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REVIEW
Contents Vol 56(5)

Why otoliths? Insights from inner ear physiology and fisheries biology

Arthur N. Popper A D , John Ramcharitar B and Steven E. Campana C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biology and Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

B Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

C Marine Fish Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

D Corresponding author. Email: apopper@umd.edu

Marine and Freshwater Research 56(5) 497-504 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF04267
Submitted: 5 October 2004  Accepted: 2 March 2005   Published: 21 July 2005

Abstract

Otoliths are of interest to investigators from several disciplines including systematics, auditory neuroscience, and fisheries. However, there is often very little sharing of information or ideas about otoliths across disciplines despite similarities in the questions raised by different groups of investigators. A major purpose of this paper is to present otolith-related questions common to all disciplines and then demonstrate that the issues are not only similar but also that more frequent interactions would be mutually beneficial. Because otoliths evolved as part of the inner ear to serve the senses of balance and hearing, we first discuss the basic structure of the ear. We then raise several questions that deal with the structure and patterns of otolith morphology and how changes in otoliths with fish age affect hearing and balance. More specifically, we ask about the significance of otolith size and how this might affect ear function; the growth of otoliths and how hearing and balance may or may not change with growth; the significance of different otolith shapes with respect to ear function; the functional significance of otoliths that do not contact the complete sensory epithelium; and why teleost fishes have otoliths and not the otoconia found in virtually all other extant vertebrates.

Extra keywords: ageing, asteriscus, balance, biomechanics, ear, fish, hearing, lagena, lapillus, otoconia, saccule, sagitta, utricle.


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