and Cirujano, S. (2010). Do changes in flood pulse duration disturb soil carbon dioxide emissions in semi-arid floodplains? Biogeochemistry 101, 257–267.
| Do changes in flood pulse duration disturb soil carbon dioxide emissions in semi-arid floodplains?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simons, M., Podger, G., and Cooke, R. (1996). A hydrological modelling tool for water resources and salinity management. Environmental Software 11, 185–192.
| A hydrological modelling tool for water resources and salinity management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinsabaugh, R. L., and Foreman, C. M. (2003). Integrating dissolved organic matter metabolism and microbial diversity: an overview of conceptual models. In ‘Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter’. (Eds S. E. G. Findlay and R. L. Sinsabaugh.) pp. 425–454. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
Sparks, R. E. (1995). Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains. Bioscience 45, 168–182.
| Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Striegl, R. G., Dornblaser, M. M., Aiken, G. R., Wickland, K. P., and Raymond, P. A. (2007). Carbon export and cycling by the Yokon, Tanana, and Porcupine rivers, Alaska, 2001–2005. Water Resources Research 43, W02411.
| Carbon export and cycling by the Yokon, Tanana, and Porcupine rivers, Alaska, 2001–2005.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thoms, M. C., and Sheldon, F. (2000). Lowland rivers: an Australian introduction. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 16, 375–383.
| Lowland rivers: an Australian introduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thoms, M. C., and Swirepik, J. (1998). Environmental flow management in New South Wales, Australia. In ‘Hydrology in a Changing Environment Vol. 1’. (Eds H. Wheater and C. Kirby.) pp. 281–287. (Wiley: Chichester, UK.)
Thoms, M. C., Southwell, M., and McGinness, H. M. (2005). Floodplain–river ecosystems: fragmentation and water resources development. Geomorphology 71, 126–138.
| Floodplain–river ecosystems: fragmentation and water resources development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thorp, J. H., and Delong, M. D. (1994). The riverine productivity model: an heuristic view of carbon sources and organic processing in large river ecosystems. Oikos 70, 305–308.
| The riverine productivity model: an heuristic view of carbon sources and organic processing in large river ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R., and Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 130–137.
| The river continuum concept.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vink, S., Bormans, M., Ford, P. W., and Grigg, N. J. (2005). Quantifying ecosystem metabolism in the middle reaches of Murrumbidgee River during irrigation flow releases. Marine and Freshwater Research 56, 227–241.
| Quantifying ecosystem metabolism in the middle reaches of Murrumbidgee River during irrigation flow releases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtlWrsrc%3D&md5=1c302c6a26b1b00e3ca37f7c54df30e4CAS |
Wallace, J. B., and Grubaugh, J. W. (1996). Transport and storage of FPOM. In ‘Methods in Stream Ecology’. (Eds F. R. Hauer and G. A. Lamberti.) pp. 191–215 (Academic Press: San Diego, CA.)
Watkins, S. C., Quinn, G. P., and Gawne, B. (2010). Changes in organic-matter dynamics and physiochemistry, associated with riparian vegetation loss and river regulation in floodplain wetlands of the Murray River, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 1207–1217.
| Changes in organic-matter dynamics and physiochemistry, associated with riparian vegetation loss and river regulation in floodplain wetlands of the Murray River, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1yjsrjO&md5=252081df8ba99878e3413a252d18ef5dCAS |
Westhorpe, D. P., Mitrovic, S. M., and Chessman, B. C. (2008). Integrated monitoring of environmental flows: wetting terrestrial organic matter hypothesis: technical report: IMEF phase 1, 1998–2005. NSW Department of Water and Energy, Sydney.
Westhorpe, D. P., Mitrovic, S. M., Ryan, D., and Kobayashi, T. (2010). Limitation of lowland riverine bacterioplankton by dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrients. Hydrobiologia 652, 101–117.
| Limitation of lowland riverine bacterioplankton by dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovV2jsbo%3D&md5=c4935e51ae1373ac2e1dc3b3b2c4dc69CAS |
Wetzel, R. G., and Likens, G. E. (2000). Organic Matter. In ‘Limnological Analysis’. 3rd edn. (Eds R. G. Wetzel and G. E. Likens.) pp. 137–146 (Springer-Verlag: New York.)
Wipfli, M. S., Richardson, J. S., and Naiman, R. J. (2007). Ecological linkages between headwaters and downstream ecosystems: transport of organic matter, invertebrates, and wood down headwater channels. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43, 72–85.
| Ecological linkages between headwaters and downstream ecosystems: transport of organic matter, invertebrates, and wood down headwater channels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zander, A., Bishop, A. G., Prenzler, P. D., and Ryder, D. S. (2007). Allochthonous DOC in floodplain rivers: identifying sources using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography. Aquatic Sciences 69, 472–483.
| Allochthonous DOC in floodplain rivers: identifying sources using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlarsb0%3D&md5=ff473cc6aad00680125a846e1d8da2aaCAS |
