A new species of Tithaeidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) from Mindanao reveals contemporaneous colonisation of the Philippines by Sunda Shelf opiliofauna
Stephanie M. Schmidt A , Perry A. C. Buenavente B , Darrell D. Blatchley C , Arvin C. Diesmos B , Mae L. Diesmos B , David Emmanuel M. General D , Alma B. Mohagan E , Dale Joy Mohagan E , Ronald M. Clouse F and Prashant P. Sharma
A G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Integrative Biology, University of Madison-Wisconsin, 352 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
B Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of Natural History of the Philippines, Teodoro F. Valencia Circle, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.
C D’Bone Collector Museum, San Pedro St., Poblacion District, Bucana Barangay 76-A, Davao City, Minadanao, Philippines.
D University of the Philippines Los Baños Museum of Natural History, College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
E Biology Department, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, 8710 Bukidnon, Philippines.
F Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York City, NY 10024, USA.
G Corresponding author. Email: prashant.sharma@wisc.edu
Invertebrate Systematics 33(1) 237-251 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18057
Submitted: 15 July 2018 Accepted: 8 October 2018 Published: 6 February 2019
Abstract
The Philippine archipelago harbours a remarkable diversity of harvestmen, with respect to both taxonomy and complexity of biogeographic origins. Among the armoured harvestmen (suborder Laniatores), six families of distantly related groups occur in this archipelago. Here, we describe a new species of the family Tithaeidae, Tithaeus odysseus sp. nov., discovered during a collecting campaign on the island of Mindanao. The description of this species expands the known distribution of the family and demonstrates another exception to the zoogeographic boundary known as Huxley’s Line which putatively separates the biota of the Philippines (excluding the Palawan island group) from the Sunda Shelf biota. Given the coincident distributions of Tithaeidae and the mite harvestman family Stylocellidae (Cyphophthalmi), a group renowned for its poor dispersal ability, we inferred phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the Philippines lineages of both families by using a comprehensive molecular dating analysis of all Opiliones. The internal phylogeny of Tithaeidae mirrored the biogeography of Philippine Stylocellidae, showing a close affinity between the Philippine and Bornean species. Molecular dating showed contemporaneous colonisation of Mindanao by both families in the Cretaceous. We infer these patterns to reflect faunal connections between the southern Philippines and Borneo via the Zamboanga Peninsula. To render the genus Tithaeus monophyletic, we synonymise Metatithaeus with Tithaeus (new synonymy).
Additional keywords: comparative biogeography, Cyphophthalmi, Epedanoidea, Grassatores, Southeast Asia.
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