Foot-and-mouth disease: a persistent threat
Wilna Vosloo
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24, Geelong East
Vic. 3220, Australia
Tel: +61 3 5227 5015
Fax: +61 3 4227 5555
Email: Wilna.vosloo@csiro.au
Microbiology Australia 34(1) 18-21 https://doi.org/10.1071/MA13006
Published: 20 March 2013
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals. It is considered one of the most infectious viral diseases known and is feared for its ability to spread rapidly and cause widespread outbreaks in domestic livestock under intensive farming conditions. Remarkably, it does not cause high mortality, but morbidity can reach 100%. The disease has been eradicated from large parts of the world, and countries that are free of FMD take extreme precautions to prevent its reintroduction. For this reason FMD has been called an economic disease due to resultant trade restrictions and subsequent losses in income that have been estimated to reach between $7.1–16 billion for Australia depending on the size and duration of the outbreak.
References
[1] http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pests-diseases-weeds/animal/fmd[2] Holland, J. et al. (1982) Rapid evolution of RNA genomes. Science 215, 1577–1585.
| Rapid evolution of RNA genomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhsFKnt74%3D&md5=ff06bad69ebc7b3d82506b47ace8e6f2CAS |
[3] Knowles, N.J. and Samuel, A.R. (2003) Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res. 91, 65–80.
| Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtF2msg%3D%3D&md5=55ff4268a0a50a8e3a45de3fa5e57932CAS |
[4] Paton, D.J. et al. (2009) Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 2657–2667.
| Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[5] Condy, J.B. et al. (1969) Foot-and-mouth disease in wildlife in Rhodesia and other African territories. A serological survey. J. Comp. Pathol. 79, 27–31.
| Foot-and-mouth disease in wildlife in Rhodesia and other African territories. A serological survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaF1M7ktFagsg%3D%3D&md5=a1d2f933c32d47f16d0ecee04167f2efCAS |
[6] Huang, C.C. et al. (2000) Characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in Taiwan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 677–679.
| Characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in Taiwan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FktF2muw%3D%3D&md5=3f64491b67a54148ca49986fe360424aCAS |
[7] Kitching, R.P. and Hughes, G.J. (2002) Clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: sheep and goats. Rev. Sci. Tech. 21, 505–512.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2Fhs12jtQ%3D%3D&md5=c7ace95c5bf455be70d8518c62cd1ccbCAS |
[8] Vosloo, W. et al. (2009) Longitudinal study to investigate the role of impala (Aepyceros melampus) in foot-and-mouth disease maintenance in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 56, 18–30.
| Longitudinal study to investigate the role of impala (Aepyceros melampus) in foot-and-mouth disease maintenance in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M7islSksA%3D%3D&md5=61b0104b53d26e1cf849dbb16e5e1355CAS |
[9] Condy, J.B. et al. (1985) The duration of the foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier state in African buffalo (i) in the individual animal and (ii) in a free-living herd. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8, 259–265.
| The duration of the foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier state in African buffalo (i) in the individual animal and (ii) in a free-living herd.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL287jsVCksQ%3D%3D&md5=1312dddb51aca493806b1710c7bbd7fdCAS |
[10] Bastos, A.D. et al. (2000) Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Epidemiol. Infect. 124, 591–598.
| Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvjs1egtQ%3D%3D&md5=ccb7537e8f6e1cb2193d1c4440e096c1CAS |
[11] Vosloo, W. et al. (2002) The possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 969, 187–190.
| The possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[12] Juleff, N. et al. (2008) Foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres. PLoS ONE 3, e3434.
| Foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[13] Sutmoller, P. and Casas, O.R. (2002) Unapparent foot and mouth disease infection (sub-clinical infections and carriers): implications for control. Rev. Sci. Tech. 21, 519–529.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2Fhs12juw%3D%3D&md5=b950f256ffccb6e24e18a2a936a3e019CAS |
[14] Donaldson, A.I. and Alexandersen, S. (2002) Predicting the spread of foot and mouth disease by airborne virus. Rev. Sci. Tech. 21, 569–575.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2Fhs12isQ%3D%3D&md5=1c48403adbd7e3c9afbdcebc763f2956CAS |
[15] Thomson, G.R. and Bastos, A.D.S. (2004) Foot and mouth disease. In: Infectious Diseases of Livestock (Coetzer, J.A.W. and Tustin, R.C., eds), pp. 1324–1366, Oxford University Press.
[16] Nasri, D. et al. (2007) Basic rationale, current methods and future directions for molecular typing of human enterovirus. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 7, 419–434.
| Basic rationale, current methods and future directions for molecular typing of human enterovirus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsV2jurk%3D&md5=a786245d38c720c173db2f530070b542CAS |
[17] Tomasula, P.M. et al. (2007) Thermal inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk using high-temperature, short-time pasteurization. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 3202–3211.
| Thermal inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk using high-temperature, short-time pasteurization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntlCksrw%3D&md5=e14bdff833d7895a11c6bff0521cf66cCAS |
[18] Paton, D.J. et al. (2010) Qualitative assessment of the commodity risk for spread of foot-and-mouth disease associated with international trade in deboned beef. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 57, 115–134.
| Qualitative assessment of the commodity risk for spread of foot-and-mouth disease associated with international trade in deboned beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3crkt1Glug%3D%3D&md5=daf40fc96cc5f9facf7c15d9e3a744efCAS |
[19] Thomson, G.R. et al. (2004) International trade in livestock and livestock products: the need for a commodity-based approach. Vet. Rec. 155, 429–433.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crjsl2ksg%3D%3D&md5=b770db56f6c0c669b94aa73eac6863dbCAS |
[20] http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/FMD3_2-12-FINAL6May10.pdf
[21] Mattion, N. et al. (2004) Reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease. Vaccine 22, 4149–4162.
| Reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXotlWqtb0%3D&md5=95517f2e54cbaea97b772529891de56bCAS |
[22] Knowles, N.J. et al. (2009) Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East. Transbound. Emerg. Dis 56, 157–169.
| Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzjslWqsA%3D%3D&md5=3aab8f18d0b0c61913299eeb76832552CAS |
[23] Lavoria, M.A. et al. (2012) Avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in cattle. Vaccine 30, 6845–6850.
| Avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVWnurbI&md5=b202e89ab7064e660016332e23d1d836CAS |
[24] Eble, P.L. et al. (2006) Comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs. Vaccine 24, 1274–1281.
| Comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhs1Smsbc%3D&md5=1e257ef4bafd2e257cae5e181805913dCAS |
[25] OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2012 http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.01.05_FMD.pdf
[26] Reid, S.M. et al. (2001) Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by real-time fluorogenic PCR assay. Vet. Rec. 149, 621–623.
| Diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by real-time fluorogenic PCR assay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FjtlCruw%3D%3D&md5=d85d997b214f666ee631e216b9845044CAS |
[27] Brocchi, E. et al. (2006) Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 24, 6966–6979.
| Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Shu7jN&md5=498ca202786abee40d49dd62676845e6CAS |
