Mould contamination of dwellings after flooding
Heike G. Neumeister-Kemp A * , Lara M. Kemp A and Natalie M. Tijsen AA
Dr Heike Neumeister-Kemp is the principal mycologist, founder and CEO of Mycotec. Heike is world renowned as a leading expert in the field of Environmental Mycology. Her passion for education and human rights helped to found the Indoor-Air-Quality Industry in Australia. Affectionately known as the ‘Mould Lady’, she is personally responsible for saving the homes, hospital’s and lives of countless people through her work. |
Lara Kemp is a science journalist at Mycotec. Lara is an innovative communicator, dedicated to enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. |
Natalie Tijsen is a Wildlife Ecologist with a BSc in Forensics. Natalie is a bright young scientist and new pioneer in the field of mycology. Her love of ecology and forensic background have combined to create the perfect forensic mycologist. |
Abstract
Australia’s sub-tropical coastline has been subjected to catastrophic flooding, congruent with a global trend of extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. This study examined buildings post-flooding, to determine the impact of fungal contamination and evaluate remediation strategy success. Fungal species prevalence in association with wet building materials are outlined. Remediation methods found to be effective are highlighted. These findings support the necessity of establishing internationally recognised guidelines pertaining to mould contamination and remediation. This is particularly pertinent within the context of climate change. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of mycobiota in flood affected buildings, their health and safety implications and design of effective mitigation strategies.
Keywords: air cleaning, assurance program, climate change, climate disaster, education, exposure and health effects, extreme weather, flooding, mitigation (source control), mould, mycotoxin, policy, regulations, risk assessment, standards.
Dr Heike Neumeister-Kemp is the principal mycologist, founder and CEO of Mycotec. Heike is world renowned as a leading expert in the field of Environmental Mycology. Her passion for education and human rights helped to found the Indoor-Air-Quality Industry in Australia. Affectionately known as the ‘Mould Lady’, she is personally responsible for saving the homes, hospital’s and lives of countless people through her work. |
Lara Kemp is a science journalist at Mycotec. Lara is an innovative communicator, dedicated to enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. |
Natalie Tijsen is a Wildlife Ecologist with a BSc in Forensics. Natalie is a bright young scientist and new pioneer in the field of mycology. Her love of ecology and forensic background have combined to create the perfect forensic mycologist. |
References
1 Coulburn L, Miller W (2022) Prevalence, risk factors and impacts related to mould-affected housing: an Australian integrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19, 1854.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
2 Furtak K et al. (2020) Prevalence of unclassified bacteria in the soil bacterial community from floodplain meadows (fluvisols) under simulated flood conditions revealed by a metataxonomic approachss. CATENA 188, 104448.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
3 Masciopinto C et al. (2019) Human health risk assessment for the occurrence of enteric viruses in drinking water from wells: role of flood runoff injections. Sci Total Environ 666, 559-571.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
4 Andersen B et al. (2011) Associations between fungal species and water-damaged building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 77, 4180-4188.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
5 Gravesen S et al. (1999) Microfungal contamination of damp buildings-examples of risk constructions and risk materials. Environ Health Perspect 107, 505-508.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
6 Hyvärinen A et al. (2002) Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture-damaged building materials – concentrations and diversity. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 49, 27-37.
| Google Scholar |
7 Kildesø J et al. (2003) Determination of fungal spore release from wet building materials. Indoor Air 13, 148-155.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
8 Beuchat L R (1983) Influence of water activity on growth, metabolic activities and survival of yeasts and molds. J Food Prot 46, 135-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
9 Polizzi V et al. (2009) Jem spotlight: fungi, mycotoxins and microbial volatile organic compounds in mouldy interiors from water-damaged buildings. J Environ Monit 11, 1849-1858.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
10 Rotter BA et al. (1996) Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J Toxicol Environ Health 48, 1-34.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
11 Peraica M et al. (1999) Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bull World Health Organ 77, 754-766.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |
12 Nguyen VTT et al. (2022) The role of mycotoxins in neurodegenerative diseases: current state of the art and future perspectives of research. Biol Chem 403, 3-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
13 Gray M (2007) Molds and mycotoxins: beyond allergies and asthma. Altern Ther Health Med 13, 146-152.
| Google Scholar |
14 Gray MR et al. (2003) Mixed mold mycotoxicosis: immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged buildings. Arch Environ Health 58, 410-420.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
15 Wang Y et al. (2016) Ochratoxin a producing fungi, biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms. Toxins 8, 83.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
16 Flajs D, Peraica M (2009) Toxicological properties of citrinin. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 60, 457-464.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
17 Gao Y et al. (2020) The compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins. Toxins 12, 619.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
18 Schütze N et al. (2010) Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181, 1188-1199.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
19 Hedayati MT et al. (2007) Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology 153, 1677-1692.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
20 Holme J et al. (2010) Culturable mold in indoor air and its association with moisture-related problems and asthma and allergy among Swedish children. Indoor Air 20, 329-340.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
21 World Health Organization (2009) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789289041683
22 Garrett MH et al. (1998) Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children. Clinical and experimental allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 28, 459-467.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
24 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2004) Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA. 10.17226/11011
27 Harding CF et al. (2020) Mold inhalation causes innate immune activation, neural, cognitive, and emotional dysfunction. Brain Behav Immun 87, 218-228.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
28 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care (2020) Australian Government response to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport’s report on the Inquiry into Biotoxin-related Illnesses in Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=8d78bafa-5f57-4f98-87b3-6b61859eb667
30 Neumeister-Kemp HG et al. (2001) Alteration in indoor fungal levels via portable HEPA air filters in bedrooms of asthmatic children. Mycoses 44, 244.
| Google Scholar |